diff --git a/.config/dotnet-tools.json b/.config/dotnet-tools.json
index 02960c4e..d98c25e4 100644
--- a/.config/dotnet-tools.json
+++ b/.config/dotnet-tools.json
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
     "csharpier": {
       "version": "0.29.2",
       "commands": [
-        "dotnet-csharpier",
-        "reportgenerator"
+        "dotnet-csharpier"
       ],
       "rollForward": false
     },
@@ -25,4 +24,4 @@
       "rollForward": false
     }
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ac796ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+name: Setup Flowthru CI Environment
+description: >
+  Installs all non-Node toolchains (.NET, Node, Python, uv, pnpm, Java, Spark)
+  and runs pnpm install (which also runs dotnet restore via the postinstall hook).
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Setup .NET
+      uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
+      with:
+        dotnet-version: "10.0.x"
+        dotnet-quality: "preview"
+      env:
+        DOTNET_SKIP_FIRST_TIME_EXPERIENCE: "true"
+        DOTNET_NOLOGO: "true"
+        DOTNET_CLI_TELEMETRY_OPTOUT: "true"
+
+    - name: Setup Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: "22"
+
+    - name: Setup Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.10"
+
+    - name: Setup UV
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+
+    - name: Setup pnpm
+      uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+      with:
+        version: 10.6.3
+
+    - name: Setup Java
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      with:
+        distribution: temurin
+        java-version: "21"
+
+    - name: Setup Apache Spark 4.1.1
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        SPARK_VERSION=4.1.1
+        HADOOP_VERSION=3
+        INSTALL_DIR=/opt/spark
+
+        curl -fsSL \
+          "https://archive.apache.org/dist/spark/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop${HADOOP_VERSION}.tgz" \
+          | tar -xz -C /tmp
+
+        sudo mv "/tmp/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop${HADOOP_VERSION}" "${INSTALL_DIR}"
+        echo "SPARK_HOME=${INSTALL_DIR}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "${INSTALL_DIR}/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+
+    - name: Cache NuGet packages
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      with:
+        path: ~/.nuget/packages
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lock.json', '**/*.csproj') }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-
+
+    - name: Install Node dependencies
+      shell: bash
+      run: pnpm install
diff --git a/.github/hooks/scripts/stop-build.js b/.github/hooks/scripts/stop-build.js
index 49bcc36d..18974bb0 100755
--- a/.github/hooks/scripts/stop-build.js
+++ b/.github/hooks/scripts/stop-build.js
@@ -13,6 +13,72 @@
 const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
 const path = require('path');
 
+/**
+ * Parse dotnet test output to extract test counts.
+ * Aggregates counts across all test runs.
+ * Returns: { passed, failed, skipped, inconclusive, total }
+ */
+function parseTestCounts(output) {
+  // Match patterns like: "Failed:     6, Passed:   156, Skipped:     0, Total:   162"
+  const regex = /Failed:\s*(\d+),\s*Passed:\s*(\d+),\s*Skipped:\s*(\d+),\s*Total:\s*(\d+)/g;
+  const counts = { passed: 0, failed: 0, skipped: 0, total: 0 };
+
+  let match;
+  while ((match = regex.exec(output)) !== null) {
+    counts.failed += parseInt(match[1], 10);
+    counts.passed += parseInt(match[2], 10);
+    counts.skipped += parseInt(match[3], 10);
+    counts.total += parseInt(match[4], 10);
+  }
+
+  // Inconclusive = Total - Passed - Failed - Skipped
+  counts.inconclusive = counts.total - counts.passed - counts.failed - counts.skipped;
+
+  return counts;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format test counts for display.
+ */
+function formatTestCounts(counts) {
+  return [
+    `Passed:       ${counts.passed}`,
+    `Failed:       ${counts.failed}`,
+    `Skipped:      ${counts.skipped}`,
+    `Inconclusive: ${counts.inconclusive}`,
+    `Total:        ${counts.total}`,
+  ].join('\n');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract full failure blocks from dotnet test output.
+ * A block starts with an indented "Failed <TestName>" line and continues
+ * until the next dotnet test summary line or end of output.
+ */
+function extractFailureBlocks(output) {
+  const lines = output.split('\n');
+  const resultLines = [];
+  let capturing = false;
+
+  for (const line of lines) {
+    if (/^\s+Failed\s+\S/.test(line)) {
+      // Start of a new failure block — blank separator between blocks.
+      if (resultLines.length > 0) resultLines.push('');
+      capturing = true;
+      resultLines.push(line);
+    } else if (capturing) {
+      // Stop at the dotnet test run summary line (e.g. "Failed!  - Failed: 6, Passed: ...")
+      if (/^(Failed!|Passed!)\s+-\s+Failed:/.test(line.trim())) {
+        capturing = false;
+      } else {
+        resultLines.push(line);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return resultLines.join('\n').trim();
+}
+
 // Read and parse stdin to detect re-entry.
 let hookInput = {};
 try {
@@ -66,14 +132,14 @@ const stdout = (result.stdout || '').trim();
 const stderr = (result.stderr || '').trim();
 const combined = [stdout, stderr].filter(Boolean).join('\n');
 
-if (result.status !== 0) {
-  // Extract failed test lines for a focused summary.
-  const failureLines = combined
-    .split('\n')
-    .filter(line => /failed|error|FAILED|ERROR/i.test(line))
-    .slice(0, 40); // cap at 40 lines to avoid overwhelming the agent
+// Parse test counts from output.
+const testCounts = parseTestCounts(combined);
+const countsDisplay = formatTestCounts(testCounts);
 
-  const summary = failureLines.length > 0 ? failureLines.join('\n') : combined;
+// NX does not always propagate the dotnet exit code — fall back to parsed counts.
+if (result.status !== 0 || testCounts.failed > 0) {
+  const failureBlocks = extractFailureBlocks(combined);
+  const summary = failureBlocks.length > 0 ? failureBlocks : combined;
 
   process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify({
     hookSpecificOutput: {
@@ -82,12 +148,21 @@ if (result.status !== 0) {
       reason: [
         `nx affected test FAILED (affected: ${affectedProjects.join(', ')}) — address these failures before concluding.`,
         '',
+        'Test Summary:',
+        countsDisplay,
+        '',
         summary,
       ].join('\n'),
     },
   }));
+  process.exit(1);
 } else {
   process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify({
-    systemMessage: `nx affected test: passed (${affectedProjects.length} project(s): ${affectedProjects.join(', ')}).`,
+    systemMessage: [
+      `nx affected test: passed (${affectedProjects.length} project(s): ${affectedProjects.join(', ')}).`,
+      '',
+      'Test Summary:',
+      countsDisplay,
+    ].join('\n'),
   }));
 }
diff --git a/.github/instructions/flowthru.instructions.md b/.github/instructions/flowthru.instructions.md
index 7b7b65e3..a695ef63 100644
--- a/.github/instructions/flowthru.instructions.md
+++ b/.github/instructions/flowthru.instructions.md
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 ---
+description: Guidelines for routing Flowthru sessions based on development focus.
 applyTo: "**"
 ---
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pr-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/pr-tests.yml
index 898d2091..a244b3d2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-tests.yml
@@ -26,44 +26,8 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - name: Setup .NET
-        uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
-        with:
-          dotnet-version: "10.0.x"
-          dotnet-quality: "preview"
-        env:
-          DOTNET_SKIP_FIRST_TIME_EXPERIENCE: "true"
-          DOTNET_NOLOGO: "true"
-          DOTNET_CLI_TELEMETRY_OPTOUT: "true"
-
-      - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: "22"
-
-      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-
-      - name: Setup UV
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
-
-      - name: Setup pnpm
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
-        with:
-          version: 10.6.3
-
-      - name: Cache NuGet packages
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: ~/.nuget/packages
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lock.json', '**/*.csproj') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-
-
-      - name: Install Node dependencies
-        run: pnpm install
+      - name: Setup CI environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup
 
       - name: Run affected tests
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 327bc4f3..7979329d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -28,47 +28,8 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
-      - name: Setup .NET
-        uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
-        with:
-          dotnet-version: "10.0.x"
-          dotnet-quality: "preview"
-        env:
-          DOTNET_SKIP_FIRST_TIME_EXPERIENCE: "true"
-          DOTNET_NOLOGO: "true"
-          DOTNET_CLI_TELEMETRY_OPTOUT: "true"
-
-      - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: "22"
-
-      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-
-      - name: Setup UV
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
-
-      - name: Setup pnpm
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
-        with:
-          version: 10.6.3
-
-      - name: Cache NuGet packages
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: ~/.nuget/packages
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lock.json', '**/*.csproj') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-nuget-
-
-      - name: Install Node dependencies
-        run: pnpm install
-
-      - name: Install ReportGenerator
-        run: dotnet tool install --global dotnet-reportgenerator-globaltool
+      - name: Setup CI environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup
 
       - name: Compute affected projects
         id: affected
@@ -99,21 +60,86 @@ jobs:
             --settings coverlet.runsettings \
             --logger "console;verbosity=minimal"
 
-      - name: Generate coverage badges
-        continue-on-error: true
-        env:
-          REPORTGENERATOR_LICENSE: ${{ secrets.REPORTGENERATOR_LICENSE }}
-        run: |
-          COVERAGE_FILES=$(find tests -name "coverage.cobertura.xml" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
-          if [ -n "$COVERAGE_FILES" ]; then
-            reportgenerator \
-              "-reports:tests/**/TestResults/**/coverage.cobertura.xml" \
-              "-targetdir:coverage-badges" \
-              "-reporttypes:Badges" \
-              "-verbosity:Warning"
-          else
-            echo "No coverage files found — skipping badge generation."
-          fi
+      - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: core
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (funit)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: funit
+          files: tests/Flowthru.FUnit.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (examples)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: examples
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (templates)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: templates
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Tests.Templates/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (spark)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: spark
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (ext-efcore)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: ext-efcore
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Extensions.EFCore.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (ext-gql)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: ext-gql
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Extensions.GQL.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (ext-python)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: ext-python
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Python.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
+
+      - name: Upload coverage (ext-spark)
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          flags: ext-spark
+          files: tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/**/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
 
       - name: Configure Git
         run: |
@@ -246,11 +272,3 @@ jobs:
             } > /tmp/combined-notes.md
             gh release edit "${VERSION}" --notes-file /tmp/combined-notes.md
           fi
-
-      - name: Upload coverage badges as artifact
-        if: always()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: coverage-badges
-          path: coverage-badges/
-          retention-days: 7
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3d42d73b..f9f8e79b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -285,3 +285,4 @@ coverage-badges/
 __pycache__/
 *.py[cod]
 *$py.class
+Flowthru.sln.DotSettings.user
diff --git a/Directory.Build.targets b/Directory.Build.targets
index 00591d1c..ba8d04fb 100644
--- a/Directory.Build.targets
+++ b/Directory.Build.targets
@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@
     <ProjectReference Include="$(RepoRoot)src\extensions\Flowthru.Extensions.EFCore\Flowthru.Extensions.EFCore.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup Condition="$(MSBuildProjectDirRelativePath.Contains('KedroSpaceflightsSpark'))">
+    <PackageReference Remove="Flowthru.Extensions.Spark" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="$(RepoRoot)src\extensions\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <!-- Special case for Flowthru.Tests.Common: also convert PackageReference but keep existing SourceGenerators ProjectReference -->
   <ItemGroup Condition="'$(MSBuildProjectName)' == 'Flowthru.Tests.Common'">
     <PackageReference Remove="Flowthru" />
diff --git a/Flowthru.slnx b/Flowthru.slnx
index 145058c5..c569ad6e 100644
--- a/Flowthru.slnx
+++ b/Flowthru.slnx
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 <Solution>
   <Folder Name="/examples/advanced/">
   </Folder>
+  <Folder Name="/examples/starter/">
+    <Project Path="examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/KedroSpaceflightsSpark.csproj" />
+  </Folder>
   <Folder Name="/src/">
     <Project Path="src/core/Flowthru/Flowthru.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/core/Flowthru.Core/Flowthru.Core.csproj" />
@@ -19,6 +22,13 @@
     <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Metadata.Json/Flowthru.Extensions.Metadata.Json.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Metadata.Mermaid/Flowthru.Extensions.Metadata.Mermaid.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Python.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Python.SourceGenerators.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Flowthru.Spark.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.ML/Flowthru.Misc.ML.csproj" />
   </Folder>
   <Folder Name="/src/core/" />
@@ -32,6 +42,9 @@
     <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Python.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Python.Tests.csproj" />
     <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Extensions.EFCore.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.EFCore.Tests.csproj" />
     <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Extensions.GQL.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.GQL.Tests.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Flowthru.Tests.Spark.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests.csproj" />
   </Folder>
   <Folder Name="/examples/">
     <Project Path="examples/starter/SpaceflightsEFCore/SpaceflightsEFCore.csproj" />
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5fdab844..88a9885e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Flowthru: We'll Never Fail Again
 
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/chaoticgoodcomputing/flowthru/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/chaoticgoodcomputing/flowthru)
+
 Flowthru is a data pipeline framework for .NET that promises a stable, fault-free data science and engineering process. The premise is simple:
 
 **A good pipeline will always finish. A broken pipeline will break fast.**
diff --git a/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES b/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e69431a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+THIRD-PARTY NOTICES
+
+Flowthru incorporates material from the following projects:
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+dotnet/spark — .NET for Apache Spark
+https://github.com/dotnet/spark
+
+Files: src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/, tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/
+
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) .NET Foundation and Contributors
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/codecov.yml b/codecov.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae55dc4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codecov.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+codecov:
+  require_ci_to_pass: true
+
+coverage:
+  status:
+    project:
+      default:
+        target: auto
+        threshold: 1%
+    patch:
+      default:
+        target: 80%
+
+flags:
+  core:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  funit:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  examples:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  templates:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  spark:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  ext-efcore:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  ext-gql:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  ext-python:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+  ext-spark:
+    paths: []
+    carryforward: true
+
+comment:
+  layout: "reach,diff,flags,components"
+  behavior: default
+  require_changes: false
diff --git a/docs/reference/misc/external/k8s-net/.source.env b/docs/reference/misc/external/k8s-net/.source.env
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0f25834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/misc/external/k8s-net/.source.env
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+SOURCE_TYPE=repo
+SOURCE_ADDRESS=https://github.com/kubernetes-client/csharp.git
diff --git a/docs/reference/misc/external/ms-referencesource/.source.env b/docs/reference/misc/external/ms-referencesource/.source.env
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efda61b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/misc/external/ms-referencesource/.source.env
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+SOURCE_TYPE=repo
+SOURCE_ADDRESS=https://github.com/microsoft/referencesource.git
diff --git a/docs/reference/misc/external/vstest/.source.env b/docs/reference/misc/external/vstest/.source.env
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f749b3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/misc/external/vstest/.source.env
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+SOURCE_TYPE=repo
+SOURCE_ADDRESS=https://github.com/microsoft/vstest.git
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/.gitignore b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a3b2926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Generated metadata
+Metadata/
+
+# Ignore all generated data artifacts
+Data/**
+
+# Un-ignore layer directories and their Schemas subdirectories so git can traverse them
+!Data/*/
+!Data/*/Schemas/
+!Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/
+
+# Allow raw input dataset files
+!Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/*
+
+# Allow all schema and catalog .cs files
+!Data/**/*.cs
+
+# Un-ignore all .gitkeep files anywhere
+!**/.gitkeep
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/Catalog.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/Catalog.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce042df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/Catalog.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog : CatalogAbstract
+{
+  private readonly string _basePath;
+  internal readonly SparkFrameProvider frameProvider;
+
+  public Catalog(string basePath, SparkFrameProvider frameProvider)
+  {
+    _basePath = basePath;
+    this.frameProvider = frameProvider;
+    InitializeCatalogProperties();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Catalog.Raw.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Catalog.Raw.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d53c6217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Catalog.Raw.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<CompanySchema>> Companies =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Csv<CompanySchema>(
+          label: "Companies",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_01_Raw/Datasets/companies.csv"
+        )
+    );
+
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<ReviewSchema>> Reviews =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Csv<ReviewSchema>(
+          label: "Reviews",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_01_Raw/Datasets/reviews.csv"
+        )
+    );
+
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<ShuttleSchema>> Shuttles =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Excel<ShuttleSchema>(
+          label: "Shuttles",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_01_Raw/Datasets/shuttles.xlsx",
+          sheetName: "Sheet1"
+        )
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/NOTICE b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/NOTICE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e292abd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/NOTICE
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+NOTICE
+
+The dataset files in this directory (companies.csv, reviews.csv, shuttles.xlsx)
+are derived from the Kedro Spaceflights tutorial dataset, which is part of the
+kedro-starters project.
+
+Source: https://github.com/kedro-org/kedro-starters
+Copyright: Kedro team (https://github.com/kedro-org)
+License: Apache License 2.0
+
+These files are included here for demonstration and testing purposes as part of
+the Flowthru project's example implementations.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/companies.csv b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/companies.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3b2ee21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/companies.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,10020 @@
+id,company_rating,company_location,total_fleet_count,iata_approved
+3888,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+46728,100%,,1.0,f
+34618,38%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+28619,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+8240,,Chile,1.0,t
+16813,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+2859,90%,Bahrain,1.0,f
+33237,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+30052,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+43711,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+14574,100%,,1.0,f
+36935,,Niue,1.0,t
+17077,,,1.0,f
+28484,33%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+40075,93%,Denmark,2.0,t
+19811,90%,Nicaragua,21.0,t
+1337,0%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+16846,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+22049,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+33906,80%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+14122,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+42226,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+38865,100%,,2.0,t
+12594,,,1.0,t
+42127,,Chile,1.0,t
+12819,,,1.0,f
+12322,,Ghana,1.0,t
+10973,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+23917,,Guinea,1.0,f
+32178,,Niue,4.0,t
+5332,82%,,5.0,t
+9830,100%,Barbados,3.0,t
+18007,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+41662,,,1.0,t
+43024,,Croatia,1.0,t
+23356,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+16042,0%,Rwanda,2.0,f
+18420,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+28637,,Chad,1.0,f
+33035,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+37247,100%,Tanzania,3.0,f
+47759,,,1.0,f
+37293,92%,Russian Federation,15.0,f
+9865,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+14918,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+38552,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+27510,,Kenya,1.0,t
+25573,,Reunion,1.0,f
+3983,,Guinea,1.0,f
+41510,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+16449,,Tonga,1.0,t
+26524,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+46308,100%,,1.0,f
+16370,50%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+15404,,,1.0,t
+7588,100%,Philippines,2.0,f
+35572,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+29167,,,1.0,t
+18953,100%,Chile,1.0,f
+21124,,Estonia,2.0,t
+4149,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+7891,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+31532,,,1.0,f
+22175,50%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+24416,,,1.0,t
+43870,100%,,1.0,f
+15015,,,1.0,t
+37686,90%,Monaco,1.0,t
+41236,,,1.0,f
+22210,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+40770,100%,Tonga,2.0,f
+7399,,,1.0,t
+22408,,Portugal,1.0,f
+26040,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+3659,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+30020,,,1.0,f
+47398,100%,,1.0,t
+30561,,Reunion,1.0,f
+22090,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+653,,Vanuatu,3.0,f
+2904,,Canada,1.0,f
+39794,,,1.0,t
+30170,,Chile,1.0,t
+44781,90%,,1.0,f
+24562,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+1241,100%,Chile,1.0,f
+43897,100%,,1.0,f
+4348,,,1.0,f
+7008,,,1.0,f
+18922,,,1.0,f
+34678,89%,Croatia,4.0,t
+46270,,Niue,1.0,t
+39117,,Moldova,1.0,t
+32063,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+19581,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+42314,100%,,1.0,f
+18430,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+28985,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+37939,,,1.0,t
+32494,,,1.0,t
+9703,,,1.0,f
+17908,100%,Mexico,2.0,f
+2732,100%,Turkmenistan,4.0,f
+14496,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+10546,,,1.0,t
+19139,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+42020,100%,,2.0,t
+17652,50%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+11023,,,1.0,f
+31213,100%,Denmark,1.0,t
+46569,,,1.0,f
+40661,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+12483,,,1.0,t
+1577,100%,Peru,8.0,t
+48446,100%,,1.0,f
+15425,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+9819,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+24954,60%,Christmas Island,2.0,f
+24736,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+950,,Chile,1.0,f
+14812,100%,,1.0,t
+46615,100%,,1.0,t
+14790,,Niger,1.0,f
+16,,,1.0,t
+44885,100%,Philippines,1.0,t
+12310,,,1.0,f
+31040,100%,El Salvador,2.0,t
+40396,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+19540,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+20183,100%,,1.0,t
+78,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+42549,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+39998,100%,Micronesia,4.0,t
+768,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+44637,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+44245,100%,,1.0,f
+22758,,,1.0,f
+47617,100%,Philippines,2.0,f
+23779,,,1.0,f
+18071,,,1.0,t
+8640,,Niue,1.0,t
+18651,,,1.0,t
+27729,,Afghanistan,4.0,f
+37118,,,1.0,t
+45083,100%,,1.0,f
+7309,100%,Togo,4.0,f
+15586,,Niue,1.0,t
+33683,33%,Somalia,2.0,f
+7056,100%,,2.0,t
+12799,80%,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+34355,,,2.0,t
+5729,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+21239,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+5532,,Jersey,1.0,f
+15370,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+49953,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+31290,,,1.0,f
+35774,90%,Brazil,1.0,t
+25262,,Maldives,1.0,t
+48162,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+5643,,Tonga,1.0,t
+17702,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+29745,90%,Andorra,1.0,f
+25613,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+36263,,,1.0,f
+34381,83%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+1353,,France,1.0,t
+22271,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+38299,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+42558,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+8551,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+42646,33%,Rwanda,4.0,f
+4717,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+42975,,Philippines,1.0,f
+26853,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+17669,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,f
+25029,,,1.0,t
+43882,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+41421,,Gambia,1.0,t
+48188,100%,,1.0,f
+17751,,,2.0,f
+33043,,Niue,2.0,f
+20648,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+22110,100%,,1.0,t
+830,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+10364,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),14.0,f
+27226,100%,Congo,10.0,f
+55,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+44796,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+7025,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+19731,,,1.0,t
+30130,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+26794,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+17051,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+8012,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+15991,100%,Congo,1.0,t
+42600,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+6669,,Malawi,1.0,t
+46787,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+11291,100%,,1.0,f
+35323,89%,,1.0,f
+2721,100%,,1.0,t
+19554,,Lebanon,2.0,f
+22806,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+33223,100%,Nauru,1.0,t
+547,,Guinea,1.0,t
+36422,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+23387,100%,,2.0,t
+20463,100%,Lithuania,2.0,f
+6860,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+28276,83%,Papua New Guinea,2.0,f
+26519,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,t
+6930,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+31598,67%,Ukraine,1.0,f
+18366,78%,,1.0,f
+35826,,,2.0,f
+12261,,Niue,1.0,t
+47159,88%,Denmark,1.0,t
+42671,,Niue,1.0,f
+33222,67%,Croatia,1.0,f
+6984,100%,Suriname,9.0,f
+8362,100%,Malawi,2.0,t
+28914,,Chile,1.0,t
+17,,,1.0,f
+28030,90%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+46381,100%,,2.0,f
+11904,100%,Nauru,1.0,f
+7842,100%,,1.0,f
+46676,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+30684,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+36627,,,2.0,t
+40047,,Malta,1.0,f
+44736,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+21217,75%,Nauru,1.0,f
+10240,,,1.0,f
+48629,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+39070,100%,,1.0,f
+35428,,Switzerland,1.0,t
+46424,,Niger,6.0,t
+46591,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+14136,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+49604,,Afghanistan,2.0,t
+44127,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+30462,0%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+35077,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,4.0,f
+37835,100%,,1.0,t
+28404,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+7612,100%,,1.0,f
+35386,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+44417,100%,,1.0,f
+7217,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+26952,,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+18182,67%,,1.0,f
+5450,,,1.0,f
+31437,90%,Denmark,1.0,f
+24676,,Guinea,1.0,f
+49510,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+26064,,,1.0,f
+39923,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+46440,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+37178,,,1.0,f
+3545,,Pakistan,1.0,t
+33059,,Malta,1.0,f
+27823,100%,,1.0,t
+34829,100%,,2.0,t
+29643,,,1.0,t
+46932,,,1.0,f
+41024,95%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+18557,67%,Monaco,2.0,f
+16464,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+45171,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+10426,,,1.0,f
+45766,,,2.0,t
+34860,50%,,1.0,f
+36423,100%,,1.0,f
+14872,,China,1.0,t
+48212,,,1.0,f
+45880,,,1.0,t
+24060,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+40276,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+16649,100%,Gibraltar,8.0,f
+8956,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+38957,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+33622,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+9411,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+38297,100%,,3.0,f
+21292,,Gambia,1.0,t
+7656,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+1923,,,1.0,f
+4486,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+9420,,,1.0,f
+10593,,Netherlands,1.0,f
+33188,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+14471,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+42307,,,1.0,f
+41099,,,1.0,f
+42163,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+18666,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,2.0,t
+10340,,Ecuador,1.0,t
+35534,,Ghana,1.0,f
+7224,,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,t
+31184,100%,,1.0,t
+24583,,Bahrain,1.0,f
+6786,,Niue,1.0,t
+10887,67%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+29614,100%,San Marino,1.0,f
+33012,,,1.0,f
+36581,,,1.0,f
+24475,,,1.0,f
+9318,,,1.0,f
+38257,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+42777,,,1.0,f
+17016,,,1.0,t
+24405,90%,,1.0,f
+26957,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+21860,100%,France,2.0,t
+42892,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+11298,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+21816,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+16292,83%,Reunion,1.0,f
+25399,,,1.0,t
+39857,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+17150,,Vanuatu,2.0,t
+11618,,Montserrat,2.0,f
+33743,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+4957,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+34238,100%,Saint Barthelemy,5.0,t
+45429,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+9437,,,1.0,f
+41584,,,1.0,t
+12213,,Chad,1.0,t
+14348,100%,,1.0,f
+37243,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+18338,88%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+21186,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+14575,,,1.0,f
+5108,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+13427,100%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+42080,100%,France,1.0,f
+12085,,,1.0,f
+40805,90%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+46907,,Chile,1.0,t
+28255,75%,Somalia,1.0,f
+1677,,,1.0,f
+8071,,,1.0,f
+8972,100%,,1.0,f
+14256,100%,,3.0,f
+47264,,,1.0,t
+27948,100%,Niue,4.0,f
+32413,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+5848,80%,Canada,2.0,f
+13207,100%,,1.0,f
+5484,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+29938,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+44666,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+19877,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+36756,,Indonesia,2.0,t
+18919,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+46077,100%,,1.0,f
+37326,100%,,1.0,f
+9566,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+43992,100%,Uzbekistan,3.0,t
+31667,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+15866,100%,Papua New Guinea,2.0,f
+32784,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+28172,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+33330,100%,,1.0,t
+33895,100%,,1.0,f
+28745,,,1.0,f
+21649,100%,,1.0,t
+14050,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+33950,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+38508,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+13074,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+49786,,Tonga,1.0,f
+9857,100%,,1.0,t
+21016,,,1.0,f
+37331,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+1616,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+42104,50%,Djibouti,2.0,f
+18212,,,1.0,f
+43001,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+7043,,Malta,1.0,t
+20744,,Niger,2.0,f
+8897,,,1.0,t
+19241,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+6806,,,1.0,f
+18928,90%,,1.0,f
+45524,,,1.0,f
+15985,67%,Somalia,1.0,f
+32650,100%,,2.0,f
+3635,,,1.0,f
+39919,90%,Guinea,3.0,t
+29950,,France,1.0,t
+13550,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+29070,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+38004,0%,Palestinian Territory,2.0,f
+29844,100%,,2.0,t
+29866,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+10233,,Barbados,2.0,f
+8878,,Nauru,2.0,f
+22419,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+44613,100%,,1.0,t
+36766,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+23055,91%,,2.0,f
+614,67%,,1.0,f
+6674,,Tonga,2.0,t
+48698,90%,Vietnam,3.0,f
+8908,100%,,2.0,f
+21008,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+6035,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+39878,0%,,1.0,f
+517,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+48181,,,1.0,f
+4269,,,1.0,f
+25431,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+45199,,Puerto Rico,6.0,f
+27067,,,1.0,f
+20314,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+30790,,Reunion,2.0,f
+47479,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+11711,,Korea,1.0,t
+29382,100%,Ghana,4.0,f
+4964,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+18698,100%,,1.0,f
+25308,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+15475,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+15068,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+20663,100%,,1.0,t
+42762,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+48184,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+29328,,Moldova,1.0,t
+14921,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+5496,,Maldives,1.0,t
+33948,100%,,2.0,f
+31185,100%,,1.0,f
+1328,,Kenya,2.0,f
+31600,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+590,,Guinea,2.0,t
+39575,,,1.0,f
+25445,70%,,2.0,f
+11781,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+38634,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+42513,,Niger,1.0,f
+13547,,,1.0,t
+10079,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+28224,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+41372,,Indonesia,2.0,t
+36681,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+28131,100%,,1.0,t
+46996,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+1247,,Chile,1.0,t
+41022,100%,Cape Verde,3.0,t
+40823,100%,,1.0,f
+32703,100%,,2.0,f
+17447,100%,El Salvador,4.0,t
+27442,90%,Solomon Islands,1.0,f
+12701,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+13786,,,1.0,f
+16550,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+43252,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+19861,67%,Togo,1.0,f
+7058,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+25438,100%,,1.0,f
+46687,100%,,1.0,f
+36288,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+19278,,,1.0,f
+35824,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+40051,,,1.0,f
+36914,100%,Nauru,1.0,t
+35737,100%,,1.0,f
+23857,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+20619,,,1.0,t
+16573,100%,Cuba,2.0,f
+6522,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+32801,63%,Somalia,1.0,f
+47812,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+17138,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+11110,88%,Kiribati,3.0,t
+3314,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),10.0,f
+2394,,,2.0,t
+17061,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+21275,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+22745,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+24243,,,2.0,t
+24380,,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+4898,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+18326,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+39510,,Guinea,1.0,f
+19681,,,2.0,t
+12910,,Maldives,1.0,t
+43932,100%,,1.0,f
+26159,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+7620,100%,Togo,4.0,f
+14319,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+44146,36%,Malawi,2.0,t
+16916,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+45842,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+12465,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+6198,20%,,1.0,f
+16581,,Guinea,1.0,t
+16697,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+22132,,Kenya,1.0,f
+46763,,China,1.0,t
+44280,,Iraq,2.0,t
+23440,,Chad,1.0,t
+15505,100%,,1.0,f
+26079,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+3279,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+22112,90%,,1.0,f
+6759,,,1.0,t
+9570,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+26292,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+41270,100%,,1.0,f
+25183,,Malta,1.0,t
+4953,,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+27090,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+16087,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+43902,100%,,2.0,t
+18490,,,1.0,f
+16519,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+45210,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+44687,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+47302,,Netherlands,2.0,f
+1200,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+525,100%,,1.0,f
+42454,100%,Finland,1.0,f
+32276,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+27227,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+7237,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+13082,100%,Kiribati,3.0,t
