constantinople.ttl

@prefix plato: <https://w3id.org/plato#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix whgx: <https://whgazetteer.org/example/> .

# The "whgx:" prefix is used throughout these examples for illustrative
# URIs that represent WHG entities (Things, Attestations, Names, etc.).
# In a production system these would be real, resolvable WHG identifiers.
# External URIs that already exist (AAT, GeoNames) are used directly.


# =============================================================================
# Constantinople / Istanbul through three historical periods
#
# This example demonstrates the core attestation-as-bundle pattern:
# a single Thing with multiple Attestations, each bundling a different
# Name, Geometry, and Timespan, sourced from different authorities.
#
# The key properties to observe:
#   - One Thing, three Attestations.
#   - Names, Geometries, and Timespans are independent, reusable nodes.
#   - Each Attestation bundles a specific combination with provenance.
#   - No data is overwritten when a new period is added.
# =============================================================================


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The Thing: a single, stable identity
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:thing/constantinople
    a plato:Thing ;
    plato:thing_identifier "constantinople" ;
    plato:namespace "whg" ;
    plato:ccodes "TR" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Names
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:name/byzantion-grc
    a plato:Name ;
    plato:toponym "Βυζάντιον" ;
    plato:language "grc" ;
    plato:script "Grek" ;
    plato:romanized "Byzantion" ;
    plato:transliteration_system "ISO 843" ;
    plato:name_type "toponym" .

whgx:name/konstantinoupolis-grc
    a plato:Name ;
    plato:toponym "Κωνσταντινούπολις" ;
    plato:language "grc" ;
    plato:script "Grek" ;
    plato:romanized "Konstantinoupolis" ;
    plato:transliteration_system "ISO 843" ;
    plato:name_type "toponym" .

whgx:name/istanbul-tr
    a plato:Name ;
    plato:toponym "İstanbul" ;
    plato:language "tr" ;
    plato:script "Latn" ;
    plato:name_type "toponym" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Geometries
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:geometry/ancient-settlement
    a plato:Geometry ;
    plato:geo_wkt "POINT(28.9784 41.0082)"^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:repr_point "POINT(28.9784 41.0082)"^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:bbox "28.97, 41.00, 28.98, 41.01" ;
    plato:spatial_precision "approximate" ;
    plato:precision_km 2.0 ;
    plato:source_crs "EPSG:4326" .

whgx:geometry/byzantine-walls
    a plato:Geometry ;
    plato:geo_wkt """POLYGON((28.9550 41.0020, 28.9550 41.0200,
                              29.0100 41.0200, 29.0100 41.0020,
                              28.9550 41.0020))"""^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:repr_point "POINT(28.9784 41.0082)"^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:bbox "28.95, 41.00, 29.01, 41.02" ;
    plato:spatial_precision "historical_approximate" ;
    plato:precision_km 0.5 ;
    plato:source_crs "EPSG:4326" .

whgx:geometry/ottoman-expanded
    a plato:Geometry ;
    plato:geo_wkt """POLYGON((28.9200 40.9800, 28.9200 41.0500,
                              29.0800 41.0500, 29.0800 40.9800,
                              28.9200 40.9800))"""^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:repr_point "POINT(28.9784 41.0082)"^^<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral> ;
    plato:bbox "28.92, 40.98, 29.08, 41.05" ;
    plato:spatial_precision "approximate" ;
    plato:precision_km 1.0 ;
    plato:source_crs "EPSG:4326" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Timespans
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:timespan/ancient-greek
    a plato:Timespan ;
    plato:start_earliest "-670" ;
    plato:start_latest "-664" ;
    plato:end_earliest "330" ;
    plato:end_latest "330" ;
    plato:start_precision "decade" ;
    plato:end_precision "year" ;
    plato:timespan_label "Ancient Greek period" .

whgx:timespan/byzantine
    a plato:Timespan ;
    plato:start_earliest "330" ;
    plato:start_latest "330" ;
    plato:end_earliest "1453" ;
    plato:end_latest "1453" ;
    plato:start_precision "year" ;
    plato:end_precision "year" ;
    plato:timespan_label "Byzantine period" .

