The University of Reading offers a postgraduate Masters (MA) course in Typeface Design, over 12 or 24 months: http://www.typedesign.rdg.ac.uk/
The Royal Academy at The Hague offers a postgraduate certificate in Type & Mediam, over 9 months: http://just.letterror.com/ltrwiki/TypeMedia
École Estienne in Paris offers an undergraduate Diplôme des Métiers d'Art (DMS), over 24 months: http://www.ecole-estienne.fr/
http://typoholic.ru/Type&Typography/
http://www.polidesign.net/type/
ECAL offers an undergraduate degree - http://www.ecal.ch/bachelors_design_graphique.php - and a Masters degree - http://www.ecal.ch/masters_art_direction.php?lang=en