+27007,0%,,1.0,t
+37454,100%,,2.0,f
+42913,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+9586,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+2480,100%,,1.0,f
+23953,100%,,1.0,f
+3490,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+7321,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+43891,,China,2.0,t
+32587,,Jersey,1.0,f
+29480,100%,French Polynesia,6.0,f
+26901,100%,,1.0,t
+32658,85%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+37841,0%,,1.0,t
+5067,,Tonga,1.0,f
+38160,25%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+25013,,Tonga,1.0,t
+12899,50%,,1.0,t
+9803,,Monaco,1.0,t
+4094,,Russian Federation,4.0,t
+1327,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+8755,,Malawi,1.0,f
+33025,,Tonga,1.0,f
+27289,99%,Reunion,12.0,t
+23224,100%,,1.0,f
+33783,0%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+45197,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+35226,50%,,1.0,f
+37283,100%,Brazil,1.0,t
+18509,,Gambia,1.0,f
+11005,100%,,1.0,t
+38193,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+8850,,,1.0,t
+1133,,,1.0,t
+49484,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+21331,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+45597,,,1.0,t
+40192,100%,Croatia,2.0,t
+32691,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+10697,100%,Uzbekistan,3.0,t
+35364,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+26863,,Mexico,7.0,f
+37715,,Guinea,1.0,t
+44354,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+18966,100%,,2.0,f
+45281,,,1.0,f
+1126,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+24205,100%,,1.0,f
+34121,,,1.0,f
+27811,100%,Ukraine,4.0,t
+27966,100%,,1.0,f
+24646,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+2078,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+44257,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+11986,,,1.0,f
+14985,,,2.0,t
+24254,,,1.0,f
+16258,100%,,1.0,t
+45680,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+45208,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+16306,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+7246,100%,Niue,6.0,f
+41675,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+24351,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+29316,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+1373,,Brazil,1.0,f
+31515,,,1.0,f
+29343,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+36832,83%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+13474,80%,Zimbabwe,7.0,t
+21341,80%,Tonga,1.0,f
+4308,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+45369,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+18024,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+4630,100%,,2.0,f
+23911,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+46453,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+41036,100%,French Polynesia,2.0,f
+5405,,,1.0,t
+1298,100%,,1.0,t
+14741,,,1.0,t
+15803,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+43369,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+24434,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+44254,100%,,2.0,t
+841,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+29525,,,1.0,f
+42156,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+10355,,,1.0,f
+24610,90%,,1.0,f
+3189,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+47361,100%,Barbados,10.0,f
+13272,,Croatia,1.0,t
+30971,,,1.0,f
+33930,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+35563,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+17568,100%,,2.0,f
+19813,,Jersey,1.0,f
+18791,100%,Zimbabwe,8.0,t
+17427,100%,Mexico,2.0,f
+16173,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+23610,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+37595,90%,Lithuania,4.0,f
+13557,80%,,1.0,t
+4010,100%,,1.0,t
+43393,100%,,1.0,f
+14052,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+6760,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+40143,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+40862,,Guinea,1.0,f
+2180,0%,Australia,1.0,f
+41507,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+4854,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+15306,,Barbados,8.0,t
+8524,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+21736,100%,Vanuatu,4.0,f
+19955,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+33190,0%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+34241,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+41873,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+29216,,,1.0,f
+7500,100%,Paraguay,8.0,t
+515,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+41066,,,1.0,f
+38533,,Chile,1.0,t
+16507,100%,Nauru,1.0,f
+13827,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+25415,100%,Ghana,1.0,f
+20760,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+16655,80%,,1.0,f
+5941,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+24582,,Netherlands,2.0,t
+23344,100%,Grenada,1.0,f
+16868,100%,,1.0,t
+19653,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+30866,,,1.0,f
+16441,,Ghana,1.0,t
+19806,60%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+41296,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+44421,,Monaco,1.0,f
+40264,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+17712,100%,,1.0,f
+832,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+28236,,Greenland,1.0,f
+36429,,,1.0,f
+7244,100%,Guatemala,2.0,t
+44834,97%,Guernsey,4.0,f
+32401,,,1.0,f
+17086,100%,Saint Pierre and Miquelon,2.0,t
+36900,100%,,1.0,t
+44820,,,1.0,f
+21557,,,1.0,f
+29526,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+22096,,,1.0,f
+37066,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+37117,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,t
+17819,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+9202,100%,,1.0,f
+39561,100%,,2.0,t
+2924,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+23914,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+38377,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+5345,100%,,2.0,f
+23170,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+36924,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+3947,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+42996,,Jersey,1.0,f
+28920,,Malta,1.0,t
+11126,100%,Anguilla,3.0,t
+20283,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+24271,,Kenya,1.0,f
+47546,0%,,1.0,f
+38524,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+26233,,,2.0,t
+30740,,Gambia,2.0,t
+10475,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+49825,100%,Pakistan,7.0,t
+47391,,,2.0,t
+39894,,,1.0,f
+39637,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+3290,,Solomon Islands,1.0,f
+29972,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+6993,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+37356,,Guinea,3.0,f
+2941,,Tonga,2.0,t
+29798,,,1.0,f
+48898,,Niue,1.0,f
+29323,100%,Guinea,3.0,f
+39609,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+8525,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+10636,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+12911,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+22231,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+3302,,,1.0,f
+44507,83%,,1.0,f
+7437,,Niue,1.0,t
+33669,100%,Malta,2.0,t
+31773,100%,,1.0,t
+27738,,Chad,1.0,t
+30644,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+19309,100%,Maldives,3.0,t
+4868,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+44440,88%,Somalia,2.0,f
+4780,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+22364,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+22799,,,1.0,t
+24546,50%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+45111,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,420.0,f
+814,,,1.0,f
+40899,100%,,1.0,t
+49650,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+38122,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+28667,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+16906,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+34467,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+17499,33%,Somalia,1.0,t
+31352,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+390,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+49805,,,1.0,f
+41646,,Maldives,3.0,f
+12187,,,1.0,f
+39441,96%,Cuba,4.0,f
+10149,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+44861,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+8355,87%,Togo,16.0,f
+20114,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+7303,,,1.0,f
+6780,,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+41999,,Mexico,1.0,f
+8050,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+40479,100%,France,1.0,f
+8831,,,3.0,f
+41751,100%,,1.0,f
+5346,100%,,1.0,f
+45569,,,1.0,t
+28743,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+31554,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+12512,,Greenland,1.0,f
+20945,,Niger,1.0,f
+14825,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+31839,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+4828,100%,Philippines,1.0,t
+5483,,Guinea,1.0,f
+32524,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+28803,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+38357,0%,,1.0,t
+11329,,Philippines,1.0,f
+27822,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+41967,,,1.0,f
+29454,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+43770,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+15478,80%,,1.0,f
+27460,50%,Denmark,2.0,f
+6053,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+15200,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+15452,90%,Niue,2.0,f
+29244,67%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+41477,,,1.0,t
+4659,,,1.0,t
+20335,100%,,2.0,f
+42498,,Malawi,1.0,t
+2643,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+43734,90%,,1.0,f
+16438,,,1.0,t
+21752,90%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+5970,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+9297,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+4283,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+31372,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+9715,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+23252,,,1.0,f
+2538,67%,Monaco,1.0,f
+32849,,,1.0,t
+38912,,Ghana,1.0,f
+27158,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+14735,,Greenland,1.0,f
+31055,64%,Niue,2.0,f
+9270,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+5703,,,1.0,f
+6004,90%,Micronesia,4.0,f
+40951,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+44686,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+21580,100%,,3.0,f
+22471,,Estonia,1.0,t
+21669,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+36760,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+22770,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+10317,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+27092,,Brazil,2.0,f
+30160,,Niue,1.0,f
+24440,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+36019,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+1840,,,1.0,f
+9578,,Mexico,1.0,f
+36196,90%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+1167,,Guinea,1.0,t
+35797,,,1.0,f
+5031,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+30320,100%,Togo,4.0,f
+41661,,Vietnam,1.0,t
+48321,100%,China,17.0,f
+25766,75%,Chile,1.0,t
+41553,100%,Tonga,2.0,f
+14325,,Maldives,2.0,t
+170,,,1.0,f
+20316,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+21045,100%,French Guiana,2.0,f
+43903,100%,,1.0,f
+1330,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+8294,0%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+40484,100%,,1.0,t
+33635,,Reunion,1.0,f
+32075,100%,Indonesia,2.0,f
+46099,98%,Uzbekistan,28.0,f
+15112,,Malawi,2.0,f
+44978,,Philippines,1.0,f
+38733,100%,,2.0,f
+22030,100%,French Guiana,3.0,t
+16069,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+44152,,Malta,1.0,f
+12963,,,1.0,f
+49105,100%,Malta,3.0,f
+46010,100%,,1.0,f
+14395,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+326,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+6986,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+42930,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+17316,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+10723,100%,,1.0,f
+39793,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+21431,100%,,2.0,t
+18963,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+28789,100%,,3.0,t
+30927,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+3620,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+39301,100%,,1.0,f
+43146,100%,,1.0,f
+29574,,,1.0,f
+37529,,Tonga,1.0,f
+35028,,Chad,1.0,f
+33342,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+41738,,Jersey,1.0,f
+22460,,China,1.0,t
+27232,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+27766,75%,,1.0,t
+4294,100%,,1.0,t
+38032,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+25475,,,1.0,f
+27106,100%,China,1.0,f
+8653,,Tonga,1.0,t
+35312,100%,,1.0,f
+36659,100%,Anguilla,2.0,t
+35190,100%,,1.0,t
+23371,,,1.0,f
+14700,100%,Montserrat,3.0,f
+25367,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+16274,,Niger,1.0,t
+27363,80%,,3.0,t
+44851,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+7264,100%,Philippines,9.0,f
+44895,100%,France,3.0,t
+12033,,Congo,1.0,f
+29678,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+19915,100%,,1.0,f
+49681,,France,2.0,f
+48519,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+34272,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+8338,75%,Korea,2.0,f
+24567,90%,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+21201,,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+16737,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+43429,,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,f
+37549,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+34685,,Chad,1.0,t
+10913,,,2.0,t
+35687,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+14083,100%,,2.0,t
+40246,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+32616,90%,,3.0,f
+2203,100%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+14406,100%,,1.0,f
+3927,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+46254,100%,Venezuela,4.0,f
+44788,92%,,1.0,f
+20664,100%,Nauru,4.0,f
+37947,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+32090,100%,,1.0,t
+43733,,Chile,1.0,f
+32697,,Lithuania,1.0,t
+35947,,,1.0,f
+46973,100%,Malta,2.0,t
+20150,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+21623,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+25180,100%,,1.0,t
+49998,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+7927,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+16040,100%,,1.0,f
+33973,,,1.0,f
+11653,,Malta,1.0,f
+23304,,Barbados,1.0,t
+44627,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+9430,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+25659,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+28568,100%,Faroe Islands,3.0,f
+7988,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+46806,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+9245,,El Salvador,2.0,t
+17627,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+42081,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+39233,,,1.0,t
+9288,,,1.0,f
+38734,100%,,1.0,t
+35106,,Togo,1.0,f
+44246,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+31281,100%,Nauru,1.0,f
+12801,,,1.0,t
+47051,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+37249,,Malta,1.0,f
+21571,,Finland,1.0,t
+22522,100%,France,3.0,t
+37917,100%,Nauru,1.0,f
+46953,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+24252,80%,Tonga,2.0,f
+11891,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+35762,86%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+48029,100%,Malta,2.0,f
+28999,,,1.0,f
+26043,,Niue,1.0,t
+38536,,Togo,1.0,f
+27875,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+5943,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+48342,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+29551,100%,Mauritania,2.0,f
+44802,67%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+16165,,France,3.0,f
+33882,100%,,1.0,f
+3650,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+33791,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+42012,100%,Monaco,3.0,t
+43706,,,1.0,f
+38574,83%,,1.0,f
+17380,50%,Jersey,1.0,t
+3680,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+42686,,,1.0,t
+6299,100%,,1.0,t
+7053,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+40709,,Denmark,1.0,f
+9304,,,,
+46357,100%,,1.0,f
+1132,88%,Tonga,1.0,f
+43276,100%,,2.0,t
+29162,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+24103,100%,United Kingdom,3.0,f
+35638,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+19979,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+13087,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+34931,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+43111,,Tonga,1.0,f
+4763,,Uruguay,2.0,f
+31946,,Gambia,1.0,f
+10253,,,1.0,f
+40314,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+29943,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+47734,100%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+45289,0%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+47110,,Nauru,1.0,t
+39588,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+8880,0%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32532,,Niue,1.0,t
+13678,,,2.0,f
+1513,,,3.0,f
+35809,,,1.0,f
+28633,60%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+45579,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+3527,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+14305,100%,,1.0,t
+44077,57%,Djibouti,1.0,f
+28398,100%,El Salvador,7.0,t
+38207,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,t
+21498,90%,,1.0,f
+24481,,,1.0,f
+38323,100%,,1.0,f
+5567,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+49512,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+2106,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+10763,100%,,1.0,t
+1820,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+36119,62%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+38415,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+27386,,Chad,2.0,f
+9028,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+24678,,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+31497,,,1.0,f
+15618,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+33721,100%,,1.0,t
+7498,,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+30679,100%,,1.0,f
+35793,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+26860,,,1.0,f
+19303,100%,,1.0,f
+34749,,Senegal,1.0,f
+9693,100%,Vanuatu,8.0,f
+43955,,Tonga,1.0,t
+4069,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+24337,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+23404,91%,Malta,1.0,f
+29475,50%,Niue,1.0,t
+28218,,,1.0,t
+21353,,Monaco,1.0,t
+22233,100%,,3.0,f
+35444,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+13520,100%,,1.0,f
+2620,,Pakistan,1.0,t
+26035,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+42567,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+13200,,China,2.0,f
+28719,100%,Russian Federation,4.0,t
+6290,,Barbados,1.0,f
+46884,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,f
+12907,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+32669,,France,1.0,f
+9759,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+40371,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+634,,,1.0,f
+18277,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+29339,,Tunisia,1.0,f
+22335,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+36923,,Kenya,1.0,f
+48579,,,1.0,f
+32294,,Niue,1.0,f
+10294,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+42421,100%,Costa Rica,5.0,t
+26548,,,1.0,t
+3160,90%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+3452,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+41485,100%,,1.0,t
+40858,100%,France,1.0,f
+50024,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+15766,,,1.0,f
+18289,,Guinea,1.0,f
+19317,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+46830,100%,,2.0,f
+49128,,,1.0,f
+40415,,Monaco,1.0,f
+46069,50%,France,1.0,t
+9743,100%,,2.0,f
+15051,100%,,1.0,f
+32271,100%,,1.0,f
+50028,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+23489,,,1.0,t
+33338,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+1526,100%,France,1.0,t
+17597,33%,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+2490,,Niue,1.0,t
+25729,100%,Cuba,2.0,f
+5797,,Gambia,2.0,f
+2258,100%,,3.0,t
+9075,,,1.0,f
+48175,50%,,1.0,t
+14857,,Jersey,1.0,f
+45765,100%,,1.0,f
+72,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+41033,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+3241,90%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+43430,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+4329,,Niue,1.0,f
+17362,,Chad,1.0,f
+21485,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+46340,100%,Denmark,3.0,t
+44228,,Jersey,1.0,f
+43293,,Denmark,2.0,f
+1372,,Estonia,1.0,f
+3061,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,2.0,t
+39782,,Denmark,1.0,t
+8579,100%,Lithuania,2.0,f
+143,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+15723,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+28704,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+24534,,Barbados,1.0,f
+4946,,Chad,1.0,t
+1765,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+13163,25%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,f
+30549,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+25619,100%,,1.0,f
+24964,,,1.0,t
+23013,90%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+27095,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+27547,,,1.0,t
+34481,100%,,2.0,f
+32398,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+40650,,,8.0,t
+21618,,,1.0,f
+15566,,,1.0,f
+3695,,,1.0,f
+35623,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+16232,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+18126,,Guinea,1.0,f
+32399,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+15756,94%,Afghanistan,2.0,t
+42291,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+38484,100%,Senegal,2.0,f
+28384,,,1.0,t
+26368,100%,Brazil,2.0,f
+18123,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,f
+22646,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+44948,100%,Chad,3.0,f
+8650,100%,,1.0,t
+47483,90%,Jersey,1.0,t
+22750,,Barbados,4.0,t
+9025,88%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+19831,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+20550,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+46290,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+31255,,,1.0,t
+2318,70%,,1.0,t
+3596,100%,Marshall Islands,6.0,t
+47004,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+5355,,,1.0,f
+1021,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+502,,,2.0,f
+14583,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+36871,,Chile,1.0,t
+1254,100%,,1.0,t
+10533,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+41986,100%,Congo,1.0,t
+44635,,Barbados,2.0,t
+37506,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+33860,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+12086,,Chad,1.0,t
+39358,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+44916,100%,Congo,2.0,f
+15236,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+12433,50%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+15375,,,1.0,f
+1345,67%,Philippines,1.0,f
+41458,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+10856,40%,,1.0,f
+35009,,,1.0,t
+17757,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+9524,,,1.0,f
+46346,,Niue,1.0,t
+31377,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+12960,100%,Indonesia,9.0,f
+1787,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+47200,67%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+25734,78%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+16307,100%,,2.0,f
+39662,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+14120,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+36651,,Guinea,1.0,f
+41719,100%,Cape Verde,4.0,f
+21658,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+4445,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+49680,,Estonia,1.0,t
+38836,100%,Lebanon,3.0,f
+17801,80%,Mauritania,2.0,t
+43361,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+36859,,,2.0,f
+42624,,,1.0,f
+39865,83%,,1.0,f
+9342,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+49626,,Tanzania,2.0,t
+27029,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+35176,100%,Chile,3.0,t
+42062,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+42678,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+10982,100%,,1.0,f
+27563,90%,,1.0,t
+11234,100%,,2.0,f
+43570,,Denmark,1.0,f
+11997,100%,Mauritania,2.0,t
+23246,,,1.0,f
+40602,,Slovenia,1.0,f
+32226,30%,,1.0,f
+5232,93%,,2.0,t
+11009,,Niue,1.0,f
+39944,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+16015,,,1.0,t
+26723,,,1.0,t
+35118,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+49457,,Suriname,1.0,f
+5945,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+4809,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+30870,,,1.0,t
+765,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+46925,,,1.0,t
+9056,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+24146,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+17587,80%,Peru,1.0,t
+11275,100%,Brazil,3.0,t
+31972,100%,,1.0,t
+20382,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,4.0,t
+10061,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+37538,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+48863,50%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+21410,,,1.0,t
+19062,,Brazil,1.0,f
+17221,,,1.0,t
+20511,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+25030,75%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+4096,,Tunisia,1.0,f
+26253,,,1.0,f
+43450,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+725,33%,Peru,2.0,f
+29195,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+4716,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+20466,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+25528,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+38729,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+7000,100%,,1.0,t
+46449,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+35894,100%,,1.0,f
+2476,100%,Saint Helena,2.0,t
+12471,67%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+28199,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+46688,91%,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+26053,,Grenada,1.0,t
+20517,,Kenya,1.0,f
+8777,67%,,1.0,f
+23662,100%,Vanuatu,3.0,f
+44429,,,1.0,t
+31210,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+33543,,,1.0,f
+27345,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+11880,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+49221,,,2.0,f
+4851,0%,Chad,1.0,f
+28367,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+36726,94%,Mexico,6.0,f
+20432,100%,,1.0,t
+44451,33%,,1.0,f
+20021,,Gambia,1.0,f
+23680,,,1.0,t
+13016,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+28004,100%,,1.0,t
+37280,100%,Indonesia,4.0,t
+5489,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+32598,,Vietnam,1.0,f
+8060,,,1.0,f
+19645,,Maldives,1.0,f
+15433,40%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+20935,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+31916,,Malta,2.0,t
+8301,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+50078,100%,Chad,2.0,t
+49592,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+49124,,Marshall Islands,3.0,t
+31985,,,1.0,f
+35172,100%,Barbados,1.0,t
+15105,,,1.0,f
+33051,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+19784,100%,,1.0,f
+9123,,Brazil,1.0,f
+18856,50%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+28062,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+26718,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+20458,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+25776,75%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+22986,,,1.0,f
+11434,100%,,1.0,t
+23739,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+22004,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+1604,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+41880,,China,2.0,f
+11201,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+44701,,Chad,1.0,t
+16012,0%,,1.0,t
+48478,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+14237,,France,1.0,t
+23850,88%,,1.0,f
+18387,,Tonga,1.0,f
+49471,100%,,2.0,t
+45900,,Monaco,1.0,f
+29553,100%,,1.0,t
+21902,100%,Vanuatu,3.0,f
+5536,,Barbados,1.0,t
+48280,,,1.0,f
+29587,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+3325,50%,,1.0,f
+23325,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+18184,,,1.0,f
+30357,,,1.0,t
+37530,,Niue,1.0,t
+7720,,Tonga,1.0,f
+23258,,,1.0,f
+15715,100%,,1.0,f
+13444,,,1.0,f
+6113,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+30067,,Niue,1.0,t
+379,50%,Guinea,1.0,f
+36716,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,3.0,f
+29479,33%,,1.0,t
+25134,,,1.0,t
+49581,,,1.0,f
+48784,,,2.0,t
+24221,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+31288,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+37755,,Ukraine,1.0,t
+27435,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+13618,67%,,2.0,f
+39551,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+29875,,,1.0,t
+41590,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+23695,100%,France,3.0,f
+14004,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+35236,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+49159,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+28317,100%,Somalia,1.0,f
+165,,,1.0,f
+5381,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+46195,89%,Maldives,6.0,t
+39612,100%,,1.0,f
+20166,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+37864,,Suriname,1.0,f
+2309,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,t
+6738,100%,,2.0,f
+13133,67%,Denmark,1.0,t
+48421,100%,,4.0,t
+15356,80%,Denmark,2.0,f
+21386,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8341,100%,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+118,,,1.0,f
+13849,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+39178,,,1.0,f
+14775,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+31785,,Guinea,1.0,t
+5011,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+22877,,,1.0,f
+41931,75%,,1.0,t
+4103,,,1.0,f
+43774,,,1.0,f
+37159,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+9861,100%,Guernsey,2.0,f
+47886,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+4305,100%,,2.0,f
+17680,,Malta,1.0,t
+6779,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+18191,,Djibouti,2.0,f
+11157,100%,,2.0,t
+17789,94%,Reunion,6.0,f
+18607,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+19776,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+43310,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+47730,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+33725,80%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+5242,,Malta,1.0,f
+27970,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+16167,,,1.0,t
+47406,,,1.0,f
+44116,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+28656,,,1.0,f
+41877,,Cuba,1.0,t
+45546,100%,Cape Verde,19.0,t
+23276,100%,Brazil,4.0,f
+14228,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+28037,,China,1.0,f
+39313,,Tonga,1.0,t
+30302,,Chad,1.0,f
+47478,,,1.0,f
+35018,100%,Nicaragua,10.0,f
+3439,100%,,1.0,f
+28644,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+23791,,,1.0,t
+2285,100%,,1.0,f
+12787,,Estonia,1.0,t
+887,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+6501,100%,,1.0,f
+30057,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+28115,92%,,1.0,f
+1549,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+40561,90%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+6259,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+37253,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+7054,100%,,1.0,f
+12652,,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+20597,,,1.0,f
+27872,,Denmark,3.0,t
+46105,100%,Nicaragua,4.0,t
+45394,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+1922,,France,1.0,f
+42107,,Fiji,1.0,f
+85,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+47525,100%,,2.0,t
+22892,100%,,1.0,t
+21632,100%,Wallis and Futuna,2.0,f
+23541,89%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+24975,0%,,1.0,f
+2934,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+40328,,Netherlands,1.0,f
+15004,100%,Uzbekistan,88.0,f
+4101,,Croatia,1.0,f
+4840,,,1.0,f
+37565,100%,Slovenia,1.0,t
+27212,,,1.0,f
+33961,100%,Indonesia,3.0,t
+27157,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+43094,,Monaco,1.0,f
+48725,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+28931,,Canada,1.0,t
+19643,,,2.0,f
+39267,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+40626,93%,United Kingdom,5.0,t
+33279,100%,,1.0,f
+40934,100%,Brazil,3.0,f
+13134,,,1.0,t
+9901,,Tonga,1.0,f
+20015,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+610,,,1.0,f
+907,100%,,1.0,f
+32081,,,1.0,f
+23377,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+6976,,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+11691,100%,,1.0,f
+36081,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+22839,,Nauru,1.0,f
+40644,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+12609,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+33372,100%,Guinea,22.0,t
+13545,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+6755,100%,Barbados,2.0,f
+48196,,France,1.0,f
+7382,33%,,1.0,t
+18359,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+34200,,,1.0,f
+3262,100%,Philippines,1.0,f
+47476,,Kenya,1.0,t
+35548,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+37136,,,1.0,f
+11148,0%,,1.0,f
+10866,100%,,1.0,t
+21280,,,1.0,t
+16260,100%,United Kingdom,4.0,t
+31273,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+30324,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+15048,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+38748,43%,Chad,1.0,f
+46075,,Gambia,1.0,t
+38930,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+48171,100%,,1.0,f
+4782,100%,,3.0,t
+25243,,,1.0,f
+46463,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+13589,100%,China,1.0,f
+7460,100%,China,1.0,f
+41567,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+27860,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+45860,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+45391,,,1.0,f
+35697,100%,,1.0,f
+41326,,,2.0,t
+31283,,Guinea,1.0,t
+31293,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+46848,100%,,1.0,f
+19721,100%,Tonga,3.0,t
+30892,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+7743,100%,,1.0,f
+37923,,Andorra,1.0,f
+34236,100%,,1.0,f
+11552,50%,France,1.0,t
+36302,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+42654,100%,,1.0,t
+17513,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+12195,,Mexico,1.0,f
+37807,,Jersey,1.0,f
+26782,,Congo,1.0,f
+27747,,Malta,1.0,f
+20948,,Denmark,1.0,t
+46634,100%,,1.0,t
+13085,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+22635,,,1.0,t
+41354,100%,Micronesia,4.0,t
+17139,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+25344,90%,Faroe Islands,8.0,f
+36928,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+17868,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+6270,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+45041,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+26063,,Croatia,2.0,t
+10441,100%,,2.0,f
+36689,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+35584,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+34947,,,1.0,f
+23566,,Denmark,1.0,f
+921,100%,Finland,1.0,f
+26807,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+49042,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+21018,,,1.0,t
+46134,100%,,1.0,t
+8189,100%,Chile,2.0,t
+42054,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+14425,,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+6430,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+4705,,China,2.0,t
+33571,,,1.0,t
+20456,100%,,1.0,f
+5732,,Ghana,2.0,t
+38921,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+23842,,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+26461,,Monaco,1.0,f
+21511,,,1.0,f
+2424,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+14885,100%,Tanzania,3.0,f
+16836,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+33187,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+5105,,Niue,1.0,f
+10204,100%,Nicaragua,5.0,t
+26052,90%,Gambia,3.0,t
+16527,100%,Palestinian Territory,2.0,f
+20987,100%,,1.0,f
+9934,100%,,2.0,f
+34302,,,2.0,t
+11348,,China,2.0,f
+43622,,Maldives,1.0,f
+18378,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+11321,,,1.0,f
+28331,100%,,3.0,f
+34972,,Greenland,4.0,f
+29246,50%,Malawi,1.0,t
+6481,,Guinea,2.0,f
+25801,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+3365,100%,,1.0,t
+6471,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+47505,,,2.0,t
+44753,100%,,1.0,f
+20847,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,t
+9077,,,1.0,f
+15272,100%,,2.0,t
+10732,,Uganda,5.0,f
+2216,100%,,1.0,f
+26460,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+8699,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+8810,,,1.0,t
+7052,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+20020,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+10891,,,1.0,f
+21232,90%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+20122,,Philippines,1.0,t
+47436,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+20926,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+14498,,China,1.0,f
+33101,100%,Nauru,2.0,f
+43040,,,8.0,t
+43980,,Croatia,1.0,t
+37286,100%,,2.0,f
+38011,,,1.0,f
+46910,,,1.0,t
+5680,0%,,1.0,f
+37174,,Kenya,1.0,f
+36502,70%,,2.0,f
+12257,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+39248,97%,Cuba,5.0,f
+32603,83%,Nicaragua,4.0,t
+42159,,,1.0,f
+36788,,,3.0,f
+23751,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+40532,100%,,1.0,t
+34992,,Croatia,1.0,f
+42155,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+36860,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+10726,100%,,1.0,f
+24444,,Estonia,1.0,f
+49703,100%,Nicaragua,9.0,f
+46035,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+31721,50%,,1.0,f
+29083,0%,Chile,1.0,t
+18563,,Jersey,1.0,t
+22468,,,1.0,f
+11002,,Philippines,10.0,f
+5679,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+20860,,Togo,1.0,f
+39217,,,1.0,f
+30173,,,1.0,t
+47371,,Guinea,1.0,f
+22047,100%,,1.0,t
+49251,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+31314,100%,Guinea,4.0,t
+12450,,Malawi,1.0,t
+43362,100%,,1.0,f
+38903,25%,,1.0,f
+35030,,Kenya,1.0,f
+34392,,,1.0,f
+11021,,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+41836,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+43156,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+20939,,Niue,1.0,t
+33286,,Chad,1.0,t
+28785,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+48004,100%,,1.0,f
+15316,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+44294,,,1.0,t
+23248,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+43966,,,1.0,f
+3691,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+1550,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+15531,,Monaco,1.0,t
+12927,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+4411,,,1.0,f
+47068,,Tunisia,1.0,f
+3817,0%,,1.0,f
+37631,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+4139,67%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+39120,,Malta,1.0,t
+40059,83%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+13049,100%,,1.0,t
+17431,,Kenya,1.0,f
+18424,,,1.0,f
+26238,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+19,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+10539,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+6292,100%,,1.0,t
+43680,38%,Ukraine,1.0,f
+36363,82%,Marshall Islands,5.0,f
+32875,0%,Kenya,1.0,t
+20229,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+28953,56%,,2.0,f
+29324,86%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+11604,100%,,1.0,f
+23882,100%,,1.0,f
+45948,,Gambia,1.0,f
+17703,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+24279,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+41374,,,1.0,f
+7940,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+15598,,,1.0,t
+43668,100%,Marshall Islands,6.0,t
+889,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3515,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+15886,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+4274,100%,Guernsey,2.0,t
+36013,100%,,1.0,t
+10433,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+5296,100%,Mauritania,4.0,f
+44737,,El Salvador,2.0,f
+3552,0%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+12783,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+28742,,,1.0,f
+3932,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+23583,,Ghana,1.0,t
+21696,67%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,t
+43006,,,1.0,f
+33514,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+27553,100%,,1.0,t
+44256,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+24665,100%,,1.0,f
+20352,,,1.0,t
+16526,,Niue,2.0,t
+26020,,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+20310,100%,Andorra,1.0,f
+41988,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+3372,,Maldives,1.0,f
+47442,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+41257,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+9301,,,1.0,f
+36899,75%,Saint Helena,2.0,t
+6184,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+5136,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+15246,,Mexico,1.0,t
+16076,,,1.0,t
+1403,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+31060,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+44659,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+27074,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22414,90%,,1.0,f