whgx:timespan/ottoman
    a plato:Timespan ;
    plato:start_earliest "1453" ;
    plato:start_latest "1453" ;
    plato:end_earliest "1923" ;
    plato:end_latest "1923" ;
    plato:start_precision "year" ;
    plato:end_precision "year" ;
    plato:timespan_label "Ottoman period" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Types
#
# The AAT URI is the real, resolvable identifier for this concept.
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:type/inhabited-place
    a plato:Type ;
    plato:type_identifier <http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300008347> ;
    plato:type_label "inhabited place" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Sources
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:source/classical-texts
    a plato:Source ;
    plato:authority_title "Classical texts (composite)" ;
    plato:bibliographic_string "Various classical sources including Herodotus and Strabo" ;
    plato:partOf whgx:dataset/classical-geography .

whgx:source/byzantine-chronicle
    a plato:Source ;
    plato:authority_title "Byzantine Chronicle" ;
    plato:bibliographic_string "Chronicle of Constantinople, 6th century" ;
    plato:partOf whgx:dataset/byzantine-sources .

whgx:source/ottoman-tax-records
    a plato:Source ;
    plato:authority_title "Ottoman tax records" ;
    plato:bibliographic_string "Istanbul tahrir defterleri, 16th century" ;
    plato:partOf whgx:dataset/ottoman-admin .

whgx:dataset/classical-geography
    a plato:Dataset ;
    plato:authority_title "Classical Geography Sources" .

whgx:dataset/byzantine-sources
    a plato:Dataset ;
    plato:authority_title "Byzantine Historical Sources" .

whgx:dataset/ottoman-admin
    a plato:Dataset ;
    plato:authority_title "Ottoman Administrative Records" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# A contributor
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:org/byzantine-institute
    a plato:Organization ;
    rdfs:label "Byzantine Studies Institute" .

whgx:contributor/historian
    a plato:Contributor ;
    plato:contributor_name "Maria Komnena" ;
    plato:contributor_orcid "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-9876-5432" ;
    plato:contributor_affiliation whgx:org/byzantine-institute ;
    plato:contributor_role "data_curator" .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Attestation 1: Ancient Greek period (Byzantion)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:attestation/byzantion-ancient
    a plato:Attestation ;
    plato:attests_about whgx:thing/constantinople ;
    plato:attests_name whgx:name/byzantion-grc ;
    plato:attests_geometry whgx:geometry/ancient-settlement ;
    plato:attests_timespan whgx:timespan/ancient-greek ;
    plato:attests_type whgx:type/inhabited-place ;
    plato:sourced_by whgx:source/classical-texts ;
    plato:contributed_by whgx:contributor/historian ;
    plato:certainty 0.7 ;
    plato:certainty_note "Settlement boundaries uncertain; point location well attested." ;
    plato:created "2026-02-15T10:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Attestation 2: Byzantine period (Konstantinoupolis)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:attestation/konstantinoupolis-byzantine
    a plato:Attestation ;
    plato:attests_about whgx:thing/constantinople ;
    plato:attests_name whgx:name/konstantinoupolis-grc ;
    plato:attests_geometry whgx:geometry/byzantine-walls ;
    plato:attests_timespan whgx:timespan/byzantine ;
    plato:attests_type whgx:type/inhabited-place ;
    plato:sourced_by whgx:source/byzantine-chronicle ;
    plato:contributed_by whgx:contributor/historian ;
    plato:certainty 0.95 ;
    plato:certainty_note "Well documented in multiple Byzantine sources." ;
    plato:created "2026-02-15T10:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime .


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Attestation 3: Ottoman period (Istanbul)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

whgx:attestation/istanbul-ottoman
    a plato:Attestation ;
    plato:attests_about whgx:thing/constantinople ;
    plato:attests_name whgx:name/istanbul-tr ;
    plato:attests_geometry whgx:geometry/ottoman-expanded ;
    plato:attests_timespan whgx:timespan/ottoman ;
    plato:attests_type whgx:type/inhabited-place ;
    plato:sourced_by whgx:source/ottoman-tax-records ;
    plato:contributed_by whgx:contributor/historian ;
    plato:certainty 0.9 ;
    plato:certainty_note "Boundaries approximate; based on administrative records." ;
    plato:created "2026-02-15T10:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime .


# =============================================================================
# Observations
#
# 1. All three attestations point to the same Thing. The identity persists;
#    the evidence is layered.
#
# 2. Each Name is an independent node. "İstanbul" could also appear in
#    attestations for other Things if needed.
#
# 3. Adding a fourth period (e.g. modern Republic of Turkey) means adding
#    a new Attestation, Name, Geometry, and Timespan — nothing is overwritten.
#
# 4. If a scholar disagrees with the Byzantine geometry, they create a new
#    Attestation with a different Geometry and Source — both attestations
#    coexist, with their own certainty and provenance.
# =============================================================================