+39638,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+30279,,Kenya,1.0,f
+49324,,,1.0,f
+4695,,,1.0,t
+23465,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+601,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,2.0,f
+7251,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,t
+11284,100%,,1.0,f
+17095,,,1.0,t
+43394,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+6810,,,1.0,f
+47239,100%,,2.0,f
+1527,,,1.0,t
+24285,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+25347,100%,,1.0,f
+35262,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+15842,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+33793,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+9688,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+35345,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+43748,,France,1.0,t
+27492,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+15046,,Jersey,1.0,f
+27041,50%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+9757,,Denmark,2.0,f
+42524,,Nauru,1.0,t
+3112,94%,Indonesia,25.0,f
+49212,,Somalia,1.0,t
+15281,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+490,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,6.0,f
+36748,,Ghana,3.0,f
+4271,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+20525,100%,,1.0,t
+15929,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+48788,90%,,1.0,f
+12877,,Croatia,1.0,t
+36384,100%,,1.0,f
+48305,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+21371,,Guinea,2.0,f
+3916,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+27357,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+25744,90%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+39889,,,1.0,f
+10906,,Chad,1.0,f
+47836,,,1.0,t
+41667,100%,,2.0,t
+7062,,Chile,1.0,t
+21155,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+6526,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+31631,,Tonga,1.0,t
+20236,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+6959,95%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),20.0,t
+8537,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+46851,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+23678,,,1.0,t
+19112,,Malta,1.0,f
+37281,,,1.0,t
+50086,100%,,1.0,f
+17726,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+24178,100%,,1.0,f
+39263,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+11789,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+4857,,,1.0,f
+9568,,,1.0,f
+39294,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+2217,,,9.0,f
+47420,,Nauru,1.0,t
+42726,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+46321,,,1.0,f
+19028,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+33911,100%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+17969,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+41762,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+47204,,,1.0,t
+20130,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+2725,100%,,3.0,t
+17010,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+12591,100%,Maldives,4.0,t
+45205,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+25210,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+46305,,,1.0,f
+45905,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,t
+38394,,,1.0,f
+20970,,China,1.0,f
+2034,,Lithuania,2.0,t
+28496,100%,Nicaragua,38.0,f
+46019,100%,,1.0,t
+40631,80%,,1.0,t
+49290,,,1.0,f
+13088,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+42362,,,1.0,f
+35962,,Mexico,1.0,f
+39388,0%,,2.0,t
+2232,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3607,50%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+27773,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+41580,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+14161,100%,Montserrat,2.0,f
+11968,100%,,3.0,f
+14490,100%,Denmark,1.0,t
+34586,75%,,1.0,t
+27964,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+24073,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+49292,,Denmark,1.0,f
+46530,90%,Malawi,1.0,t
+4252,100%,,1.0,f
+12371,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+6020,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+36784,,,1.0,f
+40483,50%,Niue,1.0,f
+4735,100%,,2.0,f
+42819,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+21917,100%,,1.0,f
+10266,,Senegal,1.0,f
+35295,100%,Andorra,1.0,f
+26536,,Denmark,1.0,f
+28041,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+32066,,,1.0,f
+2833,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+16137,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+39821,,,1.0,t
+15981,,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+15474,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+40114,,,1.0,f
+16678,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+43180,,,1.0,f
+2175,,Uganda,1.0,t
+42934,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+34514,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+38087,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+41473,,Niue,2.0,t
+44955,90%,,1.0,f
+16060,,,1.0,f
+22162,,,1.0,f
+28506,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+18164,100%,Marshall Islands,5.0,f
+10844,,,1.0,f
+40883,,Reunion,1.0,f
+42753,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+28740,100%,,1.0,f
+36260,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+28469,100%,Vanuatu,3.0,t
+33060,,,1.0,f
+4282,,Maldives,2.0,t
+31102,,,1.0,t
+28848,100%,Uganda,9.0,f
+21083,100%,Spain,3.0,t
+33902,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+17632,71%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+8546,,San Marino,1.0,t
+29927,100%,,2.0,f
+3713,0%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+11833,90%,Afghanistan,2.0,f
+20337,45%,Tonga,1.0,f
+28502,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+14424,100%,,1.0,f
+15711,,China,1.0,f
+34209,,Philippines,1.0,f
+24888,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+9154,100%,Djibouti,2.0,f
+2204,,,1.0,f
+33440,88%,Isle of Man,3.0,f
+47547,100%,,1.0,f
+33605,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+45590,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+1454,,,1.0,t
+37908,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+16500,100%,France,1.0,f
+13160,100%,Cape Verde,5.0,t
+34354,100%,,1.0,t
+44990,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+14261,,Greenland,1.0,f
+11732,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+32836,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+13815,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+35161,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+24529,,Maldives,2.0,f
+25543,89%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+24703,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+16025,,Switzerland,1.0,f
+16966,,Denmark,2.0,t
+35655,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+26504,,Niue,1.0,f
+42261,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+15878,100%,Reunion,1.0,f
+23795,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+48047,,,1.0,t
+14455,100%,,2.0,f
+15020,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+222,89%,,16.0,f
+49653,40%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+34722,100%,,1.0,t
+12165,,,1.0,f
+26809,100%,,8.0,f
+17553,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+24126,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+29422,50%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+11772,,Guinea,1.0,f
+27240,,,1.0,t
+26089,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+43691,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+32319,70%,,1.0,t
+38775,,,1.0,f
+249,,Nauru,1.0,f
+1980,50%,,1.0,t
+13595,,,1.0,f
+5751,,Brazil,1.0,f
+4250,100%,,2.0,f
+19519,,,1.0,f
+6524,,,1.0,f
+15193,100%,Tanzania,2.0,t
+25611,,Estonia,1.0,f
+47890,100%,,1.0,f
+16476,86%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+16179,100%,,1.0,f
+4041,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3961,100%,Fiji,8.0,f
+48291,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,f
+2080,0%,Malta,1.0,t
+15282,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+35827,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+40759,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+9233,,Greenland,1.0,f
+37430,,,1.0,f
+34500,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+44401,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+29975,,,1.0,f
+39210,100%,,1.0,f
+48106,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+47471,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+11105,100%,,1.0,f
+33469,,,1.0,f
+48982,,Portugal,1.0,f
+44547,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+9797,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+31465,100%,,1.0,f
+6735,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+41073,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+22191,100%,Cape Verde,2.0,f
+9460,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+20515,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+25197,100%,Nicaragua,4.0,f
+27033,94%,,1.0,t
+14186,,Palestinian Territory,2.0,f
+8125,,Monaco,1.0,f
+11612,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+15278,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8553,100%,,1.0,f
+19807,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+16685,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+47383,0%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+11018,,,1.0,f
+34539,,Kenya,1.0,f
+47441,100%,,1.0,f
+16295,96%,Philippines,5.0,f
+5387,,,1.0,f
+36206,86%,Russian Federation,10.0,f
+10883,100%,Niger,8.0,t
+42945,100%,,1.0,f
+48786,90%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+8302,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+21303,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+17896,,Canada,1.0,f
+31691,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+49706,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+41061,,Maldives,1.0,t
+8695,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+18795,,Maldives,1.0,f
+6423,,Malta,2.0,t
+36772,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+24531,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+48849,,Denmark,1.0,f
+26611,100%,Papua New Guinea,2.0,f
+4093,100%,,1.0,t
+37166,56%,,1.0,t
+16485,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+28721,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+41271,100%,,2.0,t
+22543,100%,,1.0,t
+25662,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+27024,,,1.0,f
+26080,,,1.0,t
+4403,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+1783,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+5441,89%,,1.0,t
+45117,,Brazil,1.0,t
+46531,,Niue,2.0,f
+35134,,Ecuador,2.0,f
+7804,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,f
+24173,,,1.0,f
+40918,,,1.0,t
+39514,,Philippines,1.0,t
+38431,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+42543,,,1.0,f
+3494,,,1.0,f
+20579,100%,,1.0,f
+49341,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+17216,100%,Ecuador,2.0,t
+31983,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+42750,,Guinea,1.0,t
+15170,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+1159,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+13281,,,1.0,f
+43675,70%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+2183,100%,Isle of Man,3.0,f
+28780,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+1962,100%,,7.0,f
+12584,,Philippines,1.0,t
+12014,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+41230,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+34650,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+45425,100%,Mexico,1.0,t
+29712,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+30821,,Niger,1.0,t
+14579,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+2466,,Solomon Islands,1.0,f
+28175,,,1.0,f
+5418,,Philippines,1.0,f
+28047,100%,Uzbekistan,4.0,f
+35929,,Guinea,1.0,f
+27179,100%,,1.0,f
+43648,,Croatia,1.0,f
+45557,100%,,2.0,f
+4286,100%,,1.0,f
+15344,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+37491,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+8533,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+5816,,Rwanda,4.0,f
+42203,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+5878,100%,,2.0,t
+32148,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+9621,,,1.0,t
+1756,,Croatia,1.0,f
+476,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+34620,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+34585,100%,,2.0,t
+5112,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+36688,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+1961,100%,,1.0,f
+11057,100%,,1.0,t
+42790,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+684,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+49077,100%,,1.0,t
+37901,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+41679,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+35164,,Chad,1.0,f
+34125,,,1.0,t
+20842,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+19176,,Greenland,1.0,f
+46071,89%,Niue,2.0,f
+15304,100%,Korea,1.0,f
+43798,100%,El Salvador,4.0,t
+2739,,,1.0,f
+5721,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+30737,88%,,1.0,f
+12983,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+44837,,Niue,1.0,t
+48897,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+15226,100%,French Polynesia,1.0,t
+47949,100%,,1.0,t
+27252,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+38315,100%,,1.0,t
+4873,,France,1.0,f
+41316,,Ghana,3.0,f
+16229,,Pakistan,3.0,f
+19847,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+3763,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+4881,,Kenya,1.0,f
+50098,,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+4517,100%,El Salvador,3.0,t
+26728,,,1.0,f
+26704,100%,Malawi,2.0,t
+44391,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+40817,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+43719,,China,1.0,f
+32839,,,1.0,f
+44696,,,1.0,f
+23088,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+40317,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+7374,100%,,1.0,f
+25144,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+32394,33%,,1.0,f
+39037,,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+39699,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+48650,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+32267,100%,,1.0,t
+31141,,Niger,1.0,t
+48470,90%,Pakistan,4.0,f
+28146,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+9800,,,1.0,f
+46024,100%,,1.0,t
+41208,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+47993,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+35696,,,3.0,t
+29180,,,1.0,t
+6684,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+22229,100%,Afghanistan,3.0,t
+21294,,,1.0,t
+31479,,Barbados,1.0,f
+398,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+8015,100%,Denmark,1.0,t
+28078,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+22029,100%,,1.0,f
+16328,100%,,1.0,f
+1020,100%,United Kingdom,7.0,t
+40150,100%,Philippines,1.0,f
+24766,,,1.0,t
+37040,,Tonga,1.0,f
+283,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+9607,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+35417,,,1.0,t
+35598,100%,France,2.0,f
+15758,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+6781,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+25895,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+11720,,Finland,1.0,f
+7039,,Uganda,2.0,f
+34064,,Christmas Island,3.0,t
+7884,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+4795,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+46939,71%,,1.0,t
+45764,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+26261,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+30570,,Chile,1.0,t
+25106,,Costa Rica,2.0,t
+13138,100%,Faroe Islands,2.0,t
+46240,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+29547,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+34195,100%,,1.0,t
+1054,100%,Guinea,20.0,f
+43643,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+13546,100%,Rwanda,15.0,f
+49876,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+44653,,Niue,1.0,f
+2612,94%,Cuba,1.0,f
+9218,,Denmark,1.0,f
+1817,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+39341,,,1.0,t
+15716,,Maldives,1.0,f
+29688,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+6571,90%,,1.0,t
+2982,,,1.0,t
+24203,,,2.0,t
+12402,67%,,1.0,t
+15427,100%,Malta,3.0,f
+44457,,,1.0,f
+48084,,Niger,3.0,f
+8030,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+9999,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+18912,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+29898,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+13458,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+14859,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+28583,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+19781,,,1.0,t
+33857,,,1.0,t
+30443,,,1.0,f
+21230,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+49068,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+168,,Portugal,1.0,f
+24478,,,1.0,t
+4183,100%,,1.0,f
+9354,100%,Spain,12.0,f
+15904,100%,Afghanistan,2.0,f
+34288,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+14010,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+48979,,Switzerland,2.0,f
+46431,,,1.0,f
+6932,,,1.0,t
+32778,,,1.0,t
+304,100%,,1.0,f
+49851,,Ukraine,1.0,f
+10809,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,4.0,f
+2403,50%,Gibraltar,2.0,f
+39565,93%,Rwanda,12.0,f
+22584,,,1.0,f
+16828,60%,,1.0,f
+15160,100%,Peru,5.0,t
+35097,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+10740,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+15387,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+30967,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+28410,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+12978,100%,,1.0,f
+17926,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+4370,,,1.0,f
+16407,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+9549,100%,,1.0,f
+34482,100%,Montserrat,1.0,t
+42174,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+34044,,,1.0,t
+38641,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+16739,,,2.0,f
+41521,,Monaco,1.0,f
+5398,100%,,1.0,f
+45313,,,1.0,f
+18012,100%,,2.0,t
+10111,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+40044,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+17890,100%,France,1.0,f
+6512,100%,,1.0,f
+22479,,,1.0,f
+1303,100%,,1.0,t
+27926,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,f
+13021,,,1.0,t
+3892,,,1.0,t
+27795,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+26061,,Philippines,1.0,t
+15850,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+6436,100%,,1.0,f
+33082,,,1.0,t
+651,100%,Lebanon,4.0,t
+25385,,Korea,1.0,t
+13131,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+28290,,Philippines,1.0,f
+49227,,,1.0,t
+22989,,China,2.0,t
+11081,,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+11421,,,1.0,f
+24264,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+21178,100%,,1.0,t
+6373,100%,,2.0,f
+3065,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+28294,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+41177,100%,Ecuador,6.0,t
+46033,100%,,1.0,t
+33835,,Monaco,1.0,t
+8545,100%,,1.0,f
+11121,,,1.0,t
+7078,100%,Fiji,1.0,f
+24951,,,1.0,f
+44650,67%,Jersey,1.0,f
+36977,78%,,2.0,f
+30337,100%,,1.0,t
+30112,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+17200,,,1.0,t
+21613,,,1.0,t
+43877,,Chad,1.0,t
+32210,0%,,1.0,f
+14356,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+23765,,,1.0,f
+33611,,Canada,1.0,t
+29136,86%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+33029,100%,Isle of Man,3.0,f
+23669,100%,,1.0,f
+10542,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+43689,0%,,1.0,f
+16106,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+36526,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+6727,100%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+12950,100%,,3.0,f
+31731,100%,,1.0,f
+32195,100%,Chile,1.0,f
+49396,,Greenland,1.0,f
+22936,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+8179,100%,,1.0,f
+2310,,Croatia,1.0,t
+15873,100%,,1.0,t
+7016,0%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+9345,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,4.0,f
+29854,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+42394,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+11486,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+8623,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+34109,,,1.0,t
+2921,,Cuba,2.0,t
+38263,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+14677,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+29054,100%,Montserrat,1.0,t
+11952,100%,,1.0,f
+12116,,Uganda,1.0,f
+31651,86%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+19015,100%,Sri Lanka,2.0,f
+47166,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+17780,,,2.0,f
+34084,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+28781,,Anguilla,2.0,f
+30898,100%,,1.0,t
+15332,100%,Anguilla,9.0,f
+39221,,,1.0,f
+28343,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+49623,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+33958,100%,,1.0,f
+29173,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+36835,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+8851,,,1.0,t
+22078,,Indonesia,20.0,f
+48501,,,1.0,t
+1911,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+43011,100%,Wallis and Futuna,6.0,f
+9852,100%,Maldives,11.0,f
+1564,100%,Indonesia,12.0,f
+27732,100%,Puerto Rico,3.0,t
+31896,86%,Niue,1.0,t
+29348,,Maldives,1.0,t
+46192,,,1.0,t
+15606,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+4077,,Niue,1.0,t
+47182,,,1.0,f
+40364,100%,Tonga,25.0,f
+13322,50%,Anguilla,2.0,f
+14392,,Malta,1.0,f
+39126,100%,Guinea,9.0,f
+2568,50%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+48880,100%,France,1.0,f
+24694,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+11219,100%,,1.0,f
+44926,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+9484,100%,,1.0,f
+25503,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+38584,100%,,1.0,t
+34573,,,1.0,f
+962,,Reunion,4.0,t
+48111,,,1.0,t
+779,,,2.0,f
+24872,,Malta,2.0,f
+15451,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+42908,90%,,2.0,f
+9749,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+8842,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),3.0,f
+15501,,,1.0,t
+25948,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+7565,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+33609,,,1.0,f
+42250,100%,,2.0,t
+6318,100%,,1.0,f
+43705,,,1.0,f
+4182,0%,France,1.0,f
+32346,100%,United Kingdom,3.0,f
+31993,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+44750,,,1.0,t
+29686,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+38378,90%,Guinea,1.0,f
+24651,,Kiribati,4.0,f
+44519,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+37043,100%,Pakistan,11.0,f
+40106,,,1.0,t
+21559,75%,Tokelau,3.0,t
+32792,,Indonesia,12.0,f
+25010,,,2.0,f
+32612,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+7143,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+4366,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+47540,75%,,1.0,t
+2901,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+49560,100%,,6.0,t
+34099,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+37634,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+30953,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+32659,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+19078,,Croatia,2.0,f
+25850,,Chad,1.0,t
+35357,,Chad,1.0,t
+5678,,,1.0,t
+32716,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+32360,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+3548,0%,,1.0,f
+24144,,,2.0,t
+511,,,1.0,t
+4190,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+40345,,Tonga,1.0,f
+10268,,,4.0,t
+30466,,,1.0,t
+20155,100%,,2.0,t
+32666,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+35906,,Greenland,1.0,t
+38424,,,1.0,f
+26956,,,1.0,t
+18423,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+42803,,,2.0,f
+4502,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+494,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+10702,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+9895,100%,,1.0,t
+24492,,Niue,1.0,t
+944,,Vietnam,7.0,t
+2412,60%,,1.0,f
+10738,,,1.0,f
+34232,,,1.0,f
+41340,100%,Tanzania,3.0,t
+28828,100%,Isle of Man,198.0,t
+45701,100%,Nauru,2.0,f
+45941,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+17976,100%,,1.0,f
+16273,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+10392,,Chad,1.0,f
+6473,90%,Uzbekistan,4.0,t
+19759,86%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+45028,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+44193,80%,Croatia,1.0,f
+21968,,,1.0,f
+8483,100%,Peru,2.0,f
+42260,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+29541,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+6100,,Jersey,1.0,f
+30767,100%,,1.0,f
+12518,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+45610,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+18309,,,1.0,f
+2293,100%,Zimbabwe,3.0,t
+34016,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+8418,,Denmark,2.0,f
+46537,,Malawi,1.0,f
+9587,100%,,1.0,f
+8167,,Croatia,1.0,f
+44806,,,1.0,t
+44708,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+45252,,,1.0,f
+18591,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+27407,50%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+48930,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+11567,100%,Niger,31.0,t
+19590,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+12390,86%,Uzbekistan,3.0,f
+27774,78%,Vietnam,15.0,f
+30007,,Niue,2.0,t
+40707,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+39181,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+40223,100%,,1.0,f
+16047,80%,Uzbekistan,6.0,f
+28436,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+33602,52%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+45702,,,1.0,t
+3050,,Nauru,1.0,f
+14242,,,1.0,f
+12826,100%,,2.0,f
+47076,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+49048,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+17274,,France,1.0,f
+47840,,Somalia,1.0,t
+32981,100%,,1.0,f
+9791,80%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+40589,100%,,1.0,t
+14294,,,1.0,f
+17545,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+49749,,,1.0,t
+4322,97%,Tonga,32.0,f
+50042,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+49015,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+24578,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+3040,,,1.0,t
+39691,,,2.0,f
+27109,,Uganda,2.0,t
+5902,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+443,,,1.0,t
+44350,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+36261,90%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,f
+26652,97%,Pakistan,6.0,f
+29388,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+21831,100%,,1.0,t
+4928,50%,Malta,1.0,f
+4022,50%,,1.0,t
+23324,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+13461,,,1.0,f
+32838,,Croatia,1.0,f
+33522,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+38198,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,f
+45413,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+42596,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+46799,,Maldives,1.0,f
+26787,100%,,1.0,f
+37101,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+27023,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+20851,,,1.0,t
+579,0%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+12798,100%,,1.0,t
+24236,60%,,1.0,t
+11723,,,1.0,f
+27972,94%,Brazil,27.0,f
+26363,,,1.0,f
+43449,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+2264,80%,,1.0,f
+28911,,,1.0,f
+26976,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+7732,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+21487,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+46200,100%,,2.0,f
+44716,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+3237,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+41739,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+40590,,,1.0,f
+40768,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+19141,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+17511,88%,Niue,1.0,f
+36520,,Maldives,1.0,f
+2651,,,1.0,f
+48095,100%,,1.0,f
+23937,,,1.0,f
+27162,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+15314,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+45668,100%,Malta,2.0,f
+2393,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+19562,,,1.0,f
+38367,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+400,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+49551,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+47843,33%,,1.0,f
+38021,100%,Bahrain,2.0,f
+42471,100%,Fiji,1.0,f
+18994,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+30990,50%,,1.0,t
+24728,100%,Turkmenistan,3.0,t
+21892,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+22816,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+6247,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+6191,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+25181,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+43138,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+24261,,,1.0,f
+9867,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+42548,100%,Lithuania,2.0,t
+30954,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+16553,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+42891,100%,,1.0,f
+40349,,,1.0,f
+43796,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+27246,100%,,3.0,f
+45629,,,2.0,f
+19919,75%,,1.0,f
+28212,,,1.0,f
+13756,100%,Guinea,3.0,f
+37091,75%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+44149,,,1.0,t
+38917,38%,,2.0,t
+41992,,,1.0,t
+11078,100%,,1.0,t
+48127,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+30735,,,2.0,f
+12273,,,1.0,t
+28636,80%,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+34641,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+47865,80%,,4.0,t
+9394,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+38742,,Malta,1.0,f
+42523,60%,,1.0,t
+39015,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+1539,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+3942,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+8383,,Chad,1.0,f
+28103,,,1.0,t
+47046,100%,Lebanon,9.0,f
+44758,,,1.0,f
+1924,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+1846,,Croatia,1.0,t
+34894,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+40555,100%,,1.0,t
+31103,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+8016,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+30495,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+32325,,Croatia,1.0,f
+25524,100%,Barbados,1.0,t
+46566,,,1.0,f
+8868,,Nauru,1.0,f
+32954,,,1.0,f
+945,,,1.0,f
+4806,,Tonga,1.0,t
+12741,83%,,1.0,t
+33235,70%,France,2.0,t
+20891,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+46148,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+22093,100%,,1.0,f
+37495,,,1.0,t
+41852,,,1.0,f
+37980,75%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+27163,100%,Korea,3.0,t
+18038,,,1.0,f
+13904,,,1.0,f
+4175,100%,Gambia,2.0,t
+34018,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+16492,67%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+23865,90%,,2.0,t
+705,100%,,1.0,f
+35527,100%,Marshall Islands,13.0,f
+22285,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+37012,100%,Monaco,3.0,t
+28084,100%,,1.0,f
+1232,100%,,21.0,f
+11428,,Kenya,1.0,f
+22631,,,1.0,f
+47090,100%,Croatia,3.0,f
+14402,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+25699,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+48764,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+20281,100%,,1.0,f
+23869,,,1.0,f
+48916,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+34731,100%,,1.0,t
+12897,,,1.0,f
+30149,,Malta,1.0,t
+12432,,,2.0,f
+6550,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+30787,100%,,2.0,t
+21430,,,1.0,t
+29116,100%,El Salvador,19.0,t
+43555,,Peru,1.0,f
+29778,100%,Chile,1.0,f
+42616,,Pakistan,4.0,f
+34869,83%,,1.0,t
+34048,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+8398,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+7888,,,1.0,t
+25706,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+8728,100%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+5644,100%,,1.0,t
+30431,,,1.0,t
+2282,,,1.0,f
+44853,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+26898,100%,,1.0,f
+410,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+33083,,,1.0,t
+38281,,Korea,1.0,t
+41047,,,1.0,t
+31724,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+26635,0%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+3122,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+26403,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+10457,,,2.0,t
+48471,,,1.0,t
+45042,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+22169,100%,,3.0,f
+38916,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+16741,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+28834,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+34206,100%,,1.0,f
+24620,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+34289,90%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+1740,,Niue,1.0,t
+3827,,,1.0,t
+36268,,,1.0,f
+47113,,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+10276,,Jersey,1.0,f
+8729,89%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+26783,60%,,2.0,f
+27556,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+22827,,,1.0,t
+7055,100%,,1.0,f
+14822,,Chile,1.0,f
+32446,33%,,2.0,f
+7179,,Maldives,3.0,f
+71,,Lithuania,2.0,t
+48559,,,1.0,f
+3422,86%,Niger,6.0,f
+34660,100%,Reunion,1.0,f
+34768,,Chad,1.0,t
+35569,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+47127,,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+5570,100%,Finland,1.0,t
+39642,,,2.0,f
+16705,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+34884,100%,,1.0,t
+47697,,Guinea,1.0,f
+46832,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+42470,100%,Malawi,2.0,f
+45345,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+32843,,,1.0,f
+31195,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+11810,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+49189,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,f
+30428,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+46354,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+40869,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+28231,,,1.0,t
+48960,100%,,13.0,t
+2994,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+6225,90%,Barbados,7.0,f
+27473,100%,,2.0,f
+10185,,Mexico,1.0,t
+42856,,,1.0,t
+29131,,Suriname,1.0,f
+45082,,Monaco,2.0,t
+49796,67%,,1.0,f
+42566,,,1.0,f
+32867,,,1.0,f
+3120,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+46949,100%,Tunisia,4.0,f
+44838,,Tonga,1.0,f
+37524,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+36219,100%,Brazil,1.0,t
+44763,,Niue,1.0,f
+16415,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+14499,,Monaco,3.0,f
+35219,97%,Tonga,4.0,f
+24575,,Portugal,1.0,f
+18318,,,1.0,t
+15266,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+891,100%,Chile,2.0,t
+2417,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+27231,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+20832,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+8758,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+46332,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+13686,,France,3.0,f
+24227,100%,,1.0,f
+38696,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+9458,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+45870,100%,Puerto Rico,2.0,t
+5231,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+1003,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+18993,100%,Reunion,2.0,t
+25148,50%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+31637,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+12044,100%,Switzerland,2.0,f
+27418,,Grenada,1.0,f
+46536,,,1.0,t
+18238,,,2.0,t
+46443,75%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+44459,89%,Kenya,1.0,t
+8951,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+49597,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+37104,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+16245,100%,,1.0,f
+6856,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+16994,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+25649,,Suriname,1.0,t
+26593,33%,,1.0,f
+19409,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+26265,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+26755,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+45193,100%,,1.0,f
+40652,,,1.0,t
+47382,,Uganda,1.0,f
+41761,100%,,1.0,f
+42176,,,1.0,t
+47848,30%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+22574,,,1.0,f
+37014,,,1.0,f
+35135,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+7751,,,1.0,t
+15636,,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+23981,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+49556,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+2036,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),3.0,f
+23332,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,f
+43540,72%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,25.0,f
+23400,,,1.0,t
+657,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+24090,,Niue,1.0,f
+1260,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+28989,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+27233,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+40308,,Niue,1.0,f
+20726,0%,Niue,1.0,t
+3989,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+22036,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+17406,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+19699,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+33450,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+16501,100%,,1.0,f
+11844,75%,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+48968,,Croatia,1.0,t
+30336,100%,Vietnam,2.0,t
+26067,60%,Reunion,1.0,f
+49174,,,1.0,f
+38009,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+26521,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+22564,90%,Portugal,1.0,f
+31310,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+20931,100%,,1.0,f
+20037,,Kenya,2.0,t
+10210,,,1.0,f
+49184,,,1.0,t
+43951,,,1.0,f
+45690,,Nauru,2.0,f
+4130,,Maldives,7.0,f
+17087,50%,Portugal,1.0,t
+19284,,Vietnam,1.0,f
+44237,100%,Andorra,1.0,t
+27428,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+8032,70%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+20375,80%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+36083,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+16213,,,1.0,t
+21791,,Gambia,1.0,f
+18781,,Gambia,1.0,f
+4043,100%,,1.0,t
+22410,,,1.0,f
+11877,,Maldives,1.0,t
+9169,90%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+36306,,Brazil,1.0,t
+9954,,,1.0,t
+36403,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+35141,100%,,4.0,f
+13577,90%,Brazil,2.0,f
+25085,,Niue,1.0,t
+36225,,Marshall Islands,3.0,f
+377,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+16026,,,1.0,f
+34865,,Uganda,2.0,t
+39230,,Nauru,1.0,f
+212,100%,,1.0,f
+14039,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+38127,90%,,2.0,f
+16386,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+38391,,,1.0,f
+19539,100%,,1.0,f
+4275,,,1.0,t
+2929,,,1.0,f
+48107,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+44128,100%,,2.0,t
+31563,100%,Niue,3.0,f
+23166,50%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+17168,,,1.0,f
+8123,,,1.0,f
+17349,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+20154,,Chad,1.0,t
+48272,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+38244,,,1.0,f
+22742,,Barbados,1.0,f
+6407,0%,Niue,3.0,f
+23665,100%,,1.0,t
+49665,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+26923,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+6829,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+36241,100%,,1.0,f
+7233,,Maldives,1.0,t
+49113,83%,Barbados,1.0,t
+21333,100%,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+49012,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+49950,100%,,1.0,f
+44793,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+37370,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39416,,,1.0,f
+12,100%,,1.0,t
+34977,,Finland,1.0,f
+6832,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+49652,,,1.0,t
+808,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+191,,,1.0,t
+18620,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+23341,,Croatia,2.0,f
+39625,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+41470,,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+19570,0%,Greenland,1.0,f
+8683,,Guinea,1.0,f
+39721,,Tunisia,1.0,f
+6038,,,1.0,f
+19599,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+26046,100%,Namibia,2.0,f
+12784,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+10496,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+18465,,Korea,1.0,t
+25251,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+49992,,,1.0,f
+44029,,,1.0,t
+30360,0%,Moldova,1.0,f
+1199,100%,Spain,1.0,f
+9824,93%,,1.0,f
+32354,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+25249,0%,,1.0,f
+40722,,Maldives,2.0,f
+43620,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+10741,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+46108,,Monaco,1.0,f
+24062,,Estonia,1.0,f
+49258,,,1.0,f
+50035,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+30712,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+20718,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+3804,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+22634,100%,Gambia,3.0,f
+5501,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+23374,0%,Togo,2.0,t
+10358,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+21489,100%,,1.0,f
+48144,,China,1.0,t
+38494,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+8688,,Brazil,2.0,f
+32964,,,1.0,t
+26887,,,2.0,f
+4450,,,1.0,t
+11085,,Malta,1.0,t
+712,,Niue,1.0,f
+49446,,Kiribati,2.0,f
+13527,,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+17135,0%,,1.0,t
+41595,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+20748,,,1.0,f
+30997,,,1.0,t
+9226,,Mauritania,5.0,f
+17083,,Estonia,1.0,t
+4640,,,1.0,t
+49904,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+40954,0%,Uganda,1.0,f
+30550,,,1.0,f
+18825,,,2.0,t
+36030,,Croatia,2.0,f
+20409,90%,,2.0,f
+29258,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+48538,,,1.0,t
+30949,100%,Finland,1.0,f
+10427,100%,,1.0,t
+23320,,Togo,2.0,f
+36585,,Philippines,1.0,f
+24098,,,1.0,f
+11671,100%,,1.0,f
+9204,11%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+10131,,Chad,1.0,f
+7154,,,1.0,f
+13258,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+2301,100%,,1.0,f
+44045,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+15394,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+30560,,,1.0,f
+37459,100%,,4.0,f
+22453,,Malta,1.0,f
+20350,100%,,1.0,f
+14337,,,1.0,f
+210,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+10384,,Malta,1.0,f
+35661,,,1.0,f
+12830,,Niue,1.0,t
+15693,100%,Vietnam,6.0,f
+41341,100%,Guinea,3.0,t
+6383,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+45739,80%,Maldives,6.0,t
+48441,83%,,2.0,f
+27967,67%,Djibouti,1.0,t
+9310,70%,Gambia,1.0,f
+12868,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+38659,,Niue,1.0,t
+46549,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+2734,,,1.0,f
+46565,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+41028,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+33748,30%,Uzbekistan,3.0,t
+28528,,,1.0,f
+226,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+21889,,Vietnam,1.0,t
+16808,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+12069,100%,,1.0,f
+48879,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+46994,,Malta,1.0,f
+1587,,Gambia,1.0,t
+18139,100%,,3.0,f
+4512,,,1.0,t
+34891,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+49063,,,1.0,t
+4657,100%,,1.0,f
+998,60%,Niue,1.0,t
+8288,,,1.0,f
+2225,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+33332,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,t
+19123,,,1.0,f
+34974,100%,,2.0,t
+20776,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+44678,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+22894,100%,,1.0,f
+12103,,,1.0,f
+45750,100%,,1.0,t
+20709,100%,,1.0,f
+13556,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+35757,,Gambia,1.0,t
+37626,,Micronesia,3.0,f
+23482,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+44973,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+8626,,Estonia,1.0,f
+17501,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+227,,Jersey,1.0,f
+17686,,Reunion,2.0,t
+48050,100%,,2.0,t
+34201,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+24533,,,1.0,t
+17258,,,1.0,f
+30187,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+22605,100%,,1.0,f
+2004,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+19934,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,t
+40459,,Estonia,1.0,f
+14989,,,1.0,t
+18836,100%,,1.0,f
+9539,,,1.0,t
+8215,,,1.0,t
+38831,65%,Tanzania,8.0,t
+15656,90%,,2.0,t
+20279,100%,,1.0,t
+44486,100%,,2.0,f
+42345,,Peru,1.0,f
+45783,100%,Nauru,1.0,t
+17058,100%,,1.0,t
+48634,,Maldives,1.0,t
+4710,25%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+8625,,,1.0,t
+6654,100%,Tonga,3.0,f
+40956,,Kenya,1.0,t
+38070,,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+2415,75%,,1.0,t
+46770,,Malawi,1.0,t
+24876,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+19901,,Guinea,1.0,f
+9590,100%,,3.0,f
+19107,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+46279,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+2262,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+2821,,,1.0,t
+7301,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+20399,,,1.0,f
+4178,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+34313,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+11950,,Gambia,1.0,t
+33182,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+34995,,Kenya,1.0,f
+12546,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+36320,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+37267,,Ghana,1.0,t
+25179,0%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+34252,,,1.0,f
+29768,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+15958,,,1.0,f
+10554,0%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+38514,,Kenya,1.0,f
+1582,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+44770,90%,,1.0,t
+28408,100%,Australia,1.0,f
+45453,100%,,1.0,f
+26604,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+30172,100%,Russian Federation,12.0,f
+18679,100%,Andorra,1.0,f
+710,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+47514,100%,Philippines,1.0,f
+41117,,Chad,2.0,t
+33956,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+46756,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+8592,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+15299,,,1.0,t
+34547,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+10696,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+24463,,,3.0,f
+9633,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+7524,,,1.0,f
+42329,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+10765,,Monaco,3.0,f
+2686,,,1.0,f
+25159,100%,Peru,1.0,t
+46689,,,1.0,t
+8389,,,1.0,f
+40334,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+27522,,Chile,1.0,f
+9256,,Ghana,1.0,f
+4945,0%,Cape Verde,5.0,f
+30924,,Sao Tome and Principe,7.0,t
+2515,100%,France,1.0,t
+43949,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+49381,,Malta,1.0,t
+31504,,Croatia,3.0,f
+43590,100%,Costa Rica,9.0,f
+17115,100%,Gambia,2.0,t
+26883,100%,Guernsey,2.0,t
+33865,,,1.0,f
+25549,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+28903,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+38520,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+49423,,,1.0,f
+10818,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+41376,,,1.0,f
+29552,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+41728,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+46156,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+4115,100%,,2.0,f
+46893,100%,,1.0,f
+24556,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+45513,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+15535,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+4353,,Niue,1.0,f
+24834,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+35193,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+18717,100%,,1.0,t
+8253,,Nicaragua,4.0,f
+44982,50%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+15790,0%,,1.0,f
+21794,,Canada,1.0,f
+7254,88%,Tonga,1.0,t
+48041,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+17383,100%,,1.0,f
+21354,,Kenya,1.0,f
+19614,100%,Tonga,5.0,t
+39239,100%,,1.0,f
+32213,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+20228,100%,,1.0,f
+4748,,Niger,1.0,f
+36896,50%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+32516,100%,,1.0,f
+25639,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+45658,,,1.0,f
+26399,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+40090,100%,Portugal,1.0,f
+26495,75%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,t
+6145,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+49433,,,1.0,t
+25049,100%,,2.0,f
+35791,,Montserrat,2.0,t
+1094,80%,,1.0,f
+45188,100%,,1.0,t
+14459,40%,Ukraine,1.0,f
+5874,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+36466,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+46504,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+33106,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+19073,100%,,1.0,t
+48257,100%,Kiribati,5.0,t
+41734,,,1.0,t
+2680,,,1.0,t
+40041,,Tuvalu,3.0,t
+35380,,Chad,1.0,f
+12542,98%,Mauritania,19.0,t
+41447,0%,Andorra,3.0,f
+47147,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+41913,,Andorra,1.0,f
+47129,,,1.0,t
+46951,,,1.0,t
+17199,,,1.0,f
+40461,,,1.0,t
+42355,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+43283,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+27036,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+22402,,China,3.0,t
+47474,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+38163,100%,Venezuela,3.0,f
+30435,99%,Cape Verde,41.0,f
+39833,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+25698,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+7413,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+35522,100%,Kiribati,10.0,f
+39488,,,1.0,t
+27171,100%,Reunion,1.0,t
+8100,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+8714,100%,,2.0,f
+7994,100%,,1.0,f
+16113,100%,Croatia,2.0,t
+29884,100%,,3.0,f
+48599,100%,Malawi,3.0,f
+14657,,Reunion,2.0,t
+39111,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+22929,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+37207,80%,Tonga,1.0,f
+28901,,Maldives,1.0,f
+35893,,Senegal,1.0,t
+34525,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+48804,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+22621,,,1.0,t
+36307,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+25045,,Reunion,1.0,f
+14882,,,1.0,f
+45592,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+7516,100%,,1.0,f
+49865,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+19976,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+39582,,,1.0,f
+38172,,Chad,1.0,t
+2019,100%,Malta,7.0,f
+15219,,Guinea,1.0,t
+37179,,China,1.0,f
+15959,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+29416,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+12613,,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+48525,,Afghanistan,3.0,f
+37662,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+6003,,,1.0,f
+46435,,,1.0,f
+6721,100%,,2.0,f
+36072,,Guinea,1.0,f
+3705,,,1.0,f
+29277,100%,France,1.0,f
+8331,70%,Uganda,2.0,f
+49863,33%,,1.0,f
+40660,,,1.0,t
+37194,,,2.0,f
+2614,,,1.0,t
+23239,,,1.0,t
+48348,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+13154,,Cuba,1.0,t
+7670,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+37632,100%,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+41113,,Congo,1.0,t
+4238,88%,,1.0,f
+33488,,Kenya,1.0,f
+17650,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+26720,,Kenya,3.0,f
+12887,,,1.0,f
+28520,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,t
+31880,100%,,1.0,f
+24685,100%,,1.0,f
+41612,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+1341,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+42688,,China,1.0,f
+8912,,Lebanon,4.0,f
+17227,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+48481,,,1.0,t
+19327,90%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+1280,100%,,1.0,f
+4253,100%,France,1.0,t
+24860,,,1.0,f
+10222,100%,,4.0,t
+21488,,,1.0,f
+15548,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+30769,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+35338,80%,,1.0,f
+28950,100%,Mexico,2.0,t
+3571,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),3.0,t
+14486,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+13873,50%,,2.0,t
+16700,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+23426,,,1.0,t
+33699,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+2104,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+15689,96%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+33583,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+21482,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+21639,,Korea,1.0,t
+24476,,,1.0,f
+14127,,Chad,1.0,t
+39353,100%,Lithuania,2.0,t
+46844,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+9817,100%,,1.0,f
+26904,100%,Uganda,1.0,t
+16003,100%,,1.0,f
+48031,,Chad,1.0,t
+9211,,,2.0,t
+47210,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+12219,,Jersey,1.0,f
+33734,,,1.0,f
+6966,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+16750,,Estonia,1.0,f
+31611,,,1.0,f
+10173,83%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+3443,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+44544,0%,Gibraltar,2.0,f
+1568,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+1445,,Somalia,1.0,t
+7635,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+46218,100%,,2.0,f
+44178,,,1.0,f
+30286,100%,Montserrat,39.0,f
+31058,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+45119,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+21503,83%,,1.0,f
+21323,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+48954,100%,Montserrat,8.0,t
+22981,100%,,1.0,f
+23367,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+11387,100%,Uganda,2.0,f
+2046,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+41212,,,1.0,t
+9697,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+42971,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+1223,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+26434,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+44964,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+37304,,,1.0,f
+25898,,,1.0,t
+3952,,Lithuania,1.0,t
+39594,,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,f
+42117,100%,,1.0,f
+34076,100%,Niue,7.0,t
+35997,,Monaco,2.0,f
+41644,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+12874,100%,,1.0,t
+29520,,Nicaragua,54.0,f
+36506,70%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+16799,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+34933,,,1.0,t
+21706,100%,,1.0,t
+33400,97%,Zimbabwe,5.0,t
+32824,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+633,,Denmark,1.0,f
+16587,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,2.0,f
+49197,90%,,3.0,f
+44026,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+46160,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+43699,,Chad,1.0,t
+3088,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+18580,,,1.0,t
+30551,,Afghanistan,2.0,t
+15840,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+714,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+8074,100%,,1.0,t
+14577,50%,Niue,2.0,t
+34663,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+12128,100%,Djibouti,1.0,f
+29193,83%,,1.0,t
+33821,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+3549,,,1.0,f
+27719,89%,,4.0,f
+33243,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+46125,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+40999,100%,Chile,2.0,f
+10400,100%,Paraguay,4.0,t
+15861,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+42233,100%,,1.0,f
+6647,100%,Senegal,2.0,t
+9849,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+14358,100%,Maldives,9.0,f
+33786,,,1.0,f
+45261,,Malta,2.0,f
+38082,,Ukraine,1.0,t
+49492,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+22247,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),5.0,t
+42813,,Jersey,1.0,f
+3274,86%,Barbados,24.0,f
+27666,100%,,1.0,f
+8154,100%,,4.0,f
+9798,,Mauritania,2.0,t
+45497,,,1.0,f
+35846,,Niue,1.0,f
+30224,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+43819,100%,Grenada,2.0,t
+20495,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+3641,,,1.0,f
+27143,,,1.0,f
+29421,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8621,,,1.0,f
+24953,100%,,1.0,t
+42980,,Cook Islands,1.0,f
+49855,,Togo,2.0,f
+16504,100%,,1.0,t
+18445,70%,,2.0,t
+4598,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+17388,100%,,2.0,t
+11112,,,1.0,t
+29578,100%,Chile,2.0,f
+39149,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+10626,,,1.0,t
+10585,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+15117,100%,,1.0,f
+42145,,Andorra,1.0,f
+36872,,,1.0,t
+25674,70%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+15898,,,1.0,t
+41879,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+16195,,,1.0,t
+40066,,Croatia,1.0,f
+41108,,Uganda,1.0,f
+19382,100%,,1.0,t
+17303,100%,Russian Federation,5.0,t
+37688,100%,,1.0,f
+36348,,China,1.0,f
+36477,,Kenya,1.0,f
+32433,,Puerto Rico,1.0,t
+45521,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+41233,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+45092,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+16624,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+3566,90%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+23972,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+45433,,Chad,1.0,t
+17339,67%,Niue,1.0,f
+43841,,,1.0,f
+649,,,1.0,t
+13064,100%,,1.0,f
+36747,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,2.0,f
+42838,0%,,2.0,f
+27671,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+19291,,Maldives,1.0,t
+14739,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+8644,,,1.0,f
+10235,,Reunion,1.0,t
+40390,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+8852,,,1.0,t
+34176,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+40188,,Mexico,1.0,f
+16683,,,1.0,f
+37167,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+34658,,,1.0,f
+26106,,Tonga,1.0,t
+8198,100%,,5.0,f
+21938,0%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+15023,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+1477,,,1.0,f
+46701,,,1.0,t
+28271,,Gambia,2.0,f
+242,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+28145,,Tonga,1.0,f
+40620,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+14959,,,1.0,t
+1419,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+30519,100%,,1.0,t
+39508,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+53,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+2706,100%,,1.0,f
+45979,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+16733,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+40557,100%,Kenya,2.0,f
+9647,,Philippines,1.0,f
+48955,100%,Somalia,1.0,f
+10828,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+5812,,,1.0,f
+46675,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+42863,,,1.0,t
+20390,,Niue,1.0,t
+16267,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+16558,,Philippines,1.0,t
+19839,,,1.0,f
+43582,100%,,1.0,t
+2899,,,1.0,t
+12215,100%,,2.0,f
+5403,,,1.0,f
+5629,50%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+6700,100%,Guinea,7.0,f
+3187,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+42968,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+32738,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+15957,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+3541,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+47709,,Nauru,1.0,t
+21792,,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+24978,100%,Christmas Island,1.0,t
+26905,50%,Puerto Rico,2.0,f
+47530,,,1.0,t
+30101,,Andorra,1.0,t
+9611,93%,Chad,2.0,f
+37052,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+34480,100%,,1.0,f
+41137,0%,,1.0,f
+38078,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+15834,,,1.0,t
+34285,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+43379,,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+39109,77%,Ukraine,24.0,t
+47991,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+10404,,,1.0,f
+17109,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+38041,75%,,2.0,t
+24963,100%,China,1.0,f
+33844,,Jersey,1.0,f
+42881,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+35654,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+17444,100%,Malawi,1.0,f
+16528,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+32391,,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+38159,100%,,1.0,f
+1035,,,1.0,t
+22347,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+19297,100%,,1.0,t
+33463,,,1.0,f
+27532,,,1.0,t
+8045,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+12821,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+17673,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+2257,,Gambia,1.0,f
+46595,,Maldives,1.0,f
+43942,100%,Reunion,1.0,t
+32913,,,1.0,t
+30311,,Niue,2.0,f
+40380,,,2.0,t
+10775,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+7033,100%,Vietnam,1.0,t
+5377,,,1.0,f
+38492,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,f
+48218,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+31869,,Tonga,1.0,f
+12506,,Ghana,3.0,t
+12598,100%,Montserrat,3.0,f
+34172,,Jersey,1.0,f
+42951,75%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+1778,,,1.0,f
+20836,,,1.0,f
+45059,,Gambia,1.0,f
+1671,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+5891,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+8319,100%,,1.0,f
+11936,,,1.0,t
+46630,,Bahrain,1.0,f
+19737,100%,,1.0,f
+22272,,,1.0,t
+24840,,France,1.0,f
+4263,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+30460,80%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+28980,,Nauru,1.0,t
+10774,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+33963,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+13606,100%,,4.0,f
+24743,,Kenya,2.0,f
+43104,,,1.0,f
+46362,100%,,1.0,f
+6397,,Niue,1.0,t
+42280,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+2121,67%,Kenya,2.0,f
+28324,,,1.0,f
+23527,,,1.0,f
+43097,93%,Sao Tome and Principe,4.0,f
+22020,,,1.0,f
+30873,,,1.0,f
+28543,,,1.0,t
+12836,,,1.0,t
+43344,60%,Maldives,5.0,f
+12703,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+20741,,Uganda,1.0,f
+48705,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+10157,0%,Tonga,2.0,f
+39711,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+17178,25%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+37371,100%,,2.0,f
+22876,90%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+1236,100%,Nauru,1.0,t
+18168,95%,Ecuador,3.0,f
+24234,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+14393,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+17371,,,1.0,f
+26379,,Niue,1.0,f
+19244,100%,,1.0,f
+18288,90%,,1.0,f
+10574,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+41186,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+35372,100%,,1.0,f
+41771,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,f
+44234,90%,Philippines,1.0,t
+29703,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+22603,100%,,1.0,f
+8003,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+48450,100%,Cape Verde,2.0,t
+4032,80%,,1.0,t
+5378,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+34211,,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+385,100%,,1.0,f
+9809,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+44963,0%,Togo,1.0,t
+27722,,,3.0,t
+17445,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+46757,,Maldives,1.0,t
+37823,100%,Gambia,3.0,f
+44638,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+35608,67%,,1.0,f
+263,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+16381,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+32704,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+38719,,,2.0,t
+1262,,Estonia,1.0,t
+34090,,,1.0,t
+14463,,,1.0,t
+43047,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+41215,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+25473,,Niue,1.0,f
+2883,100%,Tanzania,2.0,f
+872,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+39009,82%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+17120,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+18787,100%,,1.0,t
+10802,,Chad,1.0,t
+39156,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+21197,86%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+34848,,,1.0,t
+28768,100%,,3.0,f
+24774,,,1.0,t
+17172,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+46471,,,1.0,t
+46175,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+46398,,Niue,1.0,f
+9584,100%,Canada,1.0,f
+12268,100%,,1.0,f
+46707,100%,,1.0,f
+43964,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+43064,,Guinea,1.0,t
+24941,,Kenya,1.0,f
+26485,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+27022,,,1.0,t
+13761,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+3362,40%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+3283,,,1.0,t
+35216,50%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+19131,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+2021,100%,,1.0,f
+18107,,,1.0,t
+6554,,Jersey,1.0,t
+47776,,Brazil,1.0,f
+22864,100%,,1.0,t
+38535,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+38069,,Chile,1.0,t
+2949,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+47765,100%,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+47317,0%,Gambia,1.0,f
+19677,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+15810,100%,Niger,2.0,f
+13164,33%,Mauritania,2.0,f
+9281,,,2.0,t
+37709,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+23441,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+12377,91%,,1.0,f
+14516,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+13420,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+42949,100%,Papua New Guinea,2.0,f
+37251,100%,Bahrain,1.0,t
+30661,100%,,2.0,f
+34127,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+47847,96%,Indonesia,3.0,f
+13533,100%,,1.0,f
+18236,100%,,4.0,t
+46476,,Chile,1.0,t
+48124,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+47194,,,1.0,f
+22719,,Estonia,1.0,f
+27235,,Estonia,1.0,f
+8882,,Niue,1.0,f
+11322,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+31514,75%,Gibraltar,2.0,f
+41768,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+5262,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+21133,,,1.0,f
+32651,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+12347,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+47191,,Monaco,1.0,t
+28177,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+26173,,Denmark,1.0,f
+23830,,Gambia,1.0,f
+23058,100%,Philippines,1.0,f
+35146,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+39518,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+9389,100%,,1.0,f
+47643,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+48546,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+23834,,French Polynesia,1.0,t
+29930,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+6314,100%,,2.0,f
+6105,,,1.0,f
+28274,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+36035,83%,Bahrain,1.0,f
+38767,67%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+17858,,Uganda,1.0,f
+10068,100%,,2.0,t
+727,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+9162,,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+34532,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+47180,,,1.0,f
+685,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+3266,100%,,1.0,t
+40594,,Niger,1.0,t
+13711,,Brazil,1.0,t
+46097,,,1.0,t
+8968,67%,,1.0,f
+30080,88%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+10186,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+49234,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+13450,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+8595,100%,Lebanon,3.0,t
+38893,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+5326,100%,,1.0,f
+16074,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+27643,,Kenya,1.0,f
+5047,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+50071,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+18319,,Saint Helena,2.0,f
+47816,100%,,1.0,f
+44600,,Guinea,1.0,t
+33108,100%,Costa Rica,3.0,f
+767,100%,Uganda,2.0,f
+18500,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+46948,,Kenya,1.0,f
+48649,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+33227,,,2.0,t
+2786,100%,,1.0,f
+16286,,,1.0,t
+35305,100%,,2.0,f
+11094,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+49477,100%,,2.0,f
+42528,100%,,1.0,f
+6533,,Gibraltar,4.0,f
+30445,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+46002,,,1.0,f
+34951,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+20564,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+6115,,Estonia,1.0,f
+45875,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+35472,100%,Senegal,1.0,t
+21884,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+40992,100%,,1.0,f
+18937,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+3389,100%,Estonia,13.0,f
+28123,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+11932,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+16465,,Greenland,1.0,f
+48602,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+42072,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+43127,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+21680,100%,,1.0,t
+43983,,Turkmenistan,2.0,f
+11549,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+25480,,,1.0,f
+24659,100%,,1.0,f
+39651,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+19967,100%,,1.0,f
+12995,,,1.0,f
+40255,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+22289,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+40605,,,1.0,t
+39907,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+39884,,Reunion,1.0,t
+18409,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+277,100%,,2.0,f
+34808,100%,,1.0,t
+48443,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+29880,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+48814,,,1.0,f
+22714,,,1.0,t
+6693,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+26550,,,1.0,f
+3391,100%,Iran,58.0,t
+17761,,Guinea,1.0,t
+19246,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+39013,86%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+8122,,Monaco,2.0,t
+30594,100%,,1.0,t
+26813,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+19290,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+40171,,,1.0,f
+48710,80%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+38033,,,1.0,f
+30199,,,1.0,f
+24114,70%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+3210,,,1.0,t
+24251,100%,,1.0,t
+40591,100%,Reunion,1.0,t
+41276,,France,1.0,t
+31761,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+8163,,Kenya,3.0,f
+44119,,Niue,1.0,t
+30604,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+41116,,Estonia,1.0,f
+33024,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+49742,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+4822,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+24722,100%,,1.0,t
+10161,,Jersey,2.0,t
+1662,,Estonia,1.0,t
+23881,,,1.0,f
+42606,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+41927,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+4360,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+41412,100%,Saint Helena,2.0,f
+1965,94%,,1.0,f
+11531,,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+40898,,San Marino,1.0,f
+43313,,,1.0,f
+27545,,,1.0,f
+35603,,,2.0,f
+21132,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+36280,,,1.0,f
+32180,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+6185,,Pakistan,1.0,t
+37594,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+37378,83%,Brazil,1.0,f
+23920,,,2.0,f
+35213,83%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+18468,,Malta,1.0,t
+39379,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+39001,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+1391,,Congo,1.0,t
+24033,100%,Uganda,45.0,f
+36687,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+19845,,,1.0,t
+47781,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+24700,33%,Denmark,1.0,t
+6149,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+1908,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+25910,,Christmas Island,1.0,t
+37584,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+36524,100%,Saint Helena,8.0,t
+37621,,,1.0,f
+39247,100%,,1.0,f
+13753,100%,,2.0,f
+42407,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+30175,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+1864,,,1.0,f
+31361,100%,,1.0,f
+29917,,,1.0,t
+33730,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+1804,,,1.0,f
+9011,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+37725,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+4506,70%,,1.0,f
+39983,100%,,1.0,f
+14,,Grenada,1.0,f
+389,,,1.0,t
+41864,100%,,1.0,t
+1099,70%,,1.0,f
+16897,,Mauritania,2.0,f
+44559,100%,,1.0,t
+38485,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+29228,100%,,1.0,f
+35776,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+5357,95%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+16198,0%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+12873,,Monaco,1.0,f
+47360,100%,,3.0,f
+27828,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+37071,,,1.0,f
+19271,100%,Jersey,11.0,f
+21802,,Lebanon,2.0,f
+24432,100%,Andorra,2.0,t
+10165,,,1.0,t
+18564,,,1.0,f
+13515,100%,,3.0,t
+42139,,,1.0,t
+37053,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+44361,,,1.0,f
+12173,100%,Uganda,9.0,f
+35285,,,1.0,t
+30426,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+1705,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+25156,,Andorra,1.0,f
+41126,90%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+44274,,,3.0,f
+27626,,Micronesia,4.0,f
+40121,,,1.0,f
+12490,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+31567,50%,,1.0,f
+42350,100%,Bahamas,2.0,t
+45097,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+11938,,,1.0,f
+38702,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+45695,78%,,1.0,t
+8143,,Guinea,1.0,t
+2862,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+19843,100%,Turkmenistan,3.0,t
+33439,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+35873,,,2.0,f
+43176,86%,Guinea,3.0,f
+33809,,,1.0,f
+28540,100%,Vanuatu,12.0,f
+9461,,,1.0,t
+2384,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+9712,,,1.0,t
+48934,,Gambia,2.0,f
+27070,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+36867,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+11977,,,1.0,t
+219,100%,Congo,2.0,f
+33995,,Guinea,1.0,f
+40673,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+36559,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+3949,,,1.0,f
+16844,,,1.0,f
+13047,,Guinea,1.0,f
+44578,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+12070,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+8929,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+48774,,Jersey,1.0,f
+41428,100%,,1.0,f
+23345,,,1.0,t
+37499,100%,French Guiana,4.0,t
+9061,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+24574,,,1.0,f
+29737,100%,,1.0,f
+42502,100%,Philippines,2.0,f
+37406,100%,Greenland,2.0,f
+26721,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+20867,100%,Guinea,4.0,t
+12587,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+10700,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+48737,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+49947,,Andorra,1.0,t
+19239,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+20014,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+36661,100%,,1.0,t
+19786,0%,,1.0,t
+9212,,,1.0,f
+40110,,Somalia,1.0,f
+32600,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+20537,,,1.0,f
+8918,100%,,1.0,t
+24322,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+26406,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+39260,,,1.0,f
+13983,,Micronesia,3.0,t
+3906,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+24367,,Niue,1.0,t
+47515,0%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+21407,,,1.0,t
+17405,,Niue,1.0,t
+28833,100%,Venezuela,5.0,f
+45633,100%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+787,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+42282,,,1.0,f
+36826,,,1.0,t
+24639,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+16240,100%,Tanzania,2.0,t
+2455,,Kenya,1.0,t
+3278,90%,Guinea,2.0,t
+12930,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+11928,100%,,1.0,f
+17103,,Somalia,1.0,f
+31805,99%,Mauritania,20.0,f
+22209,90%,,1.0,f
+22438,90%,Guinea,2.0,t
+8479,,Gambia,1.0,f
+33716,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,f
+18627,,Cuba,1.0,t
+38387,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+4572,100%,,2.0,t
+48654,100%,,6.0,f
+37223,,,1.0,f
+9147,100%,,4.0,f
+38820,,Fiji,1.0,f
+31830,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+29092,,,1.0,f
+5101,67%,Nauru,1.0,f
+43889,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+43663,,Kenya,1.0,f
+17771,90%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+49542,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,f
+47021,,,2.0,f
+22865,,,1.0,f
+26831,50%,Fiji,1.0,f
+29419,,Lithuania,1.0,t
+9399,100%,,1.0,f
+14439,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+49206,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+42823,100%,China,1.0,f
+42425,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+27130,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+22739,100%,Gambia,3.0,t
+32161,100%,Nicaragua,5.0,t
+29804,,Malta,1.0,f
+13949,,Kenya,1.0,f
+4278,,,1.0,f
+11600,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+31749,100%,Uganda,9.0,t
+40455,,Guinea,1.0,f
+35673,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+4076,50%,Uganda,1.0,t
+2743,97%,China,23.0,f
+44347,88%,Wallis and Futuna,2.0,f
+3104,43%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+14034,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+10374,100%,,1.0,f
+17013,100%,,1.0,f
+9667,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+11778,,Monaco,1.0,t
+6108,60%,Peru,1.0,f
+46450,,Malta,1.0,t
+17213,100%,France,1.0,t
+19240,,Niue,1.0,t
+28765,100%,,1.0,f
+11787,,Peru,1.0,f
+12041,100%,,1.0,t
+46943,94%,Peru,2.0,f
+13823,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+640,,Chile,1.0,f
+6450,,,1.0,f
+38886,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+38683,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+22324,100%,Venezuela,6.0,t
+2693,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+21329,,,1.0,f
+15559,100%,Barbados,1.0,t
+16711,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+48103,,Reunion,1.0,f
+16673,,France,1.0,t
+4749,,Brazil,1.0,f
+44722,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+20089,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+10006,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+49136,,Denmark,1.0,t
+3476,100%,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+23250,,,1.0,f
+17214,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+12139,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+6974,100%,Barbados,1.0,t
+36407,100%,Uganda,2.0,t
+17198,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+12956,,,1.0,t
+45960,,Peru,1.0,f
+17643,,,1.0,f
+40671,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+30498,,,3.0,f
+4394,,,1.0,f
+2112,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+37345,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+41745,,Togo,1.0,f
+21817,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+22753,,,1.0,f
+34477,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+77,50%,Monaco,2.0,f
+40462,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+29901,33%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+48948,,,1.0,f
+19791,,,1.0,t
+31882,,,1.0,t
+7740,,Malawi,1.0,f
+329,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,f
+19900,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+45594,,,1.0,f
+31643,,France,1.0,f
+24756,,,1.0,t
+11046,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+19040,,,1.0,f
+7649,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+35505,,Peru,1.0,t
+49783,,,1.0,t
+30023,75%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+33203,100%,,3.0,f
+18903,,,2.0,t
+7874,,Niue,1.0,f
+32472,,,1.0,f
+40766,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+22024,,,1.0,t
+22234,,Chad,1.0,t
+45370,,,1.0,f
+7392,,,1.0,t
+47372,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+32417,100%,Fiji,1.0,t
+17515,100%,Philippines,5.0,f
+4364,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+7155,,,1.0,t
+44774,90%,,1.0,t
+42888,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+38959,100%,,1.0,f
+11071,90%,,2.0,f
+9638,0%,Tonga,2.0,f
+8058,90%,Niger,2.0,t
+46719,,Maldives,1.0,t
+12335,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+2445,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+23870,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+18060,,,1.0,t
+13251,,,1.0,f
+46068,,Suriname,1.0,f
+13236,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+42915,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+20665,100%,,2.0,t
+9224,100%,,1.0,f
+29353,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+7102,100%,Vanuatu,4.0,t
+46493,,,1.0,f
+15628,,,1.0,t
+12980,100%,Uzbekistan,3.0,t
+42187,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+36345,,Uganda,1.0,f
+23699,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+30826,,,1.0,f
+14178,,France,1.0,t
+28662,100%,Brazil,2.0,f
+11168,100%,,1.0,f
+8978,88%,Brazil,1.0,t
+48118,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+452,100%,Ghana,3.0,f
+2012,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+26633,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+45771,,,1.0,f
+8096,100%,Vietnam,2.0,f
+16045,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+19909,100%,Andorra,1.0,f
+39986,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+20413,67%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+43053,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+14934,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+625,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+44626,90%,Niue,1.0,t
+31871,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+1841,100%,,1.0,f
+22647,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+15247,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+13372,,Niue,1.0,f
+45215,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+43254,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+90,,Tonga,1.0,f
+10376,,Gambia,1.0,f
+23686,,,1.0,t
+44397,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+29968,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+40547,,,1.0,f
+2822,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+6576,100%,Gibraltar,3.0,t
+26689,80%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+4785,100%,,1.0,f
+39829,100%,,1.0,f
+25914,100%,France,2.0,t
+24409,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+40573,75%,,1.0,f
+47044,,,1.0,t
+16268,,,10.0,f
+40629,,,1.0,f
+44713,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+28173,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+24726,100%,,1.0,t
+12758,100%,,1.0,f
+32065,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+32661,,,3.0,t
+36543,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+16947,,Chile,2.0,f
+3303,,Nauru,2.0,f
+24186,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+17941,100%,France,1.0,t
+8399,,Nauru,1.0,t
+33431,100%,,1.0,f
+48671,100%,Guinea,3.0,t
+31439,,Chile,1.0,t
+15848,,Ghana,1.0,f
+45221,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+37615,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+32225,,Reunion,1.0,f
+24366,,Togo,1.0,f
+39781,100%,Brazil,1.0,t
+39161,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+38184,40%,Estonia,1.0,f
+15796,,Chile,1.0,f
+13721,,Maldives,1.0,f
+13728,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+40438,,,1.0,t
+5014,100%,,1.0,t
+33326,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+1366,25%,Fiji,4.0,f
+33336,75%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+1729,75%,,2.0,f
+47229,,Jersey,1.0,t
+11964,,Chad,1.0,t
+19250,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+13026,100%,,1.0,t
+24139,,Grenada,1.0,f
+23437,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+41337,100%,Maldives,5.0,f
+42262,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+46394,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+15305,100%,,1.0,t
+31096,,Canada,1.0,f
+8131,100%,,1.0,f
+24288,100%,Senegal,4.0,f
+31636,,,1.0,f
+17092,100%,Estonia,2.0,f
+31887,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+14137,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+32562,,,1.0,f
+38304,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+14018,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,3.0,t
+11474,100%,Andorra,1.0,t
+32181,,,1.0,t
+32631,,Chile,1.0,f
+28621,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+2027,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+14663,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+35891,,,1.0,f
+40203,,,1.0,f
+4048,100%,,1.0,f
+32752,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+37591,,,1.0,f
+10920,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+27682,,,1.0,f
+12177,100%,France,6.0,t
+5508,,Barbados,1.0,f
+19149,,,1.0,f
+5869,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+41991,100%,Mexico,1.0,t
+49496,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+48701,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+26558,100%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+24812,100%,,1.0,t
+10962,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,t
+32816,88%,Denmark,1.0,f
+42017,,,1.0,f
+45519,100%,Puerto Rico,2.0,f
+43360,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+38479,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+48194,,,1.0,f
+4038,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+36160,,Guinea,1.0,f
+17398,100%,,1.0,f
+7980,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+5975,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+12679,90%,,2.0,f
+12242,,Chile,1.0,f
+47085,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+49765,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+13868,,,1.0,f
+28057,,Cuba,1.0,f
+48652,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8304,,,1.0,t
+23168,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),3.0,t
+48360,,,1.0,t
+7067,100%,,1.0,f
+47415,,,1.0,f
+49924,67%,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+38856,,,1.0,f
+25716,,Ghana,2.0,f
+11643,,,1.0,t
+17772,,Jersey,1.0,f
+20216,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+40526,90%,Kenya,1.0,f
+33991,,,2.0,f
+32434,,Niue,1.0,f
+35768,100%,,1.0,f
+42786,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+28703,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+49456,0%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+15539,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+4920,98%,Estonia,8.0,f
+6912,60%,,1.0,f
+17535,100%,,1.0,t
+39972,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+4240,100%,,1.0,t
+42532,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+41546,100%,Mauritania,21.0,f
+3126,,Brazil,2.0,t
+15397,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+34603,,Gambia,1.0,f
+29813,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+31265,90%,,1.0,t
+34398,100%,,3.0,t
+2014,,,1.0,f
+15380,,,1.0,f
+22814,,Niger,1.0,f
+41429,,Malta,2.0,t
+16939,,Senegal,11.0,t
+36917,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+8654,100%,Christmas Island,3.0,f
+27096,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+3023,,,1.0,t
+43815,,,1.0,t
+29251,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+1782,,,2.0,f
+38442,,,1.0,f
+23094,,Canada,1.0,f
+29203,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+591,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+25605,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+35743,100%,Palestinian Territory,2.0,t
+46721,100%,,1.0,t
+43046,,Denmark,1.0,f
+27652,100%,El Salvador,5.0,f
+41621,100%,,1.0,f
+17040,,,1.0,f
+39481,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+38694,100%,,1.0,t
+2688,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+38112,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+20211,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+28602,100%,Mauritania,2.0,f
+20198,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+25003,96%,Latvia,9.0,t
+12818,,Chile,4.0,f
+48810,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+9992,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+10082,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+37962,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+46087,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+7695,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+458,,,1.0,t
+11330,,,1.0,f
+28671,100%,Malawi,2.0,f
+23221,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+24198,25%,French Guiana,4.0,f
+35526,100%,,2.0,f
+25132,100%,,2.0,f
+11984,,,1.0,f
+38129,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+13120,83%,,1.0,f
+35779,100%,,1.0,f
+20758,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+30583,,,1.0,f
+16493,,,1.0,f
+11510,,Montserrat,11.0,f
+11240,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+47695,100%,,1.0,f
+14079,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+38294,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+16881,100%,Vietnam,1.0,t
+8930,,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+37943,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+13397,,,1.0,f
+665,100%,Greenland,2.0,t
+29250,,,1.0,f
+28739,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+41098,,Chad,1.0,f
+36782,,,1.0,t
+8832,,,1.0,f
+44833,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+8518,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+47326,,,1.0,f
+17818,100%,Montserrat,2.0,t
+35941,,,2.0,f
+42739,100%,,1.0,f
+22054,,,1.0,f
+45977,100%,,2.0,f
+5858,,Cape Verde,2.0,t
+17397,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+39,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+16781,100%,,1.0,t
+30846,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+12527,,,1.0,f
+41474,,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+39847,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+46133,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+35391,100%,,2.0,t
+13247,,El Salvador,2.0,f
+11128,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+37389,,,1.0,f
+30500,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+8205,,,1.0,t
+31063,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+36684,,Croatia,1.0,f
+14408,,Niue,1.0,t
+44540,67%,,1.0,t
+39632,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+7395,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+10949,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+29261,100%,Uruguay,1.0,t
+24131,,,1.0,f
+47555,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+29931,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+25369,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+38960,100%,,1.0,f
+30424,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+48250,,,1.0,f
+5559,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+7772,100%,,1.0,f
+26981,,Philippines,4.0,f
+6069,100%,,1.0,t
+45721,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+3606,,,1.0,f
+44783,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+6766,,Kenya,1.0,f
+41265,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+13525,100%,Nauru,1.0,f
+908,,,1.0,f
+28251,100%,,1.0,t
+157,,,1.0,t
+13931,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+15147,100%,,1.0,f
+7959,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+11332,100%,Croatia,2.0,t
+41053,,,1.0,t
+14336,,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+37665,100%,Wallis and Futuna,4.0,t
+38722,100%,,1.0,f
+42623,,,1.0,t
+3464,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+14652,,Niue,1.0,f
+42771,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+10486,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+29754,,Indonesia,2.0,f
+31340,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+4907,100%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+16563,,Togo,1.0,t
+13571,100%,,1.0,t
+21529,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+46664,100%,Croatia,2.0,t
+39405,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+25602,13%,Kenya,2.0,f
+18708,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+40405,0%,Tonga,1.0,f
+3254,,Tonga,16.0,t
+25388,,Switzerland,1.0,t
+22091,100%,Faroe Islands,9.0,f
+41478,100%,Monaco,2.0,f
+6892,100%,,1.0,f
+11578,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+21268,0%,,2.0,f
+27274,,,1.0,f
+26868,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+20238,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+11508,80%,,1.0,f
+39003,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+6026,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+10612,100%,Brazil,3.0,f
+1779,,China,1.0,f
+23184,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+1285,,Kenya,2.0,f
+39708,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+4352,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+11876,,Malta,1.0,t
+7707,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+28790,,Gambia,2.0,f
+46767,100%,El Salvador,3.0,t
+38701,40%,Niger,27.0,f
+43494,98%,Saint Helena,5.0,f
+2422,,Gambia,2.0,t
+36413,,,1.0,f
+41628,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+9846,100%,Indonesia,3.0,t
+10055,,Jersey,1.0,t
+33737,,,1.0,f
+49716,,Ghana,1.0,t
+20381,,,1.0,t
+49921,,,1.0,t
+23725,,Monaco,1.0,f
+18005,100%,,1.0,t
+22097,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+47858,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+4620,100%,,4.0,t
+19982,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+34445,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+14831,,Somalia,1.0,f
+2284,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+274,90%,Togo,2.0,f
+13512,,Niue,1.0,t
+13890,,Kiribati,13.0,f
+30157,,,1.0,f
+3777,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+19243,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+22123,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+7827,,Guinea,1.0,f
+47022,,,1.0,f
+32920,60%,Reunion,5.0,f
+29868,,,1.0,f
+33171,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+29960,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+25455,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+42212,,,1.0,f
+13998,,,1.0,t
+5469,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+9923,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+39304,75%,Togo,2.0,t
+1901,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+5023,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+31218,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+11830,100%,Maldives,67.0,t
+5290,,,1.0,f
+38557,100%,,1.0,t
+6460,100%,,1.0,f
+46539,100%,,2.0,f
+39141,,,1.0,f
+23808,100%,,1.0,f
+23278,,Kenya,1.0,t
+15289,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+1959,,,1.0,t
+50089,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+22083,33%,,1.0,t
+24998,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+9130,,Croatia,1.0,f
+18086,,,1.0,t
+4912,100%,Pakistan,2.0,f
+35273,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+46092,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+13935,100%,Ecuador,2.0,f
+18955,90%,Denmark,3.0,f
+27253,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+48169,,Uganda,1.0,t
+31855,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+2170,100%,,2.0,t
+41353,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+15989,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,t
+45314,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+33696,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+38302,,,1.0,t
+17393,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+5718,,Yemen,4.0,t
+33859,,France,1.0,f
+34596,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+35948,100%,Brazil,8.0,f
+912,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+36731,100%,Nicaragua,7.0,f
+45727,,Niue,1.0,t
+37646,100%,Estonia,60.0,f
+14805,,Ghana,2.0,f
+15599,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+9831,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+26335,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+49299,90%,Equatorial Guinea,2.0,f
+24238,,,1.0,f
+34013,80%,,2.0,t
+33747,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+10373,90%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,f
+29497,100%,,1.0,f
+39194,,Ghana,1.0,t
+24513,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+14221,33%,,1.0,f
+7400,100%,,1.0,f
+7027,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+3891,,,1.0,f
+21739,100%,,1.0,f
+2975,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+32315,100%,,1.0,f
+32116,88%,,3.0,t
+19037,,Montserrat,4.0,t
+12141,,,1.0,t
+20639,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+5735,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+11639,0%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+26513,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+478,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+12017,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+40737,89%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+47108,,,1.0,t
+3052,,Mauritania,3.0,f
+2457,,,1.0,t
+330,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+16568,,,1.0,f
+43336,,France,1.0,f
+19538,100%,,1.0,t
+1698,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+49007,,Chile,1.0,f
+16079,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+14330,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+39033,50%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+23714,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+22179,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+11544,100%,,1.0,f
+9691,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+12414,,,1.0,t
+13267,,,1.0,f
+48039,,,1.0,t
+18061,95%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+37606,,Reunion,2.0,f
+4979,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+44744,,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+31883,,Uganda,1.0,t
+13240,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+30258,,Kenya,1.0,t
+27942,,Guinea,1.0,t
+42835,100%,,2.0,f
+17446,,,1.0,f
+49319,,Niue,1.0,f
+15865,,,1.0,f
+41500,100%,,1.0,t
+23912,50%,,1.0,t
+41216,,Jersey,1.0,t
+2947,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+45689,,,1.0,f
+20857,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+30268,,Maldives,1.0,f
+33938,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+34566,88%,,1.0,t
+16237,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+49181,,,1.0,t
+39801,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+17883,100%,,1.0,f
+23127,,Niue,1.0,t
+47805,,Malta,1.0,f
+39216,,,1.0,t
+9689,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+37268,,,1.0,t
+25913,89%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+40640,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+39704,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+46668,100%,Malta,2.0,t
+48905,100%,,1.0,f
+3944,,,1.0,t
+37443,75%,,1.0,f
+3945,71%,,1.0,t
+48534,,Chad,1.0,f
+33678,,,1.0,f
+19008,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+11776,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+4237,33%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+8835,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+33017,,Estonia,1.0,f
+3994,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+897,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+36264,,,1.0,f
+32763,100%,,10.0,f
+34753,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+25860,100%,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,t
+10785,,,1.0,t
+30868,,,1.0,f
+35443,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+8656,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+24371,,France,1.0,f
+37845,14%,,1.0,t
+20368,,,1.0,t
+19178,100%,,2.0,f
+37383,100%,,1.0,t
+24349,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+34559,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+5661,100%,,1.0,f
+4519,,Mexico,1.0,f
+49752,,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+28676,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+25305,,,1.0,t
+12800,100%,Malawi,2.0,f
+4913,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+30906,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+22713,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+24068,,,1.0,f
+43557,,Switzerland,2.0,t
+1553,,,2.0,f
+425,,,1.0,f
+3355,78%,Faroe Islands,2.0,t
+39952,100%,Tonga,21.0,f
+25874,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+32007,80%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+49555,100%,Saint Pierre and Miquelon,4.0,t
+46040,,Kenya,1.0,f
+14227,80%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+49043,100%,Micronesia,4.0,t
+21094,,Ukraine,1.0,f
+40721,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+49747,,,1.0,t
+36852,,,1.0,f
+31381,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+18776,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+26559,,Guinea,4.0,t
+13747,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+21249,80%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+34220,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+44593,83%,Gambia,1.0,f
+21325,100%,,1.0,f
+14504,,,2.0,f
+8170,100%,,1.0,t
+39744,,,1.0,f
+44746,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+29478,90%,,1.0,t
+36238,,,2.0,t
+31486,,,1.0,f
+44336,83%,Monaco,1.0,t
+2817,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+7903,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+13031,,Gambia,1.0,f
+43832,,,1.0,f
+27597,100%,Portugal,7.0,t
+18148,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+3793,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+34088,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+5690,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+42981,100%,,1.0,f
+42049,,Gambia,1.0,f
+17347,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+13411,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+20120,100%,Wallis and Futuna,10.0,f
+17500,100%,,1.0,f
+18014,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+26036,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,f
+1593,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+19419,,Chile,1.0,t
+39242,,,1.0,t
+25121,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+12043,0%,,1.0,t
+34873,,,1.0,f
+35170,100%,Vietnam,5.0,t
+43919,100%,Ghana,1.0,f
+33067,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+15485,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+45079,75%,Tonga,1.0,t
+23455,50%,,1.0,f
+33168,100%,Senegal,1.0,t
+40306,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+27251,100%,,1.0,f
+5743,,China,2.0,t
+41034,,,1.0,f
+10929,,Niger,1.0,f
+16294,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,2.0,f
+35356,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+2776,100%,,1.0,f
+37265,,Niue,2.0,t
+44518,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+18170,88%,France,1.0,f
+29270,,China,1.0,f
+7479,100%,,1.0,f
+14026,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+11380,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+4543,,Jersey,1.0,f
+4011,100%,French Guiana,3.0,f
+21358,100%,Congo,1.0,f
+27392,90%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+22117,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+2037,80%,Gambia,1.0,f
+47882,,,1.0,f
+6389,,Malta,1.0,t
+41540,100%,,1.0,f
+36370,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+31084,,,1.0,f
+43115,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+313,0%,,1.0,t
+21602,,Guinea,1.0,t
+2989,,,1.0,f
+17054,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+12107,100%,Fiji,2.0,t
+17637,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+24506,,,1.0,f
+987,,China,1.0,f
+33771,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+43207,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+12842,,,1.0,f
+4600,70%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+19627,0%,,4.0,f
+12885,,Kenya,1.0,f
+9438,,,3.0,t
+7949,,Guinea,1.0,f
+3410,,Philippines,1.0,t
+46513,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+12501,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+23462,,,1.0,f
+6852,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+2814,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+42926,,,1.0,f
+17725,,,1.0,f
+31763,,Niger,2.0,t
+271,100%,,1.0,f
+4373,,Denmark,1.0,t
+42435,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+16472,67%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+6154,86%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+20660,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+29289,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+48857,100%,,24.0,f
+32930,100%,,1.0,f
+21060,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+11010,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+18297,,,1.0,t
+9124,100%,,1.0,f
+36152,,Chad,1.0,f
+27421,,,1.0,f
+19338,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+19632,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+43175,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+13975,100%,Mexico,2.0,f
+39407,,,2.0,t
+3514,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+35342,,,1.0,f
+45536,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+3538,,,1.0,f
+12765,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+20796,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+33174,,Pakistan,1.0,t
+25044,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+27572,67%,Niue,1.0,f
+16344,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+19457,70%,Monaco,1.0,t
+2242,90%,Monaco,1.0,f
+22649,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+8083,,Guinea,1.0,f
+41349,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+43731,100%,,1.0,t
+13932,,,1.0,f
+35921,,,1.0,t
+1451,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+12611,,,1.0,f
+49840,,Canada,1.0,f
+48614,100%,,1.0,t
+49076,97%,Kenya,12.0,t
+47072,,,1.0,f
+20386,,,1.0,t
+18110,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+23434,,Niue,1.0,f
+17267,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+20909,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+15169,,,1.0,t
+16615,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+30368,,Uganda,1.0,f
+3940,100%,Pakistan,2.0,f
+43415,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+20411,100%,Pakistan,4.0,t
+43795,89%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+10578,100%,,1.0,f
+32579,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+27105,50%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+6276,100%,Zimbabwe,5.0,f
+38790,,,1.0,t
+34207,,Estonia,1.0,t
+16312,100%,Kiribati,11.0,f
+21944,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+2907,100%,Pitcairn Islands,2.0,t
+15154,,,1.0,f
+47565,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+5432,,Maldives,1.0,f
+41089,100%,Gambia,3.0,t
+21644,100%,Australia,1.0,f
+40157,,Ghana,1.0,t
+27211,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+37301,,Togo,1.0,f
+31267,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+9948,,Ukraine,2.0,t
+43048,100%,France,1.0,t
+12458,,Rwanda,2.0,t
+16730,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+3604,63%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+37510,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+25009,,Philippines,1.0,f
+26562,,,1.0,f
+21704,,,1.0,t
+11210,29%,Estonia,1.0,f
+8985,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+28983,,,1.0,t
+44425,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+25053,25%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+27398,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+14090,67%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+40678,100%,Ecuador,3.0,t
+48918,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+32715,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+14740,0%,,1.0,f
+32679,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+510,,Greenland,1.0,f
+4587,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+5037,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+48201,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+18559,100%,,1.0,t
+2215,100%,,2.0,f
+35712,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+27015,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+17694,100%,Isle of Man,4.0,t
+31609,,,1.0,f
+1694,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+44375,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+30843,,Niue,1.0,f
+3015,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,f
+11757,,Nauru,1.0,t
+42805,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+40981,,,1.0,f
+37237,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+30765,,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+43134,100%,Suriname,6.0,f
+11100,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+11946,89%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+30732,,,2.0,f
+5009,,Jersey,1.0,t
+47719,,,1.0,f
+11847,71%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+35813,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32944,,,1.0,f
+49453,0%,,1.0,f
+34344,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+43225,100%,,3.0,f
+7696,97%,Russian Federation,7.0,t
+12259,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+4125,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+33179,100%,Rwanda,13.0,f
+38968,,,1.0,f
+17441,100%,,6.0,t
+44712,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+27263,80%,China,5.0,f
+49001,,,1.0,t
+19276,,,1.0,t
+9093,100%,,1.0,t
+25403,,,1.0,t
+5226,38%,,1.0,f
+41518,100%,Montserrat,13.0,t
+2683,,Guinea,1.0,t
+6424,100%,,1.0,f
+35348,,Suriname,2.0,t
+21204,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+22129,100%,Moldova,1.0,f
+15887,,,1.0,f
+40112,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+17950,,,1.0,t
+21784,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+1,,Anguilla,2.0,t
+927,100%,,1.0,f
+37314,100%,,1.0,f
+4554,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+39023,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+19564,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,t
+31098,,,1.0,t
+45270,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+14976,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+44190,100%,,3.0,f
+6920,100%,,1.0,f
+11670,,Chile,1.0,t
+36335,,,1.0,f
+27516,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+46052,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+3282,100%,,1.0,t
+2467,100%,,1.0,t
+37728,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+46226,,,1.0,t
+34504,,,1.0,f
+27689,,Maldives,1.0,f
+32410,100%,United Kingdom,5.0,f
+21014,,,1.0,f
+47448,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+31124,100%,France,3.0,f
+29660,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+3049,100%,,1.0,f
+33873,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,8.0,t
+30212,,,1.0,f
+29833,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+13153,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+42757,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+43431,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+18887,,,1.0,t
+12034,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+43355,,,1.0,f
+1360,86%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+26449,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+6891,,,1.0,f
+32129,,Gambia,1.0,t
+34079,,Chile,1.0,t
+34580,,,1.0,t
+29138,88%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+1830,,,1.0,t
+9711,89%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+11212,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+16627,100%,France,1.0,f
+39591,,Chad,1.0,t
+22973,100%,,2.0,f
+34308,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+38140,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+49988,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+46124,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+19491,100%,Vietnam,1.0,t
+36877,,,1.0,f
+20110,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+23574,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+48980,100%,Mauritania,2.0,f
+18163,,,1.0,t
+40039,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+47256,50%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+10189,,,1.0,f
+38537,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+24025,,,1.0,f
+36641,100%,Vietnam,5.0,f
+27483,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+16631,,,1.0,t
+32031,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+43834,99%,Uganda,13.0,f
+42879,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+17060,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+44884,,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+26123,,Tunisia,5.0,t
+12816,,,1.0,t
+6794,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+39694,,,1.0,f
+13821,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+18589,,Ghana,1.0,f
+1718,,,1.0,f
+28411,100%,,1.0,f
+24441,100%,,1.0,f
+19535,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+23710,100%,Gambia,5.0,f
+14659,,,1.0,t
+41524,,Fiji,4.0,t
+30276,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+7248,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+25485,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+10297,,Chad,1.0,t
+16706,100%,France,1.0,t
+46141,100%,,3.0,f
+9880,,,1.0,f
+4014,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+15808,,,1.0,f
+29790,,Korea,1.0,t
+34646,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+34296,,Kenya,3.0,f
+27186,100%,Zimbabwe,7.0,t
+25022,,,1.0,f
+1571,,Tonga,1.0,t
+11663,,Brazil,1.0,f
+553,,Denmark,1.0,t
+36052,100%,,2.0,t
+49344,,,1.0,f
+25730,,Kiribati,3.0,t
+30704,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+17469,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+22059,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+17777,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+28614,50%,,1.0,f
+267,,Malta,1.0,t
+255,50%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+13233,,,1.0,t
+48334,100%,Guinea,12.0,f
+6991,,,1.0,f
+48254,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+38229,,,1.0,f
+36607,100%,,2.0,t
+21026,,,1.0,f
+16564,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+7287,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+47554,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+45808,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+4488,,,1.0,f
+4685,43%,Fiji,1.0,f
+24248,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+48142,,Monaco,2.0,f
+3231,100%,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+21047,,Denmark,1.0,f
+6999,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+17873,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+27821,50%,,1.0,f
+17689,,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+28278,90%,Chile,1.0,t
+23758,,Anguilla,2.0,f
+9068,100%,,1.0,f
+25425,100%,,1.0,t
+30717,,,1.0,t
+11241,,,1.0,f
+45057,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+15616,83%,Tonga,1.0,f
+7571,33%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+28202,100%,,2.0,t
+28021,83%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+25532,,Nauru,1.0,f
+37836,100%,,1.0,t
+41501,100%,Montserrat,2.0,t
+39719,,Somalia,1.0,t
+24532,,,1.0,f
+8373,,Malta,1.0,t
+22409,100%,,1.0,f
+6817,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+33007,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+33163,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+25047,,,1.0,f
+44762,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+28815,,,1.0,f
+22614,63%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+30962,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+34627,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+30606,,,1.0,f
+17888,100%,,1.0,f
+23668,100%,Fiji,2.0,f
+41853,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+3167,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+19522,,Ghana,2.0,t
+22491,,Croatia,1.0,t
+46055,,Latvia,2.0,t
+22082,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8367,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+21040,,,1.0,f
+4816,90%,Somalia,3.0,f
+13033,80%,Moldova,3.0,t
+40026,,Niue,1.0,t
+3417,,Fiji,32.0,t
+40177,100%,,13.0,f
+27367,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+23556,,,1.0,f
+27819,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+1063,100%,Papua New Guinea,4.0,f
+31966,75%,Nauru,1.0,f
+38370,,Kenya,1.0,f
+36171,,Sao Tome and Principe,6.0,t
+44430,,,1.0,f
+24592,,,1.0,f
+38804,100%,,1.0,f
+12272,50%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+886,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+30959,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+3047,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+12066,,,1.0,f
+47211,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+40659,,,1.0,f
+10469,100%,,1.0,f
+35468,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+7839,100%,,2.0,f
+23261,86%,Jersey,2.0,f
+34521,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+31066,,Somalia,1.0,t
+24067,,Mexico,3.0,t
+26706,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+24115,,Uruguay,1.0,f
+4541,,Chad,1.0,f
+4650,100%,,3.0,f
+4856,100%,Philippines,5.0,f
+10108,50%,Denmark,1.0,f
+3812,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+5217,,Croatia,1.0,f
+9746,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+25456,,,1.0,t
+991,33%,Jersey,1.0,t
+3820,,,1.0,f
+3176,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+40105,,,1.0,t
+37470,100%,,1.0,t
+22576,,Gambia,1.0,t
+11469,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+30908,,,2.0,f
+35556,,,1.0,t
+40599,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+38569,,,1.0,f
+18450,,,1.0,f
+15334,,Estonia,1.0,t
+2363,,Barbados,3.0,t
+28884,100%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+17788,0%,Australia,2.0,t
+10865,88%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+44385,50%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+39087,90%,,1.0,t
+22518,100%,Guinea,6.0,f
+34000,,Monaco,1.0,f
+13647,100%,,3.0,f
+18383,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+36998,92%,Lebanon,10.0,f
+18695,,Kenya,1.0,f
+35807,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+5817,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+11125,100%,Nicaragua,12.0,t
+37734,,Malawi,1.0,f
+40593,,Nauru,10.0,t
+45133,77%,Chile,1.0,f
+5223,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+836,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+11093,,,1.0,t
+38534,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+12479,,,1.0,t
+3258,,Chad,1.0,t
+8736,,Niue,1.0,t
+11550,,Niue,1.0,t
+32046,50%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+39300,100%,Kenya,2.0,f
+31878,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+15761,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+10104,,Tonga,1.0,t
+23301,,Vietnam,1.0,t
+40724,,Niue,1.0,f
+46999,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+37363,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+19667,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+8042,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+49787,100%,,1.0,f
+45089,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+22178,65%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+37822,100%,,1.0,f
+39372,,,1.0,f
+31243,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+24345,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+24258,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+5770,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+20651,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+21005,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+16436,100%,,1.0,t
+32027,,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+33982,60%,,1.0,f
+16686,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+39027,80%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+50025,40%,Bahrain,1.0,f
+46515,100%,,1.0,f
+46912,0%,France,1.0,t
+6256,100%,,1.0,f
+1826,,Jersey,1.0,t
+42241,0%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+31925,,,1.0,f
+35508,,,1.0,t
+4203,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+15144,,Croatia,2.0,t
+24501,100%,Andorra,2.0,t
+30425,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+12961,100%,,1.0,f
+44089,,Kenya,1.0,t
+28174,,Denmark,1.0,f
+27430,100%,Christmas Island,4.0,t
+166,50%,,1.0,f
+35398,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+7824,100%,Monaco,2.0,t
+26442,33%,,1.0,f
+6697,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+29684,100%,,1.0,f
+13953,100%,,1.0,f
+23451,100%,Niger,3.0,f
+35992,,Uganda,1.0,t
+2281,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+43323,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+22124,,Tonga,1.0,t
+13338,,Gambia,1.0,f
+8201,,Guinea,1.0,f
+12802,100%,Niger,3.0,t
+30105,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+3223,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+42682,,Guinea,1.0,f
+45273,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+46110,100%,Afghanistan,4.0,f
+29175,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+48119,,Monaco,1.0,f
+38278,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+48542,,Philippines,1.0,f
+32060,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39867,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+29052,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+20296,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+8046,100%,,1.0,f
+2511,,,1.0,f
+10479,100%,Palestinian Territory,3.0,t
+21447,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+5202,,,2.0,f
+42098,,Maldives,1.0,t
+47902,,,1.0,f
+11582,100%,Anguilla,2.0,t
+6894,80%,Estonia,47.0,t
+36088,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+23905,,Maldives,1.0,t
+11373,,Ghana,1.0,f
+29309,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+20134,,,1.0,t
+29639,100%,,1.0,t
+23461,,Slovenia,1.0,f
+32991,100%,Mauritania,2.0,t
+26441,,Niue,1.0,f
+29807,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+12671,,,1.0,f
+21134,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+35156,100%,,2.0,f
+38002,,,1.0,t
+31430,,Niger,1.0,f
+45512,100%,Barbados,2.0,t
+38201,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+27019,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+31085,,,1.0,f
+1873,100%,,2.0,t
+41335,,,1.0,t
+38863,100%,,1.0,t
+13313,,,1.0,t
+11457,90%,Denmark,1.0,t
+22207,,Niue,1.0,t
+31612,100%,,3.0,t
+13441,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+36304,100%,,1.0,t
+44096,,,2.0,t
+38102,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+12006,100%,Uruguay,5.0,f
+43148,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+7482,,,1.0,t
+16948,100%,Suriname,1.0,f
+29447,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+34836,,,1.0,t
+5485,,,1.0,f
+5540,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+23384,,,1.0,t
+12777,100%,,1.0,t
+20192,,,1.0,t
+37655,,Niue,1.0,f
+45878,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+29198,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+17672,,,1.0,f
+35679,100%,,2.0,f
+23856,100%,,1.0,f
+45684,100%,,1.0,t
+26341,,Chad,1.0,f
+38232,,,3.0,t
+45661,,,1.0,t
+22985,100%,,1.0,f
+4247,,,2.0,f
+23742,,,1.0,t
+7671,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+47989,100%,,2.0,t
+2778,,Anguilla,2.0,t
+17905,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+22466,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+47963,100%,,1.0,t
+28957,0%,Turkmenistan,2.0,f
+43136,,Chile,1.0,f
+7982,100%,Serbia,3.0,f
+24538,,,1.0,f
+17096,,Somalia,1.0,t
+20893,80%,,1.0,f
+29894,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+11076,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+24449,,France,1.0,f
+1963,100%,,1.0,t
+42741,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+31889,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+14412,,,1.0,f
+21345,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+21398,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+34970,,,1.0,f
+14560,100%,Barbados,2.0,f
+37760,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+7047,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+40045,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+42860,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+47876,,Estonia,1.0,t
+3378,,Maldives,1.0,f
+14204,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+16953,,,1.0,f
+32781,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+3887,,Niue,1.0,f
+937,100%,French Guiana,3.0,f
+9538,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,3.0,f
+48439,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+26304,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+24338,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+19099,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+21898,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+27999,,Maldives,1.0,t
+36584,,Denmark,1.0,t
+13304,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,2.0,f
+9841,100%,,1.0,f
+23065,,Kenya,1.0,f
+44954,,Rwanda,2.0,t
+9196,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+44452,100%,,2.0,t
+1635,0%,Barbados,1.0,f
+46541,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+19010,,Philippines,2.0,f
+38153,,Ecuador,1.0,t
+35480,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+34811,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+6224,100%,Wallis and Futuna,2.0,t
+27603,100%,Pakistan,1.0,t
+28169,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+2694,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+4002,,France,1.0,f
+38339,100%,Venezuela,2.0,f
+4225,100%,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+23335,100%,,3.0,f
+24466,,Denmark,1.0,f
+25575,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+23199,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+11166,80%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+17382,,Slovenia,1.0,t
+37909,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+47488,0%,Gambia,1.0,f
+13641,85%,Mauritania,23.0,f
+27680,,,1.0,t
+37906,,,1.0,t
+17503,50%,,1.0,t
+1164,,Tonga,1.0,t
+8489,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+35532,,,1.0,f
+45989,90%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+21843,100%,,1.0,f
+36065,,Estonia,2.0,f
+49102,,,1.0,t
+41962,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+23497,80%,Gambia,3.0,f
+1109,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+17959,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+36963,100%,France,1.0,f
+17281,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+35773,100%,,1.0,t
+35952,100%,,1.0,f
+30022,33%,French Guiana,2.0,f
+36344,,,1.0,t
+22174,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+11800,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+6388,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+49268,,Chad,1.0,t
+10169,100%,,1.0,f
+49160,,Estonia,1.0,f
+48504,,Netherlands,5.0,f
+15342,,Malawi,1.0,t
+22918,,,1.0,f
+18275,90%,,2.0,t
+2337,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+22913,,Tonga,1.0,t
+25123,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+16073,,Chile,1.0,t
+13020,,Spain,1.0,f
+16108,,Monaco,1.0,f
+15052,,,1.0,t
+9105,,Tonga,1.0,t
+22915,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+2236,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+32560,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+2633,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+31618,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+45837,,Chile,1.0,t
+48265,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+14218,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+366,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+45555,,Tanzania,2.0,f
+47336,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+35486,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+6500,,Reunion,2.0,f
+43761,100%,,1.0,t
+46089,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,t
+26223,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+31845,,,1.0,t
+18077,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,139.0,f
+39191,,,1.0,t
+44735,100%,,1.0,t
+15111,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+25678,100%,,1.0,f
+719,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+43108,100%,Vietnam,2.0,f
+4298,100%,,1.0,t
+30753,100%,Anguilla,2.0,t
+34572,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+48587,,,1.0,f
+3071,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+46322,,Denmark,1.0,f
+43141,,,1.0,t
+34216,,Malawi,1.0,f
+18401,100%,,1.0,f
+8909,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+8314,,,1.0,f
+3704,,Barbados,1.0,t
+34027,100%,,1.0,f
+18258,90%,Niue,2.0,f
+1239,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+27423,100%,,3.0,t
+9127,,,1.0,f
+14211,,Niue,2.0,f
+11034,90%,Chile,1.0,f
+50082,,,1.0,t
+27646,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+26895,50%,Gambia,1.0,f
+19799,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+35558,,Maldives,1.0,t
+94,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+1018,,,1.0,f
+1401,100%,Uganda,3.0,f
+25530,,Senegal,1.0,t
+15221,,,1.0,f
+17784,,,1.0,t
+30440,,Denmark,1.0,f
+6454,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+30902,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+26083,100%,Faroe Islands,2.0,t
+33684,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+47856,,,1.0,f
+44590,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+49720,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+35122,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+17331,,Gambia,1.0,f
+31653,,Slovenia,1.0,f
+10645,100%,,2.0,t
+28435,,,1.0,f
+22139,,Chile,1.0,f
+9167,,Rwanda,2.0,t
+45154,100%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+28026,,Niue,1.0,t
+12100,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+24919,100%,Estonia,4.0,f
+40697,93%,,2.0,f
+29410,89%,Niger,1.0,f
+13310,,Niue,1.0,f
+2852,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+1092,,Nauru,1.0,f
+14367,53%,,1.0,f
+19485,50%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+38716,,Estonia,1.0,f
+47261,100%,Estonia,7.0,f
+32742,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,t
+47296,100%,,1.0,f
+31888,100%,,1.0,f
+47355,,,2.0,f
+11806,100%,,1.0,t
+36865,,,1.0,t
+31695,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+29601,,Faroe Islands,6.0,t
+41529,,,1.0,t
+42183,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,t
+12939,,,1.0,f
+23390,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+16081,,,1.0,t
+11286,,,1.0,f
+25677,100%,Peru,2.0,f
+42373,,,1.0,t
+48747,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+16109,100%,,1.0,f
+19252,,,1.0,f
+27047,100%,France,1.0,f
+28125,,Reunion,2.0,t
+11020,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+26319,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+6226,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+4306,83%,China,3.0,f
+12937,,,1.0,t
+16104,50%,,1.0,f
+42317,100%,Netherlands Antilles,1.0,t
+13770,,Netherlands,4.0,f
+23009,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+8907,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+17396,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+12346,,Denmark,1.0,t
+24781,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+30155,,Croatia,1.0,f
+11137,80%,Niue,2.0,t
+16498,100%,,1.0,f
+5029,,,1.0,f
+26378,,Cape Verde,5.0,f
+33881,100%,Djibouti,2.0,t
+45234,100%,,1.0,f
+44218,100%,Kiribati,3.0,f
+29748,40%,Djibouti,1.0,t
+16136,67%,,1.0,f
+18026,75%,,1.0,t
+8140,,,1.0,f
+12627,,Canada,1.0,f
+24085,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+42505,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+11498,90%,Niue,1.0,f
+3852,,,1.0,f
+6410,100%,,1.0,f
+36327,100%,Guinea,5.0,t
+38700,,,1.0,f
+44216,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+43833,,,1.0,t
+32812,100%,,1.0,f
+10858,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+37307,75%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+15003,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+23395,0%,Tonga,1.0,f
+40931,,Niue,1.0,f
+40037,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+22677,,,1.0,f
+7312,100%,,2.0,f
+6736,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+15851,100%,,2.0,f
+32692,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+1076,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+15198,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+33934,100%,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+39799,50%,Russian Federation,6.0,f
+1077,,,1.0,f
+40341,100%,,1.0,t
+17667,,Uganda,2.0,f
+45785,,,1.0,f
+23576,100%,,3.0,f
+42866,,,1.0,t
+7252,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+28487,,,1.0,f
+37778,92%,Tonga,24.0,f
+43074,100%,,1.0,f
+40321,100%,,1.0,f
+21781,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+33815,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+4458,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+33837,,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+17798,100%,,1.0,t
+6083,,,1.0,t
+47541,100%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,t
+35218,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,f
+4159,,Niue,1.0,f
+21758,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+27100,,Kenya,1.0,t
+14629,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+36623,,,1.0,f
+40262,,Barbados,1.0,f
+29896,,Tonga,1.0,t
+35352,,Estonia,2.0,t
+28364,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+20412,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+1184,100%,Bahrain,2.0,f
+336,100%,Ecuador,7.0,f
+2128,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+3941,100%,,3.0,f
+34359,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+31954,,Niue,1.0,f
+4265,100%,Palestinian Territory,2.0,t
+40222,,,1.0,f
+48388,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+10254,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+34558,100%,Philippines,1.0,f
+30369,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+16791,,France,1.0,f
+18713,,,1.0,t
+453,,Kenya,1.0,f
+48886,100%,Netherlands,4.0,t
+7557,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+28061,100%,Denmark,5.0,f
+29979,90%,,1.0,t
+45211,100%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+4230,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+4672,,,1.0,f
+49905,,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+29364,,,1.0,t
+6137,,Guinea,1.0,f
+39928,100%,,1.0,f
+14949,,,1.0,f
+24112,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+6888,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+20807,100%,Mauritania,2.0,t
+31301,,China,1.0,f
+8397,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+21212,75%,,1.0,f
+49035,98%,Maldives,6.0,f
+28371,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+29157,100%,Canada,1.0,t
+2189,,Maldives,1.0,t
+22761,,,1.0,f
+33275,83%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+12850,,France,1.0,f
+15188,,,1.0,f
+37652,100%,Kiribati,3.0,t
+30532,67%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+26789,,Guinea,3.0,t
+26244,,,1.0,f
+16515,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+16716,,,1.0,f
+8666,50%,,2.0,t
+2160,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+22027,67%,Togo,1.0,f
+33468,100%,Monaco,2.0,t
+32998,100%,,1.0,f
+41346,97%,Estonia,7.0,t
+34786,,,1.0,f
+28312,100%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+19234,100%,,1.0,f
+10715,90%,,1.0,t
+42635,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+20138,100%,,1.0,t
+7627,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+28288,100%,,1.0,f
+45400,100%,,2.0,t
+38473,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+48242,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+17409,,Niue,1.0,f
+4759,,Barbados,1.0,f
+36369,93%,,1.0,f
+24945,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+3805,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+6583,,Pakistan,1.0,t
+44769,0%,Fiji,1.0,f
+20703,100%,,1.0,f
+6011,100%,Cuba,1.0,f
+19798,,,1.0,f
+28799,,Brazil,1.0,t
+32100,,Chad,1.0,t
+21135,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+10689,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+46486,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+25253,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+12220,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+41533,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+7104,,,1.0,f
+7226,,Croatia,2.0,t
+2116,,Jersey,1.0,t
+15259,,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+25137,,Guinea,1.0,t
+41794,,Puerto Rico,1.0,t
+10540,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+32227,,,1.0,f
+5837,60%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+29735,86%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+9275,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+13940,100%,,1.0,f
+28539,100%,,1.0,f
+41756,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+923,,Jersey,1.0,t
+1160,100%,France,1.0,t
+4060,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+1638,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+13828,,France,1.0,t
+36243,,,1.0,f
+10683,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+4565,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+15156,80%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+43698,,,1.0,f
+6556,,Senegal,1.0,f
+29118,,Chile,1.0,f
+45854,,Niger,1.0,f
+34409,100%,,1.0,t
+47445,,Peru,1.0,f
+34973,,Chile,1.0,f
+27507,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+20933,100%,,1.0,t
+10594,88%,,2.0,t
+36803,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+35319,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+9988,,Niue,1.0,t
+22050,100%,Peru,2.0,f
+14043,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+41415,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+28370,0%,,1.0,f
+34103,,Chile,1.0,t
+49896,,,2.0,f
+18630,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+2720,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+13924,,China,1.0,f
+45630,,Cook Islands,1.0,t
+26621,25%,,1.0,t
+1529,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+32903,100%,,2.0,f
+27071,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+13459,,Malawi,1.0,f
+35354,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+4493,100%,,1.0,f
+45669,,Somalia,1.0,f
+24603,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+11848,100%,,1.0,f
+14968,,Uganda,1.0,t
+12424,100%,Pakistan,2.0,t
+16959,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+31853,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+47053,,Guinea,1.0,t
+10838,78%,Ecuador,2.0,t
+46374,,Monaco,2.0,t
+16028,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+7510,100%,,1.0,t
+20959,,,1.0,f
+15070,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+700,,Guinea,2.0,t
+10110,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+47114,100%,,2.0,f
+44599,100%,,2.0,t
+31533,100%,Malawi,1.0,f
+39467,100%,Nicaragua,4.0,t
+33055,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+30296,100%,,1.0,f
+15431,,Chad,1.0,t
+35177,,Kenya,1.0,t
+26741,,Philippines,1.0,t
+648,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+20338,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+37641,,Gambia,1.0,f
+8740,,Guinea,1.0,t
+35958,,Tonga,1.0,t
+5254,100%,Malawi,1.0,f
+47837,,Croatia,1.0,t
+46031,,,1.0,t
+49770,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+47077,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,f
+40548,100%,,1.0,t
+40434,50%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32441,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+29744,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+34676,100%,,4.0,t
+4003,0%,,1.0,t
+1381,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+30509,,Gambia,1.0,f
+47913,0%,Monaco,1.0,f
+33924,,Uganda,1.0,f
+34746,100%,,2.0,f
+26074,100%,,1.0,t
+4478,100%,,2.0,f
+1964,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+10366,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+6418,,,1.0,t
+22418,100%,Senegal,1.0,t
+15385,100%,Cook Islands,3.0,f
+20772,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+32942,,Pakistan,6.0,f
+37548,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+16757,,,1.0,t
+21638,90%,,3.0,t
+3194,100%,,1.0,t
+46006,,Mauritania,2.0,f
+32275,,Uganda,1.0,t
+27710,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+15227,100%,Reunion,1.0,f
+8126,56%,,2.0,f
+1088,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+14747,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+1610,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+39587,,,1.0,f
+42378,,Nauru,1.0,f
+19133,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+38218,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+13565,,Brazil,1.0,t
+27851,,United Kingdom,6.0,t
+8591,100%,,1.0,f
+10746,,,1.0,f
+16771,,Maldives,1.0,t
+46554,100%,,1.0,f
+2053,,,1.0,t
+41006,,,1.0,t
+39640,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+28378,,Senegal,1.0,f
+5085,,,1.0,f
+30083,0%,Barbados,1.0,t
+16186,,Cuba,1.0,f
+17734,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+22939,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+36471,,,1.0,f
+48174,,Denmark,1.0,f
+9556,100%,,1.0,f
+11576,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+25117,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+28913,,Jersey,1.0,t
+19758,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+29062,100%,,1.0,f
+40065,,Guinea,1.0,f
+41741,100%,Brazil,9.0,t
+12551,100%,Niger,3.0,f
+34688,100%,Gambia,2.0,t
+7354,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+13229,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+42039,71%,,1.0,t
+120,100%,Cuba,2.0,f
+33077,,,1.0,t
+20763,,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+45718,100%,,2.0,t
+9670,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+4528,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+31736,,Chile,1.0,t
+687,100%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+39435,100%,,1.0,t
+9284,100%,Nicaragua,4.0,f
+1916,,Tonga,1.0,f
+41156,,,1.0,t
+34036,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+2525,50%,Montserrat,2.0,f
+25692,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+27503,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+3525,,,1.0,f
+21583,,,1.0,f
+1641,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+17738,,,1.0,f
+23887,,,1.0,t
+4874,100%,,1.0,t
+48719,,,1.0,t
+38525,100%,,2.0,f
+44141,90%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+5516,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+47323,50%,Turks and Caicos Islands,7.0,f
+7816,100%,,1.0,f
+1936,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+47881,,Tonga,1.0,t
+16793,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+47243,,,1.0,f
+42463,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+14357,,,2.0,t
+12039,88%,,1.0,f
+43578,90%,Kiribati,7.0,f
+20240,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+32228,,,1.0,t
+4446,100%,Uganda,58.0,f
+14718,,,1.0,f
+26056,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+16180,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+21210,64%,,1.0,f
+23859,,Jersey,1.0,t
+30283,100%,Brazil,15.0,f
+327,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+35935,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+9323,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+32192,100%,,1.0,t
+27017,100%,Senegal,2.0,t
+9116,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+4080,,,1.0,f
+40847,,,1.0,f
+28101,67%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+9828,0%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+31443,,,1.0,f
+39144,,,1.0,f
+10113,,Gambia,1.0,f
+43057,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+49644,100%,,1.0,t
+9810,100%,,2.0,t
+2416,100%,Guinea,5.0,f
+21445,100%,,1.0,t
+42327,80%,,1.0,f
+20262,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+35339,,Canada,1.0,f
+17698,,,1.0,t
+40024,,,1.0,f
+31936,100%,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+5285,,Uganda,1.0,f
+24316,,Niue,1.0,t
+33933,100%,Papua New Guinea,3.0,f
+9998,,,1.0,t
+12485,,,1.0,f
+20443,100%,Uganda,1.0,f
+15615,,Chad,1.0,t
+17598,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+1110,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+48826,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+24852,100%,Wallis and Futuna,3.0,f
+7593,100%,Senegal,2.0,f
+6967,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+18518,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+23855,94%,France,2.0,t
+27993,,Maldives,1.0,t
+44333,,,1.0,f
+9659,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+23109,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+43220,100%,Korea,1.0,t
+33619,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+983,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+33166,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+23818,,Congo,1.0,f
+38622,,,1.0,f
+21174,100%,,1.0,f
+1519,,Turkmenistan,3.0,t
+27752,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+24324,100%,Niger,2.0,f
+47356,,Denmark,1.0,f
+24509,,,1.0,f
+3870,33%,,1.0,f
+29588,100%,,3.0,f
+9666,33%,,1.0,t
+33563,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+27650,100%,Slovenia,1.0,t
+32252,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+47741,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+5281,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+16345,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+29981,,,1.0,f
+11409,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3708,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+32811,,,1.0,t
+8296,,Malawi,1.0,f
+21747,67%,Gambia,1.0,t
+3969,0%,,2.0,f
+33621,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+1883,90%,Reunion,2.0,t
+7145,,Niue,2.0,t
+38469,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,3.0,t
+23904,,Honduras,2.0,t
+26907,,,1.0,f
+35117,100%,Venezuela,1.0,t
+23238,100%,Reunion,2.0,t
+14310,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+40746,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,f
+23431,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+17826,,,1.0,f
+2961,,,1.0,t
+44020,100%,,2.0,t
+1608,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+18385,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+26482,,Estonia,1.0,f
+30035,100%,,1.0,f
+31767,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+12040,,China,1.0,t
+5723,100%,,1.0,f
+25384,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+33262,90%,Niger,1.0,f
+22606,,Chile,2.0,t
+35934,,,1.0,f
+46301,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+1686,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+44741,100%,,1.0,t
+27134,,Guinea,1.0,f
+8377,,,1.0,f
+1895,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+13365,100%,Indonesia,7.0,t
+33092,,Andorra,1.0,t
+41439,,Monaco,1.0,f
+22089,,,2.0,f
+27042,,,1.0,f
+8225,95%,Barbados,31.0,f
+4903,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+38680,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+44941,100%,,1.0,f
+2673,93%,Anguilla,2.0,f
+44346,80%,Niue,1.0,t
+24197,100%,Ghana,1.0,f
+12101,100%,,2.0,f
+18551,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+49696,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+30471,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+15178,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+4386,,Zimbabwe,4.0,t
+47517,,Nauru,1.0,f
+18178,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+1220,,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+14603,100%,,1.0,f
+18306,90%,Jersey,5.0,f
+25959,,,2.0,t
+15025,,Niue,1.0,t
+38765,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+31446,100%,Faroe Islands,9.0,f
+29027,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+36512,0%,,1.0,f
+43266,0%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+49435,100%,Marshall Islands,6.0,t
+7513,,,1.0,t
+35722,,,1.0,f
+5417,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+14338,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+18610,,,1.0,f
+42009,,Tonga,1.0,t
+3006,100%,,1.0,f
+3333,,,1.0,t
+13729,,,2.0,f
+5561,100%,,2.0,f
+7820,100%,,1.0,f
+7701,100%,,4.0,f
+32029,100%,Saint Helena,2.0,t
+22531,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+25853,,Malawi,1.0,f
+25618,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+35093,100%,,1.0,f
+27260,,,1.0,f
+23734,0%,Uganda,1.0,t
+49286,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+9655,100%,,2.0,f
+47370,,Marshall Islands,3.0,t
+1013,100%,Venezuela,4.0,f
+30289,,,1.0,t
+4330,94%,Ukraine,60.0,t
+20543,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+6925,67%,Uganda,1.0,t
+41140,90%,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+17988,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+25034,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+38110,100%,,1.0,f
+15986,,,1.0,t
+8499,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+44374,,,1.0,t
+41534,,,1.0,f
+11156,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+31358,,,1.0,f
+34526,,Brazil,1.0,t
+6102,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+15572,,Cape Verde,2.0,t
+33399,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+36693,90%,,3.0,f
+46731,86%,,1.0,f
+16840,100%,Mexico,1.0,t
+43712,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+27271,,Mexico,1.0,f
+14327,100%,Gambia,2.0,t
+27790,,,1.0,f
+29781,,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+19272,,,1.0,f
+15963,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+4576,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+49014,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+46233,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,f
+19411,,Nauru,1.0,f
+25637,100%,French Guiana,3.0,t
+20357,100%,,3.0,t
+43615,100%,,1.0,f
+5173,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+26033,,,1.0,t
+27678,,,1.0,t
+29425,,,1.0,f
+9773,,Malta,1.0,f
+45482,,,1.0,f
+21320,,Malta,1.0,t
+38732,,Chad,2.0,t
+46410,100%,,1.0,f
+20299,,Uganda,1.0,f
+22274,,,1.0,f
+30553,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+29602,100%,China,1.0,f
+4108,,Chile,2.0,t
+42050,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+47154,,,1.0,f
+46470,100%,,1.0,t
+18088,100%,Marshall Islands,3.0,t
+33564,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+18532,100%,,1.0,f
+24215,,China,1.0,f
+30118,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+22321,100%,United Kingdom,16.0,f
+23516,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+29058,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+22674,100%,,3.0,f
+33523,100%,Venezuela,2.0,f
+39138,,Ghana,1.0,f
+36433,100%,,1.0,f
+43137,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+42279,,Tonga,1.0,f
+21940,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+8402,,,1.0,f
+6592,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+31662,,Malta,1.0,f
+7223,,,4.0,f
+25105,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+5263,92%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+47974,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+23661,100%,,2.0,t
+5771,98%,Vietnam,8.0,f
+34864,,,1.0,t
+12357,100%,Gambia,4.0,f
+421,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+2147,,,2.0,t
+28283,90%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+39243,,,1.0,f
+3144,0%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+750,,Gambia,2.0,t
+21605,83%,Nicaragua,6.0,f
+13396,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+34550,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+23326,100%,,1.0,t
+27302,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+10138,,,1.0,f
+5701,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+8674,,,1.0,f
+33254,,Uganda,1.0,f
+35540,88%,,2.0,f
+15199,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+22377,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+38260,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22376,100%,Vanuatu,6.0,f
+19501,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+25079,100%,,1.0,f
+15391,90%,Niger,2.0,t
+37438,100%,Andorra,4.0,t
+36703,,Monaco,1.0,t
+8392,80%,,1.0,f
+27592,100%,,1.0,f
+34114,,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+12210,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+47268,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+12123,80%,Puerto Rico,8.0,t
+35767,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+22626,,,1.0,f
+40190,,,1.0,f
+20164,,,1.0,t
+43812,,,1.0,f
+8983,100%,Anguilla,7.0,f
+23340,,,1.0,f
+13691,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+16719,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+9968,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+4628,,,1.0,t
+3551,,Gambia,1.0,f
+37092,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+44145,100%,Rwanda,4.0,t
+18860,100%,,4.0,t
+25939,100%,Nauru,2.0,f
+24191,,Malta,1.0,f
+19144,100%,San Marino,1.0,f
+26361,100%,Vanuatu,3.0,f
+11792,100%,,3.0,f
+35787,100%,Pakistan,1.0,t
+31363,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+45470,,Estonia,1.0,f
+32059,,,1.0,f
+2187,,Togo,1.0,f
+23620,100%,,1.0,f
+1617,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+49359,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+43010,,,2.0,f
+26107,100%,Niue,3.0,f
+15050,,Switzerland,1.0,f
+15661,33%,Russian Federation,4.0,f
+25944,100%,,1.0,t
+48354,,,1.0,f
+24458,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+7952,,Andorra,1.0,f
+41732,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+602,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+8770,100%,El Salvador,3.0,f
+42200,,Chile,1.0,t
+18315,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+16456,100%,,1.0,t
+48768,,,2.0,t
+35206,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+1637,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+13054,,Uganda,1.0,t
+22792,,,1.0,t
+32122,100%,,1.0,t
+37457,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+19905,97%,Monaco,8.0,f
+36822,100%,,3.0,f
+28682,,Chile,1.0,f
+43560,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+5908,,,2.0,t
+34032,,,1.0,f
+2878,93%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,3.0,t
+6142,100%,,1.0,t
+8267,100%,Vietnam,1.0,f
+46262,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+38413,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+14684,,,1.0,f
+48420,,,1.0,t
+4732,80%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+27848,,,1.0,f
+43529,100%,,3.0,t
+2659,100%,,3.0,t
+48405,,France,1.0,f
+49528,0%,,1.0,f
+8440,,,1.0,f
+96,100%,Mexico,2.0,t
+39423,100%,,6.0,t
+7484,100%,Pakistan,1.0,t
+5548,,,1.0,t
+41579,100%,,1.0,f
+30394,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+6134,,,3.0,t
+6376,,,1.0,f
+5371,,,1.0,t
+40454,,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+11900,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+13057,100%,Ukraine,1.0,f
+35933,75%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+44906,100%,,1.0,f
+20469,33%,Guinea,1.0,t
+5423,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+47192,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+36366,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+24448,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+27495,,,1.0,f
+4154,,French Guiana,2.0,t
+11432,,,1.0,f
+11676,,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+47099,,,1.0,t
+36936,100%,,1.0,t
+16709,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+30981,0%,,1.0,f
+23624,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+19933,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+1652,88%,Greenland,2.0,f
+27001,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+30844,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+22731,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+33403,,Niue,1.0,f
+15053,25%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+25091,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+1822,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+25046,100%,Maldives,14.0,f
+11973,100%,Niue,7.0,t
+37076,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+42270,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+30773,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+5479,100%,,3.0,f
+4127,,,1.0,f
+49386,,,1.0,f
+49629,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+48455,89%,Uzbekistan,20.0,t
+7339,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+35841,100%,Saint Helena,4.0,f
+20605,,China,1.0,t
+2243,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+44703,86%,,1.0,t
+27981,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+38360,,Mauritania,2.0,f
+42840,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+36890,90%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+26792,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+11923,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+13103,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+43428,73%,Faroe Islands,9.0,t
+31110,,,1.0,f
+20769,,,,
+7051,0%,Malta,1.0,f
+47340,,Maldives,1.0,t
+47117,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+20803,,,1.0,f
+2816,,Togo,1.0,t
+30905,100%,,1.0,f
+17483,90%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+43583,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+12488,,China,2.0,f
+2707,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+43294,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+29926,67%,Zimbabwe,7.0,t
+33005,,,1.0,f
+1726,93%,Isle of Man,9.0,t
+29073,90%,Canada,1.0,t
+23035,100%,,2.0,f
+42119,100%,Djibouti,2.0,t
+33434,,Gambia,1.0,f
+12262,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+6812,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+14359,,,1.0,t
+44169,97%,Portugal,39.0,f
+42544,100%,,1.0,f
+39635,,,1.0,t
+36298,0%,Malta,1.0,t
+34922,100%,Canada,1.0,f
+33557,90%,Netherlands,2.0,t
+14798,,Jersey,1.0,t
+48340,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+34621,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+16648,100%,France,1.0,t
+41155,,,7.0,f
+17259,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+48994,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+35875,,,1.0,f
+34126,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+1042,,,1.0,t
+29322,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+11174,,,1.0,f
+24615,,,1.0,t
+15359,,,2.0,t
+45898,100%,Andorra,1.0,t
+30341,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+23071,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+37054,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+18390,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+11748,,,1.0,f
+41816,50%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+12441,,,1.0,f
+8036,,,1.0,t
+26048,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+16455,,,1.0,t
+11687,100%,Tanzania,2.0,f
+27215,100%,Reunion,1.0,t
+4534,,Malawi,1.0,t
+12074,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+7917,100%,,1.0,f
+31782,,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+30065,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39128,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+46561,100%,,1.0,t
+39615,,Niue,2.0,f
+47036,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+30111,,,1.0,f
+41001,,,1.0,f
+14766,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+17612,100%,Peru,2.0,t
+17348,,,1.0,f
+49130,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+22625,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,t
+16541,0%,,1.0,f
+34134,25%,,1.0,f
+5587,100%,,1.0,f
+3699,,Monaco,1.0,t
+5642,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+21277,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+18974,,,1.0,f
+38401,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+40021,100%,,1.0,f
+19166,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+12089,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+46162,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+33418,,,1.0,f
+48616,100%,El Salvador,2.0,t
+7133,90%,,3.0,f
+20265,100%,Malawi,3.0,f
+35471,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+3626,,,1.0,f
+41860,,Niue,1.0,f
+10122,100%,,1.0,t
+45961,100%,,1.0,f
+35977,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+44309,,Gambia,1.0,t
+43935,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+34959,,Maldives,2.0,t
+33365,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+6655,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+20445,,,1.0,f
+21836,100%,Mauritania,3.0,f
+11349,0%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+13144,,,1.0,t
+34723,100%,Peru,12.0,f
+45997,0%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+34823,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+37770,100%,Anguilla,2.0,t
+46427,81%,Sao Tome and Principe,4.0,t
+29208,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+48277,100%,Rwanda,4.0,f
+22861,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+12274,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+37234,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+37248,,Senegal,2.0,t
+10446,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+6438,,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+10766,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+5084,100%,Congo,1.0,f
+35680,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+25386,,,1.0,f
+34158,,Kenya,1.0,f
+25764,100%,,1.0,t
+23707,90%,,1.0,f
+30201,,Jersey,1.0,t
+5607,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+31828,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+20069,100%,Monaco,3.0,f
+27692,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+42091,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+39915,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+41266,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+26528,,,1.0,f
+41971,100%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+41450,33%,,1.0,f
+33002,,Cuba,1.0,f
+20784,100%,,2.0,t
+672,100%,,1.0,t
+41659,100%,,1.0,t
+49262,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+27241,,,1.0,t
+19286,,Tonga,1.0,t
+6603,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+3918,,,1.0,f
+34987,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+17769,,Estonia,1.0,f
+32340,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+24340,,,1.0,t
+40027,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+7956,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+9709,,Tunisia,1.0,f
+48351,,Malta,3.0,f
+11404,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+36350,100%,Niger,1.0,t
+8281,100%,,1.0,f
+5184,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+3860,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+34304,33%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+14473,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+3934,100%,Rwanda,4.0,f
+31531,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+47778,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+35313,100%,,2.0,f
+47164,100%,Ukraine,2.0,f
+16831,,Ghana,1.0,f
+46607,100%,Brazil,4.0,f
+27960,69%,Suriname,6.0,f
+18926,100%,,1.0,t
+44194,100%,Indonesia,5.0,t
+6293,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+43542,67%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+12928,100%,,2.0,t
+45758,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+46456,0%,Monaco,1.0,f
+27021,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+39713,100%,Denmark,4.0,f
+22308,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+25296,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+27717,,,1.0,t
+40807,,,1.0,f
+25905,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+7932,,,2.0,f
+21038,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+19205,,Chad,1.0,t
+28306,,Ecuador,1.0,t
+22732,,France,1.0,f
+35228,100%,,1.0,f
+49362,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+42361,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+16211,,,1.0,f
+45392,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+2076,100%,New Zealand,2.0,f
+25504,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+49091,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+2960,,Niue,1.0,t
+32209,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+6371,100%,,1.0,f
+15820,100%,,3.0,f
+43930,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+13866,,,1.0,f
+16356,,,1.0,t
+14413,100%,,1.0,f
+45054,70%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+22632,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+48511,90%,Christmas Island,1.0,t
+32493,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+30031,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,t
+5215,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+27613,,Fiji,1.0,t
+13089,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+34584,,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+42561,,,1.0,f
+29209,,Vietnam,1.0,f
+46857,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+33015,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+45982,100%,,1.0,f
+25151,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+24855,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+16539,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+23362,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+14250,,Marshall Islands,3.0,t
+8574,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+19749,100%,Denmark,6.0,t
+40587,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+11475,100%,Papua New Guinea,4.0,f
+14195,100%,,2.0,f
+36419,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+23959,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+32158,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+29369,100%,Tonga,2.0,f
+40687,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+43205,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,t
+50016,,Guinea,1.0,f
+21873,,,1.0,f
+42804,100%,Chad,1.0,f
+28731,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+32214,0%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+26418,50%,Niue,1.0,t
+18732,,France,1.0,f
+37375,,Gambia,1.0,f
+41808,,Brazil,1.0,t
+47535,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+10130,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+8232,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+4848,,Croatia,1.0,f
+41381,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+6006,,Monaco,2.0,t
+41110,,Kenya,1.0,t
+32611,100%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+9477,,Monaco,1.0,t
+36215,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+24930,50%,,1.0,f
+23612,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+25507,100%,Malta,3.0,f
+37936,,,1.0,f
+44983,50%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+49739,100%,,1.0,f
+45399,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+6392,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+32834,100%,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+27755,100%,France,1.0,f
+40706,100%,,2.0,f
+1530,,Niue,1.0,f
+11994,,,1.0,t
+4524,100%,Vietnam,1.0,f
+11169,,Tonga,3.0,t
+8671,0%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+16164,,,2.0,t
+41724,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,f
+17345,,Maldives,1.0,t
+13831,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+6261,,,1.0,f
+30658,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+38550,,Chad,1.0,f
+22001,,,1.0,t
+35081,,Canada,1.0,f
+40092,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+31913,100%,China,1.0,t
+30318,,,1.0,t
+20142,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+7255,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),8.0,t
+38808,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+10363,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+17180,0%,,1.0,f
+44031,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+13660,,Reunion,1.0,f
+36814,,Peru,2.0,f
+32567,,France,1.0,f
+26688,67%,Jersey,1.0,t
+22887,100%,,2.0,f
+38769,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+48130,,,1.0,f
+36593,100%,,1.0,f
+1899,,,1.0,t
+44057,,Jersey,1.0,t
+24626,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,3.0,f
+38001,,,1.0,f
+22248,,Malta,1.0,t
+21352,,,1.0,f
+15657,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+19991,,China,1.0,f
+42133,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+37231,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+9185,89%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+46535,50%,,1.0,f
+46258,100%,Philippines,1.0,t
+22600,83%,Malta,2.0,f
+4208,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+47066,100%,Denmark,1.0,t
+43527,,France,1.0,f
+30634,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+49269,,,1.0,t
+22741,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+13884,,,2.0,f
+11160,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+20041,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+48683,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+10226,,Tonga,1.0,f
+18566,90%,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+39703,,,1.0,f
+19395,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+26174,,,1.0,f
+6613,100%,,1.0,f
+11251,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,2.0,f
+48769,100%,Indonesia,4.0,t
+18016,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+2013,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+33744,,,1.0,f
+13877,,Fiji,1.0,t
+7631,50%,Croatia,1.0,f
+5910,,Croatia,1.0,f
+17975,80%,,1.0,f
+17910,,Reunion,1.0,t
+16149,,,1.0,t
+25447,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+18405,,Nauru,1.0,t
+22916,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+48500,100%,Canada,1.0,t
+45170,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+29985,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+48839,,Australia,1.0,t
+4424,,Malawi,1.0,t
+2263,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+7222,100%,,2.0,f
+19904,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+25660,,Monaco,1.0,f
+5194,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+7981,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,4.0,t
+4641,100%,,1.0,f
+20354,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+13762,77%,Senegal,1.0,t
+41696,,,1.0,f
+36116,,Lebanon,2.0,f
+12129,,,1.0,f
+43481,100%,Russian Federation,4.0,t
+38273,,Malta,1.0,t
+33664,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+27426,0%,,1.0,f
+29571,,,2.0,f
+9452,,,1.0,f
+12859,0%,,1.0,f
+4764,,,1.0,f
+7581,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+34219,20%,Zimbabwe,3.0,f
+27351,,Gambia,1.0,t
+27725,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+24278,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+19351,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+43946,,,1.0,f
+26137,,Estonia,2.0,f
+41843,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+1082,,Denmark,1.0,f
+47342,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+26537,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,2.0,f
+2178,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+16772,,Niue,2.0,t
+21222,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+21838,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+43537,50%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+24988,,,1.0,t
+5942,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+14200,,Maldives,1.0,t
+33335,100%,Gibraltar,3.0,t
+20143,,Senegal,1.0,t
+38047,90%,,2.0,f
+16452,80%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+48200,57%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+13766,,France,1.0,f
+39421,,,1.0,f
+26914,50%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+30960,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+37788,,,1.0,f
+16816,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+26373,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+36973,100%,,1.0,t
+11811,,Denmark,4.0,f
+34730,100%,,2.0,f
+28991,,Estonia,1.0,f
+16898,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+26690,,,1.0,f
+30751,,,1.0,f
+1998,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+48869,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),22.0,f
+17076,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+9104,100%,,1.0,f
+20373,,Chile,1.0,f
+6980,,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+3000,100%,,1.0,f
+8494,,,2.0,f
+21713,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+24863,,,1.0,f
+34108,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+19267,90%,,2.0,t
+13167,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+43301,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+31125,,Denmark,1.0,f
+42047,,,1.0,f
+3475,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+10827,,,1.0,f
+29035,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+9175,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+45321,100%,Brazil,2.0,f
+21051,0%,Denmark,1.0,t
+17656,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+43642,90%,Denmark,6.0,f
+31546,,,1.0,f
+14382,89%,Switzerland,1.0,f
+47539,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+8811,,Montserrat,3.0,t
+41754,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+25244,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+48381,90%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+10089,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+44293,,,1.0,f
+4959,,Brazil,1.0,f
+25428,,Cook Islands,2.0,f
+2710,40%,,1.0,f
+13510,100%,Fiji,3.0,t
+47497,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+19838,,Chad,1.0,f
+4272,,Greenland,1.0,f
+36448,,,1.0,f
+28050,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+23879,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+11927,,Guinea,1.0,f
+15086,75%,Kenya,2.0,f
+22961,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+26277,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+28311,100%,,1.0,t
+34714,100%,,2.0,t
+35999,100%,Mauritania,3.0,t
+33314,,Croatia,1.0,f
+24568,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+41218,100%,,1.0,t
+20534,,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,f
+12999,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+43785,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+15011,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+47187,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+24040,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+24816,,,1.0,t
+43953,,,2.0,f
+33740,100%,,1.0,f
+34975,,Netherlands,1.0,f
+11294,,Gambia,1.0,t
+48841,,,1.0,f
+38236,,Finland,2.0,f
+7710,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+11506,,,1.0,f
+40799,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+16923,,,1.0,f
+44933,,Niue,1.0,f
+12994,80%,Croatia,1.0,f
+20165,94%,Ukraine,30.0,f
+5601,,,1.0,t
+21467,,Denmark,1.0,f
+3811,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+7493,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+48843,100%,,1.0,f
+44787,,,1.0,f
+36694,,,1.0,t
+27377,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+34425,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+39765,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+16715,,,1.0,t
+9307,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+6174,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+27586,,Tonga,1.0,t
+12658,,,1.0,f
+39535,100%,,1.0,f
+1502,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+27234,,Niue,1.0,f
+47186,100%,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+20074,,,1.0,f
+15943,100%,Puerto Rico,2.0,f
+15832,0%,Denmark,1.0,f
+1095,,,1.0,f
+1308,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+23552,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+48785,100%,,2.0,t
+682,,Togo,1.0,f
+42377,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+7914,,Chile,1.0,f
+40683,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+15536,100%,,1.0,f
+22266,,Monaco,1.0,t
+17210,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+44462,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+17533,0%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+26920,,,1.0,t
+3173,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+38341,,,2.0,t
+10370,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+3483,100%,Micronesia,4.0,t
+41791,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+48332,100%,,1.0,f
+39195,90%,Brazil,2.0,t
+30930,,,1.0,f
+46388,,Kenya,1.0,f
+37225,,,1.0,f
+26815,,,1.0,t
+14334,90%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+41105,100%,,1.0,f
+15882,,Maldives,1.0,t
+20642,100%,,1.0,f
+1245,,Kiribati,1.0,t
+23092,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+35705,,,1.0,f
+14072,70%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+40750,90%,Brazil,1.0,f
+4621,,,1.0,t
+36706,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+39676,86%,Guinea,2.0,f
+45515,,,1.0,f
+5834,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+32,,Guinea,1.0,f
+16549,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+38697,,France,1.0,f
+41901,,,1.0,f
+6301,,Malta,1.0,t
+46942,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+40366,97%,Micronesia,14.0,t
+40741,,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+19120,100%,Peru,1.0,t
+25264,,Kenya,1.0,t
+46685,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+8129,100%,Rwanda,5.0,f
+44761,90%,Niger,1.0,f
+20683,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+40603,,,1.0,t
+33769,100%,,1.0,t
+31865,,,1.0,f
+49373,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+17413,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+21642,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+34675,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+350,,Niue,1.0,f
+49751,100%,,2.0,f
+11913,100%,Gambia,5.0,f
+21420,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+33150,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+13612,50%,,1.0,f
+6857,,,1.0,f
+14880,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+48708,100%,,1.0,t
+19761,,Reunion,1.0,f
+39157,67%,,1.0,t
+21782,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+26712,,,1.0,t
+12516,,,1.0,t
+39696,100%,,1.0,f
+25488,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+17754,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+8379,,,1.0,t
+11827,90%,Venezuela,2.0,t
+4396,100%,,1.0,f
+6465,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+18977,,Nauru,1.0,t
+14449,,,1.0,f
+29240,67%,Kenya,1.0,f
+16176,100%,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+2573,,,1.0,f
+4383,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+1665,,Denmark,1.0,f
+39724,86%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+22487,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+5846,,,1.0,f
+12035,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+21627,,Niue,1.0,f
+12474,,,1.0,f
+37933,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+7475,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+22749,,,1.0,f
+15090,,,1.0,t
+3845,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+20958,100%,,1.0,f
+43925,,,1.0,t
+15101,56%,,1.0,f
+11038,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+25896,,,1.0,f
+49414,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+21308,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+15340,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+15888,30%,,2.0,t
+50048,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+4290,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+39764,,Venezuela,2.0,t
+46018,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+328,,Estonia,2.0,f
+2627,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+2478,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+26348,,Malta,1.0,f
+20897,0%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+23227,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+6228,75%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+33866,100%,,1.0,t
+2787,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+39284,,,1.0,t
+37215,100%,Indonesia,4.0,t
+8391,,,1.0,f
+33392,,Estonia,1.0,t
+8172,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+40695,,Niue,1.0,t
+47536,,,1.0,f
+47811,100%,Vietnam,2.0,f
+12705,,,1.0,t
+34476,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+49961,100%,Russian Federation,3.0,t
+13845,,Ghana,1.0,t
+37554,100%,Nauru,1.0,t
+24783,,Chad,1.0,t
+33406,100%,Reunion,4.0,f
+15097,,,1.0,t
+42845,,Estonia,2.0,t
+39684,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,f
+5229,,Niue,1.0,f
+17321,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+23449,100%,,1.0,t
+45349,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+16468,,Greenland,1.0,f
+16921,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+14233,,Malawi,3.0,t
+42944,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+15707,100%,Vietnam,4.0,f
+26112,50%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+44022,,,1.0,f
+10303,90%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+1354,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+26068,,,1.0,t
+9003,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+19269,,Bahrain,1.0,f
+36401,,,1.0,t
+16928,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+9778,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+30635,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22154,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+20557,75%,,1.0,t
+48100,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+42588,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+16281,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+4515,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+48000,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+15369,100%,,2.0,t
+38815,,Croatia,2.0,t
+28737,,,1.0,f
+15381,,Monaco,1.0,t
+15859,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+26128,,,1.0,f
+42580,100%,Costa Rica,3.0,f
+580,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+12164,100%,Nicaragua,8.0,f
+40665,,Niue,1.0,f
+48247,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+42188,,Niger,1.0,f
+15571,100%,,1.0,f
+43920,,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+19097,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+34253,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+27169,,,1.0,f
+6859,,Philippines,2.0,t
+25329,,Kiribati,2.0,t
+1499,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+43008,98%,Costa Rica,5.0,f
+24490,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+29707,67%,Gambia,1.0,f
+18049,,Moldova,1.0,t
+30707,,Guinea,1.0,f
+24400,,Tonga,1.0,f
+9272,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+46613,,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+40486,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+34082,100%,,1.0,f
+7333,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+26627,71%,Monaco,1.0,f
+16419,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+47850,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+14748,80%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+14151,,Croatia,1.0,f
+2115,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+46740,,Mauritania,2.0,f
+24769,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+32499,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+22316,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+30334,,,1.0,f
+13583,100%,,1.0,t
+46109,83%,,1.0,f
+3242,,,1.0,f
+43690,,,1.0,f
+18368,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+7426,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+10334,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+8174,,Jersey,2.0,t
+14470,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+30090,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,f
+36850,,,1.0,f
+38014,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+46164,,Niger,1.0,f
+19790,50%,Niue,1.0,f
+49329,,,1.0,f
+171,,,1.0,f
+49719,86%,,1.0,t
+14821,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+23460,,Monaco,1.0,f
+13861,,,1.0,f
+41755,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+6632,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+13027,60%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+17029,,Kenya,1.0,t
+41418,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+18694,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+40855,,,1.0,f
+14318,95%,China,2.0,f
+6564,,Uganda,9.0,f
+35881,,Kenya,1.0,f
+24026,98%,Cape Verde,69.0,t
+32362,100%,Marshall Islands,4.0,t
+6907,100%,Somalia,1.0,f
+16521,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+13032,,Niger,1.0,f
+9801,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+26812,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+18419,100%,,7.0,t
+34906,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+49485,,Malta,1.0,f
+29800,,,1.0,t
+16662,,,1.0,t
+36214,100%,,1.0,f
+1450,,,1.0,t
+12972,,Tonga,1.0,f
+4220,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+26100,,Jersey,1.0,f
+1877,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+646,,Estonia,1.0,f
+29171,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+1296,,,1.0,f
+15080,100%,Venezuela,3.0,f
+31649,40%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+8931,,,1.0,t
+12379,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+27297,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+7576,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+40164,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+47286,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+12183,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+1562,,,1.0,f
+19763,90%,,1.0,t
+32014,100%,,2.0,f
+21910,,Chad,2.0,f
+34431,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+34203,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+43576,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+3924,,Malta,2.0,f
+11646,100%,Gambia,2.0,f
+48806,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+22355,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+9395,,Guernsey,4.0,f
+26869,,,1.0,f
+35573,,Greenland,1.0,t
+4801,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+11069,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+42384,,,2.0,t
+5506,,Ghana,1.0,f
+4820,100%,Lithuania,2.0,t
+46343,90%,Niue,2.0,f
+48533,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+25769,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+44046,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+9448,,,1.0,t
+35675,,,1.0,t
+44475,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+40757,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+13505,,,1.0,f
+4008,94%,,1.0,f
+13679,100%,,1.0,f
+19454,,,1.0,f
+6364,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+44025,,Tonga,1.0,t
+2352,,,1.0,t
+23603,100%,,1.0,f
+4555,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+48896,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+12202,,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+7488,,,1.0,f
+22720,92%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+40435,,Croatia,1.0,t
+16347,67%,,1.0,t
+20949,,,1.0,t
+42005,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+11449,100%,,1.0,t
+8800,100%,,3.0,f
+33358,,,1.0,t
+11780,,Niue,1.0,f
+31748,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+5823,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+18230,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+30526,100%,Canada,3.0,t
+14676,,Niue,1.0,f
+33200,,China,1.0,f
+47746,,Niue,1.0,f
+21960,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+29674,,,1.0,f
+41882,,,1.0,f
+19943,63%,Isle of Man,34.0,f
+34957,,Guinea,1.0,f
+42698,,Niger,1.0,f
+11715,,Costa Rica,5.0,f
+42885,,,1.0,f
+19890,,Somalia,1.0,f
+30838,,,1.0,f
+32009,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+18042,100%,Uganda,2.0,t
+42487,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+11699,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+4558,30%,,3.0,f
+31907,100%,Tonga,1.0,t
+15697,80%,Finland,1.0,t
+29828,,,1.0,f
+35970,100%,,1.0,f
+20072,,Jersey,1.0,f
+11658,67%,,2.0,f
+3950,100%,,1.0,t
+1304,100%,Montserrat,2.0,f
+22718,100%,,1.0,t
+45430,,Kenya,2.0,t
+41949,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+35968,,,2.0,f
+31718,100%,France,6.0,f
+32297,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+29226,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+12397,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+34335,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+1058,,Brazil,1.0,t
+15544,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+1006,100%,,1.0,t
+3712,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+22180,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+19314,,,1.0,f
+16790,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+4124,,,2.0,f
+35032,90%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+43305,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+39990,100%,,1.0,f
+28924,100%,,1.0,f
+40443,,Gambia,1.0,t
+2699,,Niger,1.0,f
+20476,,,1.0,f
+38677,,Malta,1.0,t
+28483,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+3661,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+36312,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+32999,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+46396,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+15751,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+17410,,,1.0,f
+27220,,,1.0,t
+42135,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+47857,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+36513,,Tonga,1.0,t
+30403,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+38724,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+22919,100%,,2.0,t
+47091,90%,United Kingdom,3.0,f
+20060,,Guernsey,5.0,t
+42132,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+38182,100%,Kiribati,4.0,f
+23063,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+35198,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+13212,100%,Zimbabwe,12.0,t
+1920,67%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+38050,,,1.0,f
+14537,,,1.0,f
+21818,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+26207,100%,,2.0,t
+22644,,Mexico,1.0,f
+21039,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+13771,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+9616,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+35063,100%,,2.0,t
+36038,,Malta,1.0,f
+41323,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+16341,90%,France,1.0,t
+43865,33%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+48761,,,1.0,f
+9960,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+43988,,Niue,1.0,t
+39967,100%,Switzerland,1.0,f
+30252,,Lithuania,1.0,t
+47396,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+31938,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+25799,100%,Uzbekistan,5.0,t
+858,,,1.0,t
+25879,,,1.0,f
+31771,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+4416,,Brazil,1.0,f
+33445,,,1.0,t
+32497,,,1.0,f
+5498,33%,Brazil,1.0,f
+24070,,Nauru,1.0,f
+26668,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32253,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+27346,,,1.0,t
+13486,,,2.0,f
+97,,Netherlands,1.0,t
+1947,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+46667,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+15057,,Malawi,1.0,f
+45116,,,1.0,f
+37899,,,2.0,f
+23880,,,1.0,f
+38762,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+3865,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+30996,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+3089,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+9375,100%,Peru,2.0,t
+11730,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+44835,100%,United Kingdom,3.0,f
+13916,,Guinea,1.0,f
+16542,100%,Croatia,2.0,t
+35271,80%,Chad,1.0,t
+37771,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+27506,100%,,1.0,t
+3249,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+1261,100%,Malawi,3.0,t
+28000,,,1.0,t
+45226,100%,Venezuela,2.0,t
+47489,,Guinea,1.0,t
+7633,100%,,2.0,f
+46872,100%,Nicaragua,9.0,f
+37657,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+27292,,,1.0,t
+47069,100%,France,1.0,f
+30346,,Monaco,1.0,f
+24912,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,5.0,f
+39824,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+30803,,Tonga,1.0,t
+5063,,Uganda,1.0,f
+11472,100%,,1.0,f
+28465,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+43926,80%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+18296,100%,,1.0,t
+26435,,,1.0,t
+5806,90%,Niue,2.0,f
+28607,90%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+45795,75%,Denmark,1.0,f
+38157,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+29087,100%,,1.0,f
+351,,,1.0,f
+8752,100%,,2.0,f
+19467,,,1.0,t
+158,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+28517,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+24116,,,1.0,f
+48460,,Reunion,2.0,t
+11024,,Kenya,1.0,f
+12127,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+39455,100%,Vietnam,1.0,f
+10754,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+37367,,Kenya,1.0,t
+10126,,Malta,1.0,f
+31339,,,3.0,t
+18872,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+30788,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+22528,,,1.0,t
+19619,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+13022,,Pakistan,1.0,f
+40972,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+49297,,Togo,1.0,f
+23924,,,1.0,f
+9370,90%,Niue,2.0,t
+47958,80%,Niue,1.0,f
+48366,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+43609,,Niue,1.0,f
+40879,,Rwanda,3.0,f
+8703,90%,Andorra,1.0,f
+30935,,France,1.0,f
+10900,100%,,1.0,t
+41,100%,Portugal,2.0,f
+19188,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+16203,,,1.0,t
+23348,,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+37211,,Ghana,2.0,f
+20492,100%,,1.0,f
+49533,50%,,1.0,t
+45254,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+18626,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+696,,,1.0,f
+40792,100%,,1.0,f
+5935,,Maldives,1.0,t
+7069,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+31044,,,1.0,t
+7717,100%,,1.0,f
+17977,67%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+36829,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+24052,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+1754,,,1.0,f
+12654,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+47548,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+26936,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+15642,,Brazil,3.0,f
+641,,,1.0,f
+8409,98%,Maldives,9.0,f
+36270,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+23785,,Kenya,1.0,f
+42560,,Maldives,1.0,f
+11628,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+9981,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+13437,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+11907,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+26176,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+20632,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22026,,,1.0,t
+42067,,,1.0,f
+17708,,,1.0,f
+32747,60%,Malawi,1.0,f
+28569,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+31365,,,1.0,f
+48637,,,1.0,t
+34806,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+34248,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+42157,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+11899,,Denmark,1.0,t
+39589,,Maldives,1.0,f
+46474,100%,,1.0,t
+9592,90%,Jersey,1.0,f
+42769,,Malta,1.0,f
+31982,,Uruguay,1.0,f
+36130,,,1.0,t
+6499,100%,,1.0,f
+9805,,,1.0,f
+5153,100%,France,1.0,f
+35075,100%,,1.0,t
+4860,,,1.0,f
+38915,,,1.0,f
+13944,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+30874,,Mexico,1.0,t
+45300,,,1.0,t
+22980,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+41519,,Togo,1.0,f
+799,,Uganda,1.0,f
+23991,90%,,1.0,f
+21921,,,1.0,t
+29717,100%,Kiribati,3.0,f
+49771,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,4.0,f
+37702,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+43365,,,2.0,f
+48067,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+32136,,Denmark,1.0,f
+23733,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+23875,63%,Chad,1.0,f
+47758,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+45955,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+28515,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+34724,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+36848,,Jersey,1.0,t
+20587,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+10073,,Guinea,1.0,f
+31500,,Niue,1.0,f
+464,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+16145,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+18047,,Maldives,1.0,f
+3148,90%,Rwanda,1.0,t
+37227,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+32523,,Uganda,1.0,f
+39549,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+13342,,Denmark,1.0,t
+20518,100%,Togo,4.0,t
+14887,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+10895,100%,,1.0,t
+12718,100%,Indonesia,2.0,f
+40453,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+41989,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+33126,,,1.0,f
+12019,100%,,1.0,f
+47081,100%,Finland,1.0,t
+13319,,Tunisia,2.0,t
+20740,,,2.0,t
+34856,,Maldives,2.0,f
+12791,,Niue,1.0,t
+13788,75%,Uzbekistan,3.0,f
+38132,,,1.0,t
+32309,,,1.0,f
+39268,,,1.0,f
+4661,,,1.0,t
+11809,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+12754,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+18909,100%,,2.0,t
+48532,100%,,1.0,f
+40904,,Chad,2.0,f
+20018,,,1.0,f
+31114,100%,,2.0,t
+3375,50%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+21278,,,1.0,f
+25050,,Monaco,1.0,f
+29903,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+11716,100%,,2.0,t
+28941,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+2823,100%,Vietnam,1.0,t
+11746,,,1.0,f
+10162,,,1.0,f
+46523,90%,Guinea,2.0,t
+919,60%,,1.0,f
+45063,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+30841,,,1.0,t
+32240,100%,,1.0,t
+305,,Rwanda,2.0,t
+46448,,,1.0,f
+16614,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+3212,100%,,1.0,f
+6048,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+44205,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+36964,,Croatia,1.0,t
+12690,100%,Gambia,4.0,t
+9766,,Maldives,2.0,t
+17504,,,2.0,t
+41436,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+38928,59%,,2.0,t
+48359,,Niger,2.0,f
+14665,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+32823,,,1.0,f
+2222,67%,Malawi,1.0,t
+3272,,,1.0,t
+49979,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+40460,,,1.0,f
+42789,,,1.0,f
+18314,100%,,2.0,f
+32172,,,1.0,t
+3137,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+2674,,Gambia,1.0,t
+44061,100%,,1.0,f
+14276,,,1.0,f
+31765,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+16388,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+41752,,,1.0,f
+10136,100%,,1.0,f
+30192,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+15049,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+20617,,Chad,1.0,t
+11744,100%,Kenya,4.0,f
+23919,,,1.0,f
+11885,100%,,1.0,f
+2684,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+10923,,Brazil,1.0,t
+33376,0%,Brazil,1.0,f
+8581,100%,,1.0,f
+3495,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+12264,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+49122,0%,,1.0,f
+45874,,,2.0,f
+29079,,Estonia,2.0,f
+20272,,Jersey,1.0,f
+18262,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+36166,,,1.0,f
+32770,,,3.0,t
+5688,,,1.0,f
+19259,,,3.0,f
+42025,100%,France,1.0,f
+23806,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+15038,100%,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+13039,80%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+35073,,Chad,1.0,f
+152,100%,,1.0,t
+21263,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+18087,,Uganda,2.0,t
+15768,,,1.0,f
+1833,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+31374,100%,,1.0,f
+10602,100%,Niger,1.0,t
+31364,,,1.0,f
+4361,100%,,1.0,t
+5957,,,1.0,f
+46654,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+10734,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+24429,,Brazil,1.0,f
+17963,,,1.0,f
+18526,100%,,2.0,f
+32182,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+26285,94%,Senegal,9.0,f
+38581,,,1.0,f
+33026,100%,Estonia,2.0,f
+47894,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,f
+4711,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+32286,100%,Kenya,2.0,t
+13690,,,1.0,t
+33994,,Denmark,1.0,t
+41193,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+18608,100%,Jersey,4.0,t
+11975,100%,,1.0,t
+40658,,,1.0,t
+33232,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+4296,90%,,1.0,t
+45793,100%,Niue,5.0,t
+26520,,,1.0,f
+25511,,,1.0,f
+47195,100%,,1.0,f
+18815,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+38847,0%,Denmark,3.0,t
+13893,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+21703,91%,Palestinian Territory,1.0,t
+4301,,Tonga,1.0,t
+45052,,France,1.0,t
+36388,,Tonga,1.0,t
+41757,100%,Malta,5.0,f
+49525,,Estonia,4.0,f
+14492,100%,,1.0,f
+11149,100%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+26973,,,1.0,f
+25722,0%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+37877,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+45192,100%,,1.0,t
+16364,,,3.0,t
+41982,60%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+26653,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+1168,80%,,1.0,f
+19706,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+43692,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+42724,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+45520,75%,,1.0,t
+32257,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+11136,100%,,1.0,f
+30977,,,1.0,f
+16036,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+22860,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+7158,,,2.0,f
+15905,100%,,2.0,f
+37151,40%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+48403,,Malta,1.0,f
+43878,,Peru,1.0,f
+24390,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+44996,,Malta,1.0,f
+48609,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+21165,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+34643,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+40615,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+22456,100%,,1.0,f
+23829,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+36486,,,1.0,t
+19038,100%,Lebanon,3.0,t
+45664,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+538,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+48791,97%,Uzbekistan,5.0,t
+43212,67%,,1.0,f
+8070,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+43999,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+30784,,Nauru,2.0,t
+1270,100%,France,1.0,f
+3937,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+31134,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+45491,100%,France,1.0,f
+13199,0%,Denmark,1.0,f
+32464,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+34474,,,1.0,f
+44625,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+11073,,,1.0,f
+38929,,Niue,1.0,f
+20889,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+568,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+44248,100%,,1.0,f
+35088,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+11993,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+28550,,Ecuador,1.0,t
+32137,,,1.0,t
+33823,78%,France,17.0,t
+15001,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+47042,100%,Lebanon,2.0,t
+42266,100%,,2.0,t
+43722,,,1.0,t
+32273,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+6898,,Monaco,1.0,t
+31127,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+49357,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+33038,,Niger,1.0,f
+24401,0%,Niue,3.0,f
+25453,100%,,1.0,f
+25313,,Mexico,1.0,t
+26547,,Jersey,2.0,f
+18205,100%,Cuba,21.0,f
+13368,100%,,1.0,t
+36698,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+18286,100%,,1.0,t
+19880,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+27868,100%,,2.0,t
+41803,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+17494,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+34763,100%,Russian Federation,4.0,f
+6114,,Nauru,1.0,f
+35116,100%,,1.0,t
+3505,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+40417,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+18133,,,1.0,t
+17807,90%,,1.0,f
+15938,90%,,2.0,f
+30822,,,1.0,t
+22659,100%,,1.0,t
+38501,94%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+17101,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+29599,,,1.0,t
+5317,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3771,100%,,3.0,f
+7547,,,1.0,t
+48476,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+12534,100%,,2.0,t
+27181,,,1.0,f
+43736,100%,,1.0,t
+10462,,Rwanda,3.0,f
+19236,100%,,1.0,f
+27056,100%,Kenya,4.0,f
+15785,,Niue,1.0,t
+40012,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+36459,,China,1.0,f
+12020,100%,Congo,4.0,t
+44905,,,1.0,t
+46422,,,1.0,t
+40938,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+26648,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+10295,100%,,1.0,t
+470,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+4606,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+45836,,,1.0,f
+32097,100%,Denmark,5.0,f
+40069,,France,1.0,t
+28305,,,4.0,f
+42096,100%,Senegal,1.0,f
+49300,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+3816,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+44601,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+6604,,,1.0,t
+15542,,Denmark,1.0,f
+8506,,,1.0,f
+44612,100%,Jersey,2.0,t
+16442,,Cuba,1.0,f
+25174,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+19931,,,1.0,t
+28093,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+41107,100%,Marshall Islands,6.0,f
+12707,75%,Malawi,2.0,t
+31311,100%,,1.0,f
+20379,,,1.0,t
+9287,,Nauru,1.0,f
+18667,,,1.0,f
+43626,,Zimbabwe,2.0,f
+46802,,,1.0,f
+47393,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+11483,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+32782,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+41537,100%,Indonesia,2.0,f
+38305,,,1.0,t
+14834,,Brazil,1.0,t
+21240,94%,Niger,130.0,f
+14479,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+18839,100%,,1.0,f
+28852,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+41765,,France,1.0,t
+42426,83%,,2.0,f
+12344,100%,,1.0,f
+20167,,Niue,1.0,t
+18248,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,f
+19138,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+36535,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+7674,,,1.0,f
+20127,,France,1.0,f
+31686,100%,Finland,1.0,t
+36501,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+16000,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+32025,100%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+39776,,,1.0,f
+27489,100%,Canada,2.0,t
+1294,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+41941,,,1.0,t
+27045,,,1.0,f
+9772,100%,Marshall Islands,3.0,t
+20418,67%,Korea,1.0,t
+8707,73%,Rwanda,21.0,t
+7746,100%,Canada,2.0,t
+10804,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+30196,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+30643,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+19918,,,1.0,f
+12929,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22971,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+37176,70%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+918,,,1.0,t
+14632,,,1.0,f
+33623,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+16333,,,1.0,f
+9681,,Vietnam,1.0,t
+41379,100%,France,2.0,t
+16196,,,2.0,f
+20588,,Malta,1.0,t
+12749,,Monaco,1.0,t
+33160,90%,,1.0,t
+34813,,,1.0,f
+19499,,,1.0,f
+9557,,Niue,1.0,f
+838,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+34057,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+24913,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+27745,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+21538,,,1.0,f
+19231,100%,Ukraine,2.0,t
+24520,,,1.0,t
+23629,,,1.0,f
+3990,,,1.0,f
+23506,,,1.0,t
+17218,,Nauru,2.0,f
+46950,88%,Netherlands,2.0,t
+16732,100%,,1.0,f
+19200,,Niue,1.0,f
+40978,100%,,1.0,f
+40530,,,1.0,t
+19298,89%,Croatia,2.0,f
+20417,,,1.0,f
+39046,,Jersey,1.0,f
+26596,60%,Jersey,2.0,t
+393,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+8057,,,1.0,f
+29126,70%,,1.0,f
+18629,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,f
+18590,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+10967,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+44059,,Greenland,1.0,t
+21011,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+34400,100%,,1.0,t
+14191,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+6922,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+48349,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+38458,100%,Montserrat,6.0,t
+33990,90%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+37600,,,1.0,f
+40996,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+42997,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+14634,100%,,1.0,f
+9747,,Togo,1.0,f
+23046,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+36862,,Tonga,1.0,f
+21948,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+46358,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,t
+4680,56%,,1.0,t
+46391,,,1.0,f
+22686,100%,French Polynesia,1.0,t
+40488,50%,,1.0,f
+11238,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+18165,,Guinea,1.0,f
+45631,38%,China,1.0,t
+8877,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+46421,80%,Croatia,2.0,t
+22934,100%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+1548,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+12562,100%,,2.0,f
+34966,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+44088,,Costa Rica,2.0,f
+27779,91%,,1.0,f
+2498,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+6411,70%,Gambia,1.0,f
+44488,100%,Bahrain,1.0,f
+25947,100%,,1.0,t
+48260,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+36184,,,1.0,t
+14108,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+215,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+38179,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+11107,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+4575,100%,Pakistan,3.0,f
+21597,,,1.0,f
+10182,100%,,2.0,f
+46311,,Maldives,1.0,t
+25793,100%,,1.0,f
+31065,,,16.0,f
+6720,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+15658,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+21501,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+49622,,Jersey,1.0,t
+16287,100%,,2.0,f
+1867,,,1.0,t
+37372,,Niue,1.0,f
+49196,100%,,2.0,f
+11390,,,1.0,f
+47297,,,1.0,t
+5343,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+38593,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+38085,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+32569,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+29841,100%,,1.0,f
+972,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+38965,,Chile,1.0,t
+28954,100%,Rwanda,4.0,f
+27394,,Nauru,1.0,t
+48316,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+29090,100%,France,1.0,f
+41468,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+9331,100%,Suriname,2.0,f
+5977,,,1.0,f
+589,,,1.0,f
+24641,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+16414,,,19.0,f
+47181,93%,Kiribati,5.0,t
+7464,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+46350,,Guinea,1.0,t
+30314,100%,,1.0,f
+21815,,Kenya,1.0,t
+24527,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+47912,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+21436,0%,Denmark,1.0,f
+26224,,,1.0,t
+38219,,,1.0,f
+20785,63%,Chad,2.0,t
+9640,100%,Denmark,2.0,t
+14870,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+30331,67%,,1.0,f
+31416,100%,,2.0,f
+47207,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+25216,,France,2.0,t
+26220,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+28315,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+20908,100%,Maldives,1.0,t
+11194,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+43409,100%,,1.0,t
+44153,,Monaco,1.0,f
+31808,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+10417,100%,,1.0,f
+15373,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+27536,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+32810,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+18540,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+27306,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+22998,,Uganda,1.0,f
+14287,,,1.0,f
+10599,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+5271,,,1.0,f
+16337,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+13941,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+34988,100%,,1.0,f
+3392,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+42973,100%,,1.0,f
+15567,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),4.0,f
+6753,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+37597,0%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+39081,,,1.0,f
+36574,100%,Russian Federation,4.0,f
+15383,63%,,1.0,f
+21539,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+19285,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+29182,,Guinea,1.0,f
+237,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+13334,100%,,1.0,f
+23369,,French Guiana,2.0,t
+28417,100%,,1.0,t
+38979,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+46152,,,1.0,t
+29784,,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+41166,80%,,1.0,f
+10928,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+40829,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+48974,,,1.0,t
+33897,,,1.0,f
+19878,,,1.0,t
+13995,,Malawi,1.0,t
+19341,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+8018,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+14369,,Micronesia,2.0,t
+42506,100%,Denmark,1.0,t
+38538,100%,,5.0,f
+44442,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+35612,,,1.0,t
+37523,68%,,3.0,f
+38888,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+49987,100%,,19.0,f
+48509,,,1.0,t
+5709,,Croatia,1.0,t
+7367,,,1.0,t
+10033,,Ghana,1.0,t
+12146,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+21281,,,1.0,f
+45817,,,1.0,f
+37,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+35882,,,1.0,f
+4908,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+19339,,,1.0,f
+22948,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+11679,100%,,2.0,f
+15430,,,2.0,t
+9208,,,1.0,t
+30504,90%,Afghanistan,2.0,f
+22387,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+36922,,,2.0,f
+3689,100%,,1.0,t
+12366,100%,,1.0,f
+31074,100%,Malta,4.0,t
+37445,100%,Jersey,2.0,f
+37111,,,1.0,f
+34259,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+30301,,Togo,1.0,f
+28832,,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+1759,,Niue,1.0,t
+3627,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+20838,100%,Venezuela,2.0,t
+41905,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+14810,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32353,,Chile,1.0,t
+48741,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+34167,,France,1.0,f
+13331,100%,Fiji,1.0,f
+38714,,Uganda,1.0,f
+43086,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+11601,,,1.0,f
+21458,,,1.0,f
+30470,,Niger,1.0,f
+2182,,,1.0,f
+25702,,,1.0,t
+36768,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+20219,,,1.0,f
+25965,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+25359,,,1.0,t
+35889,,,1.0,t
+29123,100%,Zimbabwe,16.0,t
+9829,70%,Nauru,1.0,f
+24118,98%,Ghana,21.0,t
+42002,,Malta,1.0,f
+47664,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+43510,,Chad,2.0,f
+15743,,,1.0,f
+41763,,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+17815,80%,Ghana,3.0,f
+36910,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+24117,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+44751,100%,,1.0,f
+31754,33%,,1.0,f
+5301,70%,Gambia,1.0,f
+50027,,Maldives,1.0,t
+34613,,France,1.0,f
+41515,90%,,1.0,f
+43131,100%,Vanuatu,2.0,f
+13732,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+3066,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+30126,100%,Togo,5.0,t
+38919,100%,,1.0,f
+8804,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+35593,100%,Marshall Islands,3.0,f
+30798,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+34440,,Niue,1.0,f
+48575,67%,Jersey,3.0,f
+7652,89%,Venezuela,2.0,f
+14045,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+5917,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+4707,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+26858,,,1.0,f
+24976,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22344,,Niue,1.0,f
+3298,100%,,1.0,f
+10195,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+23081,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+9768,,,3.0,f
+41622,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+34930,,,2.0,t
+16309,,,1.0,f
+41364,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+46580,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+15406,80%,Guinea,1.0,f
+42749,,,1.0,f
+37546,100%,Rwanda,3.0,f
+4970,100%,Somalia,1.0,f
+36595,100%,Netherlands Antilles,2.0,f
+24503,,,1.0,t
+37995,,Somalia,1.0,t
+36508,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+39110,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+36741,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+31994,,Mexico,1.0,f
+18905,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+36537,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+13856,60%,Afghanistan,2.0,f
+41942,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+29802,91%,Brazil,1.0,t
+37853,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+16679,100%,Kenya,2.0,f
+35591,,Chad,1.0,f
+44107,100%,,1.0,t
+14809,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+10747,100%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+20662,0%,Wallis and Futuna,9.0,t
+18256,100%,,1.0,f
+3743,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+33527,,Tonga,1.0,t
+48493,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+47861,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+40769,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+13585,,Rwanda,2.0,f
+7535,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+34237,100%,,1.0,t
+48487,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+11556,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,f
+13752,,,1.0,f
+26228,100%,,1.0,t
+37358,0%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+34135,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+30237,80%,,1.0,f
+38587,,,1.0,t
+32961,,United Kingdom,6.0,t
+14881,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+5965,100%,,1.0,f
+15087,,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+43508,,Guinea,2.0,t
+29452,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+28299,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+49,,,1.0,t
+45351,90%,Liberia,3.0,f
+38486,100%,Afghanistan,7.0,f
+30783,,Guinea,1.0,f
+35071,100%,,1.0,f
+12848,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+12673,,,1.0,f
+2326,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+8645,,Niue,1.0,t
+10914,,Niue,1.0,f
+20388,,Guinea,1.0,f
+48819,95%,Pakistan,6.0,f
+40779,,,1.0,t
+29146,100%,Vanuatu,2.0,t
+24565,100%,Anguilla,4.0,f
+48339,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),2.0,f
+49103,80%,Rwanda,5.0,f
+29564,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+49579,90%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+12126,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+14515,,,1.0,f
+29823,90%,Togo,3.0,f
+10963,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+25419,,,1.0,t
+4636,90%,Peru,1.0,t
+35796,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+5647,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,4.0,t
+32729,90%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+37063,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+4847,100%,Indonesia,3.0,t
+27448,,,1.0,f
+25265,100%,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+6060,100%,Christmas Island,1.0,f
+41604,100%,Tonga,4.0,f
+19058,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+6949,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+44339,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+2414,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+13697,,,1.0,t
+19470,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+2548,97%,Marshall Islands,3.0,f
+14544,100%,,1.0,f
+3334,,Indonesia,2.0,t
+12932,100%,,2.0,t
+26334,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+17954,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+9341,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+46637,78%,Uganda,1.0,f
+28714,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+31322,100%,,1.0,f
+8286,,,1.0,f
+16877,,Malta,1.0,t
+19717,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+30702,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+10619,,,1.0,f
+3096,,,1.0,t
+37416,,,1.0,t
+7327,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+34073,,,1.0,f
+27373,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+24648,,Rwanda,2.0,t
+1808,,Chad,2.0,t
+40702,80%,Niue,2.0,t
+49150,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+41165,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+8223,100%,El Salvador,2.0,t
+16279,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+49030,100%,Kenya,2.0,f
+18891,80%,,1.0,f
+34279,0%,,1.0,f
+38422,100%,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+6645,100%,,1.0,f
+39608,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+21806,89%,,1.0,f
+34022,50%,Togo,1.0,f
+25241,,Monaco,1.0,f
+20482,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+30123,100%,,2.0,f
+10106,,,1.0,f
+31300,100%,,1.0,f
+43144,,,1.0,t
+47045,100%,Uganda,2.0,t
+7122,,,1.0,t
+41256,100%,,1.0,f
+32507,100%,,1.0,f
+17256,,,1.0,f
+5135,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+29776,90%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+17866,100%,Tanzania,2.0,t
+5181,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+33317,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+25728,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),3.0,f
+35250,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+45865,50%,,3.0,f
+35739,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+12491,100%,Pakistan,3.0,f
+43635,,Moldova,1.0,f
+5007,13%,Jersey,1.0,t
+13402,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+35500,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+36934,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+25288,50%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+18106,,,1.0,f
+23179,90%,Denmark,1.0,f
+4783,100%,Estonia,2.0,f
+150,,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+14234,100%,,1.0,f
+47658,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+19469,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+4939,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+14573,,,1.0,t
+42894,0%,Niue,1.0,f
+4075,,,2.0,f
+23104,,Malta,1.0,t
+22776,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+19532,,,1.0,f
+3524,100%,Ghana,5.0,f
+29633,90%,,1.0,f
+1207,100%,Nicaragua,7.0,f
+22764,100%,,1.0,f
+24006,,,1.0,f
+24654,,,1.0,t
+4117,,Guinea,1.0,f
+8,,Denmark,2.0,t
+26122,,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+43718,,,1.0,t
+29163,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+2889,100%,Uganda,1.0,t
+19705,100%,,1.0,f
+10221,,,1.0,f
+23503,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+25439,,,1.0,t
+13213,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+23580,60%,,1.0,f
+29727,100%,Senegal,2.0,f
+14987,100%,,1.0,t
+29546,100%,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+10682,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+21070,,,1.0,f
+8442,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+41342,100%,,2.0,f
+2861,90%,Niue,1.0,t
+24325,,,1.0,f
+38493,,Uzbekistan,12.0,f
+4129,100%,Niue,3.0,t
+10760,,Ghana,1.0,f
+38972,78%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+30945,,Niue,1.0,f
+31128,100%,Montserrat,2.0,t
+42652,,,1.0,f
+37393,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+49843,100%,,1.0,f
+50049,,,1.0,f
+46906,100%,,1.0,t
+9234,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+29372,,Canada,1.0,f
+11540,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+18269,86%,Fiji,12.0,f
+3884,70%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+7924,60%,,1.0,t
+31411,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+40181,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+47381,,Indonesia,3.0,f
+6594,100%,Cuba,2.0,t
+31327,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+12862,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+23560,93%,,9.0,f
+35123,100%,Chile,1.0,f
+25168,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+26826,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+31032,,,2.0,t
+24858,100%,Indonesia,2.0,t
+14015,,,1.0,t
+31156,100%,,1.0,t
+37169,100%,Jersey,2.0,f
+1130,,Mauritania,1.0,f
+41837,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+42534,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,t
+8410,75%,Guinea,1.0,t
+35735,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+6896,,Barbados,2.0,t
+4442,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+41148,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+7840,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+33595,,,1.0,t
+19671,,Australia,1.0,t
+32850,,Uganda,1.0,f
+16327,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+35229,88%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+41378,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+32686,78%,Micronesia,2.0,t
+46639,,,1.0,f
+282,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+1257,100%,,2.0,f
+24713,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+34039,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+29895,,,1.0,f
+37821,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+10514,,Gambia,1.0,f
+12333,100%,,1.0,t
+19679,,,1.0,f
+45144,100%,,1.0,f
+12494,,Ghana,3.0,t
+15432,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+44695,,,1.0,t
+42867,100%,Indonesia,2.0,t
+29563,100%,Jersey,2.0,f
+6415,,Niue,1.0,f
+79,0%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+18454,100%,Nicaragua,5.0,t
+18979,100%,Tonga,6.0,t
+22349,0%,Monaco,1.0,f
+25791,100%,,2.0,f
+15099,,,1.0,f
+46928,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+29762,0%,Brazil,1.0,t
+4750,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+9424,100%,Peru,1.0,f
+38255,25%,Hong Kong,4.0,t
+6725,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+26464,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+31042,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+14069,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+36864,,,1.0,t
+43177,,Nauru,1.0,f
+34788,,Niue,1.0,t
+16385,100%,,1.0,t
+19785,,Kenya,4.0,f
+25056,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+2854,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+29218,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+20461,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+35628,,,1.0,t
+48308,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+8085,,,1.0,f
+21298,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+28905,,,1.0,t
+38282,,Tonga,5.0,f
+3442,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+42954,100%,Finland,1.0,f
+1215,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+28341,,France,1.0,t
+38404,0%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+13674,90%,Fiji,2.0,t
+6833,,Jersey,1.0,f
+1162,,,2.0,f
+20071,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+46895,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+41332,100%,,4.0,f
+34484,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+25665,,,1.0,f
+36340,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+25990,50%,Venezuela,1.0,t
+17106,100%,,1.0,f
+117,,Tonga,1.0,t
+33027,,,1.0,f
+49047,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+37739,,,1.0,t
+32001,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,t
+40841,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+41891,,,1.0,t
+35782,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+31957,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+23234,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+1433,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+32194,,China,1.0,f
+12508,70%,Holy See (Vatican City State),3.0,t
+27293,75%,Maldives,1.0,f
+21010,,,1.0,f
+20868,100%,Montserrat,2.0,t
+38547,0%,Angola,3.0,t
+6678,,China,1.0,f
+5040,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+14716,,Faroe Islands,2.0,t
+17756,,Tonga,1.0,f
+41178,50%,Barbados,1.0,t
+18439,,,1.0,t
+9177,,Maldives,1.0,f
+7190,,Greenland,1.0,f
+10639,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+3637,80%,,2.0,f
+23512,,,1.0,f
+21385,100%,Cuba,10.0,f
+20420,0%,Jersey,1.0,t
+14942,,Malta,1.0,f
+26349,100%,,1.0,t
+42301,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+4417,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+20226,,,1.0,f
+20217,90%,,2.0,t
+7318,100%,Niger,2.0,f
+24697,100%,Congo,1.0,t
+4134,,Niue,1.0,f
+9973,,,1.0,f
+41898,,Maldives,1.0,t
+46049,100%,El Salvador,2.0,f
+35658,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+29566,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+44827,,Senegal,1.0,f
+27834,,,1.0,t
+8110,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+34759,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+2035,40%,,1.0,f
+37008,,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+7769,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+9481,,Somalia,1.0,f
+29502,,Tonga,1.0,t
+6742,100%,,1.0,f
+29327,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+33430,100%,Monaco,2.0,f
+37483,100%,Gibraltar,3.0,f
+3672,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,t
+405,,United Kingdom,2.0,t
+48662,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+3978,100%,,1.0,t
+26681,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+27767,,Niue,1.0,f
+26398,,,1.0,f
+12604,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+21153,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+34772,,Congo,1.0,f
+36044,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+17529,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+8861,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+21607,90%,France,3.0,t
+34955,43%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+3414,,,1.0,f
+48554,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+36426,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+17679,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+43017,0%,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+39895,100%,,3.0,f
+21077,100%,Togo,1.0,t
+3503,100%,Ukraine,2.0,t
+48615,,Netherlands,1.0,f
+10357,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+24061,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+6298,,Brazil,1.0,f
+25225,,Ukraine,1.0,f
+35854,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+23158,100%,,1.0,f
+16894,100%,,1.0,f
+34107,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+5572,90%,,1.0,f
+28838,,,1.0,t
+40374,100%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+45090,100%,,1.0,f
+31558,33%,Niger,1.0,f
+27399,100%,,4.0,f
+44325,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+27934,100%,,1.0,f
+44295,100%,Djibouti,1.0,f
+35279,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+43236,,,1.0,f
+47143,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+27611,,Brazil,1.0,f
+12942,,Guinea,3.0,t
+30806,70%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+20203,,,1.0,f
+31341,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+45122,100%,,1.0,t
+24970,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,t
+21363,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+35022,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+27588,,,1.0,t
+10035,100%,Tonga,2.0,f
+22246,,,1.0,t
+7561,100%,Venezuela,6.0,t
+26396,,,2.0,f
+39241,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+32539,90%,,1.0,f
+23456,,,1.0,t
+42625,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+36978,,,1.0,f
+44843,,Croatia,1.0,t
+32996,,,1.0,f
+9876,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+46894,100%,Malawi,2.0,t
+34689,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+16913,100%,,2.0,t
+8716,80%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+36143,90%,Turks and Caicos Islands,4.0,f
+35036,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+14024,100%,,2.0,f
+15988,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+13019,100%,,1.0,f
+14955,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+11345,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+10495,,Brazil,1.0,f
+13988,100%,,1.0,f
+29330,,El Salvador,2.0,t
+224,100%,,1.0,t
+19517,,Malawi,1.0,f
+33189,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+24024,80%,,3.0,f
+46379,100%,,2.0,f
+21821,,,1.0,t
+12057,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+4585,,Philippines,1.0,t
+29302,,,1.0,f
+18848,,,3.0,t
+7191,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,f
+36897,,Tonga,1.0,t
+6223,100%,Marshall Islands,12.0,f
+7852,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+27655,,Monaco,1.0,f
+40940,100%,Malta,2.0,f
+38933,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+18578,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+19137,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+37574,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+7570,100%,Uzbekistan,3.0,f
+28074,70%,,3.0,t
+8138,,Lebanon,8.0,f
+44405,100%,France,1.0,t
+32179,67%,,1.0,f
+43688,100%,,1.0,f
+30070,100%,,1.0,t
+39875,,,1.0,f
+32948,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+30680,,Guinea,4.0,f
+19826,100%,,2.0,f
+42966,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+8347,100%,,1.0,f
+17758,80%,,1.0,f
+10212,,Turkmenistan,2.0,f
+32619,100%,,1.0,t
+29135,,Gambia,1.0,t
+45897,,Cook Islands,1.0,t
+34687,100%,,2.0,f
+26339,,,1.0,f
+12045,100%,,2.0,t
+8936,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+29375,,Jersey,1.0,t
+15496,50%,,1.0,t
+42843,100%,,1.0,f
+36930,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+31591,100%,,1.0,t
+27146,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+3238,100%,,1.0,t
+16146,100%,,1.0,f
+7402,100%,,1.0,f
+12117,100%,Monaco,1.0,f
+13105,100%,Anguilla,2.0,f
+28736,,Senegal,1.0,t
+45770,,,1.0,f
+12087,,Jersey,2.0,f
+22781,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+8862,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,f
+12593,100%,Reunion,2.0,f
+636,97%,Vanuatu,3.0,f
+36836,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+47728,,Jersey,1.0,f
+7552,,,2.0,f
+24738,100%,Somalia,2.0,t
+14040,,,1.0,t
+10058,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+1410,100%,,1.0,f
+21228,90%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+4794,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+11959,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+4660,,Gambia,1.0,f
+17294,,,1.0,f
+7868,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+42285,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+48601,,,3.0,f
+28445,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+23266,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+42827,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,t
+11296,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+14767,,,1.0,f
+8700,,,1.0,t
+40254,,,1.0,t
+195,,Slovenia,1.0,f
+4068,100%,Togo,1.0,f
+6010,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+46879,100%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+3277,,,1.0,f
+29615,100%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+43883,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+48158,100%,Canada,1.0,t
+47059,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+38819,,,1.0,f
+34839,,Jersey,1.0,t
+49049,50%,Nauru,1.0,f
+31996,,Niue,1.0,f
+30862,,Tunisia,2.0,t
+10064,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+6774,,,1.0,t
+42097,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+17521,100%,,1.0,f
+28156,100%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+32068,100%,,1.0,f
+5890,,China,1.0,f
+28992,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+10836,,Croatia,1.0,t
+49769,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+31116,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+10158,100%,Ukraine,6.0,t
+16360,,,2.0,f
+24707,,,1.0,f
+42563,90%,Micronesia,3.0,t
+12348,,,1.0,f
+25177,100%,Costa Rica,2.0,t
+35517,,Guinea,1.0,f
+27333,100%,Netherlands,1.0,t
+15968,100%,,1.0,f
+8657,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+27094,,,1.0,f
+30359,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+6921,100%,,1.0,f
+24911,100%,,1.0,f
+12373,,China,1.0,t
+1968,100%,,1.0,t
+36839,100%,,1.0,t
+38356,100%,Anguilla,2.0,f
+30985,100%,Uzbekistan,5.0,f
+40656,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+15754,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+5359,,Moldova,1.0,f
+8749,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+7241,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+33416,100%,,1.0,t
+6312,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+21987,,,1.0,f
+23682,57%,Uganda,4.0,f
+24273,,,1.0,f
+31806,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+44961,0%,,1.0,f
+12234,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+13123,,Kenya,1.0,f
+44532,0%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+43178,100%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+3032,75%,Andorra,1.0,f
+21464,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+32089,100%,Cuba,1.0,f
+15458,100%,,2.0,f
+33945,100%,,2.0,t
+30797,90%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+30094,100%,,1.0,t
+18154,,Finland,1.0,t
+35205,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+46901,,,1.0,t
+47252,,Afghanistan,2.0,f
+12495,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+35764,,,2.0,t
+24606,,,1.0,f
+34636,90%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+13668,,Niue,1.0,f
+39997,,,1.0,f
+32079,,Suriname,1.0,f
+25713,,,1.0,f
+30209,100%,,1.0,f
+47665,,Kenya,4.0,t
+10491,,Guinea,2.0,t
+21113,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+32293,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+33632,,Monaco,1.0,t
+48522,,,1.0,f
+6280,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+22515,,,1.0,t
+40997,,Maldives,1.0,t
+26539,100%,,1.0,t
+24031,,Chile,1.0,t
+41548,,Chile,2.0,t
+30829,,,1.0,f
+42711,,,1.0,t
+13362,,,1.0,t
+37222,,,1.0,f
+13894,100%,Isle of Man,5.0,f
+12738,100%,Ecuador,2.0,t
+45946,100%,,1.0,f
+46361,,Chad,1.0,t
+23534,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+49943,100%,,1.0,f
+7184,77%,Reunion,13.0,f
+17159,100%,,1.0,f
+44877,75%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+37155,,Niue,1.0,f
+5819,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+47682,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+18960,92%,,1.0,f
+40104,,Somalia,1.0,t
+25484,100%,,1.0,f
+7890,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+26655,100%,,1.0,t
+28323,,Malta,1.0,t
+2958,,,1.0,f
+3294,100%,Uganda,3.0,f
+13277,100%,Rwanda,2.0,t
+9756,,Greenland,1.0,f
+16780,,,1.0,f
+8643,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+10143,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+33540,,,1.0,t
+19730,,Bahrain,1.0,t
+34332,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+31904,,Niue,3.0,t
+16942,100%,Uganda,2.0,f
+10278,,China,1.0,f
+26780,100%,Guinea,7.0,f
+14622,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+25756,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+42466,100%,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+40467,,,1.0,f
+37427,,,1.0,t
+39700,100%,,1.0,f
+10005,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+15600,0%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+9192,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+19029,,,1.0,t
+49832,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+48335,,,1.0,f
+48792,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+43066,100%,,1.0,t
+15692,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+2535,100%,France,2.0,t
+40849,,,1.0,f
+13030,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+45291,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+40320,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+40480,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+11220,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+19526,100%,Malta,2.0,f
+41288,100%,Nicaragua,3.0,f
+30125,,,1.0,f
+729,100%,Saint Helena,3.0,f
+28051,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+5659,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+19754,0%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+17765,,,1.0,t
+38488,,Malta,1.0,t
+23466,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+29699,90%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+48502,100%,Nicaragua,11.0,t
+18644,,,1.0,f
+8980,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+4698,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+2315,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+46017,75%,,1.0,f
+4972,100%,,1.0,t
+23000,90%,,4.0,f
+32556,90%,Estonia,11.0,t
+17212,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+7109,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+8550,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+17024,,Niue,1.0,t
+10207,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+35640,100%,Uganda,3.0,f
+26084,,Vietnam,4.0,t
+37776,,,1.0,t
+34831,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+17921,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+4267,100%,Senegal,22.0,t
+14190,,,1.0,t
+12162,82%,,2.0,f
+6801,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+22311,100%,,1.0,t
+20001,,,1.0,f
+24918,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+38741,,France,1.0,f
+13101,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+21478,,Malta,1.0,t
+18298,0%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+47853,,,2.0,t
+17569,,,2.0,f
+23938,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+29736,100%,,1.0,t
+18759,,,1.0,f
+2768,100%,Christmas Island,2.0,t
+19899,,Slovenia,1.0,t
+20520,83%,,1.0,f
+19842,85%,Turkmenistan,53.0,f
+25352,100%,Monaco,3.0,t
+41407,,,1.0,f
+19647,,Malawi,1.0,t
+38945,,,1.0,t
+47761,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+30486,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+14930,,,1.0,t
+20615,,,1.0,f
+21646,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+35246,100%,,2.0,f
+35412,,,1.0,t
+4991,,,1.0,f
+28444,,Chad,1.0,t
+9734,,Togo,1.0,f
+26315,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+24844,100%,Uzbekistan,6.0,f
+12425,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+42526,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+2916,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+10868,0%,,1.0,t
+9541,,,1.0,t
+9894,100%,,1.0,f
+13301,100%,Togo,2.0,f
+24853,100%,,1.0,f
+38079,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+24133,100%,Cuba,1.0,t
+13042,100%,Costa Rica,5.0,f
+8029,100%,Djibouti,1.0,f
+16742,83%,Monaco,1.0,f
+9922,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+33820,,,1.0,t
+8945,,Guinea,1.0,f
+48838,,Niue,1.0,f
+37003,,France,1.0,f
+43051,,,1.0,f
+39014,33%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+562,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+35368,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+39818,,,1.0,f
+45821,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+28087,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+19283,,Niue,1.0,f
+23194,100%,Ecuador,1.0,t
+6266,100%,,4.0,f
+41494,,Guinea,1.0,t
+10215,100%,,1.0,f
+42539,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+33032,83%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+49330,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+45754,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+47223,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+37915,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+18981,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+4471,67%,,2.0,f
+38723,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+13553,93%,Vietnam,5.0,f
+46335,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+31117,80%,Croatia,3.0,t
+31836,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+30432,0%,,1.0,f
+38618,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+13965,,,1.0,f
+22930,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+794,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+28763,67%,Rwanda,2.0,f
+11239,,,1.0,f
+4239,,,1.0,f
+1300,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+15446,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+33113,100%,,2.0,t
+44115,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+797,100%,,1.0,f
+44376,,,3.0,t
+17589,80%,,1.0,f
+37019,,,1.0,f
+40542,100%,,1.0,t
+7124,,,1.0,f
+43347,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+39807,50%,Ecuador,1.0,f
+33822,,Chad,1.0,f
+5681,75%,Denmark,1.0,f
+21146,,,1.0,f
+25164,,Kenya,4.0,f
+14169,,,1.0,f
+26015,86%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+22492,60%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+42286,94%,Vietnam,9.0,t
+4588,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+46764,100%,Chile,3.0,t
+45787,100%,,1.0,f
+30453,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+40202,100%,,2.0,f
+27854,,,1.0,f
+44291,,Kiribati,1.0,f
+41972,,,1.0,t
+6566,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+29659,,Tonga,1.0,f
+31104,100%,France,2.0,f
+32531,100%,Togo,4.0,f
+41232,100%,,3.0,f
+734,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+36600,,,1.0,f
+16929,100%,,1.0,t
+22294,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+15837,100%,,1.0,t
+32588,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+24235,,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,1.0,t
+4056,,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,f
+41160,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+8492,,,1.0,t
+28316,100%,,2.0,f
+3193,100%,Latvia,2.0,f
+35914,100%,China,1.0,t
+44450,,,1.0,f
+11453,,,1.0,t
+49089,,Denmark,1.0,f
+10950,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+10336,,,1.0,t
+47163,,,1.0,f
+35104,100%,Switzerland,2.0,f
+12583,100%,,1.0,f
+23684,,,1.0,t
+996,,Cuba,1.0,t
+32380,,,1.0,f
+34981,,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,f
+28965,90%,Pakistan,2.0,f
+39104,,Togo,1.0,f
+2492,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+13716,80%,,1.0,f
+38267,90%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+21967,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+18869,,Malta,2.0,f
+16596,100%,Congo,3.0,f
+18913,,,1.0,t
+22791,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+17881,100%,,1.0,t
+26767,87%,,2.0,f
+42643,,,1.0,f
+40549,100%,Maldives,2.0,t
+8173,100%,Barbados,2.0,t
+1850,,,1.0,f
+40927,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+20943,100%,Jersey,2.0,f
+13977,90%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+12683,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+47552,,China,1.0,f
+37184,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+43277,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+29320,,,1.0,f
+48748,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+36830,,Ghana,1.0,f
+2255,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+16425,,Guinea,1.0,f
+2931,100%,,1.0,f
+21330,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+36319,75%,France,2.0,t
+44970,91%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+22336,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+13234,,Niue,2.0,f
+6729,,,1.0,f
+22451,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+45814,,Monaco,1.0,f
+48475,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+18219,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+49232,100%,,1.0,f
+42431,,,1.0,t
+27485,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+47549,100%,,1.0,f
+34337,100%,Croatia,2.0,f
+25770,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+7923,100%,Togo,2.0,t
+20561,,,1.0,f
+30502,,,1.0,f
+18710,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+42008,,,1.0,t
+49081,,,1.0,f
+32164,,Niue,1.0,f
+32480,,Croatia,2.0,t
+17972,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+6123,,Gambia,1.0,t
+28685,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+24519,,Saint Martin,2.0,f
+17481,,Anguilla,3.0,t
+21950,,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+21909,100%,Christmas Island,3.0,f
+5798,100%,,1.0,f
+22074,,Jersey,1.0,f
+15139,,,1.0,f
+43593,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+34410,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+44504,100%,,3.0,f
+21573,100%,Kiribati,1.0,f
+22005,100%,,1.0,f
+10961,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+35574,100%,,1.0,f
+10039,100%,Vanuatu,6.0,t
+27316,100%,Puerto Rico,5.0,f
+49213,,Micronesia,2.0,t
+42028,50%,,1.0,t
+28588,,,1.0,t
+42796,,,1.0,f
+6200,100%,,3.0,t
+3854,100%,Philippines,3.0,f
+19193,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+24442,,Tonga,1.0,t
+22359,100%,,3.0,f
+33144,,Djibouti,3.0,t
+37605,,,4.0,f
+33518,100%,France,1.0,f
+4005,100%,French Guiana,2.0,f
+46930,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+19020,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+45099,,Mexico,1.0,f
+19361,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+26234,,,1.0,t
+19390,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+30992,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+14240,100%,Chile,3.0,t
+763,,,1.0,f
+9600,,Brazil,1.0,f
+23874,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+2730,,,1.0,f
+21912,,Brazil,1.0,f
+42478,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+773,100%,,1.0,f
+41856,100%,Maldives,13.0,t
+11571,,Guinea,1.0,t
+935,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+28230,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+14762,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+22966,,Finland,1.0,t
+41254,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+49565,92%,Uganda,14.0,f
+31519,,,1.0,t
+48294,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+1977,,,1.0,t
+35560,,Gambia,2.0,f
+8570,,Jersey,1.0,f
+12698,,Barbados,1.0,t
+36375,100%,Mauritania,1.0,f
+2408,90%,,1.0,f
+42275,,Niue,1.0,f
+14602,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+15561,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+14565,80%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+15232,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+38497,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+3752,,Lithuania,1.0,f
+20405,,,1.0,f
+41592,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+18568,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+40777,100%,,1.0,f
+35405,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+10803,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+21701,100%,,1.0,f
+14009,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+26171,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+35499,94%,Andorra,4.0,f
+23256,100%,,6.0,f
+17270,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+24770,,,1.0,f
+18120,100%,,1.0,t
+44477,90%,Maldives,3.0,t
+41448,,,1.0,t
+9704,,,1.0,t
+35363,,,1.0,f
+33572,,,1.0,f
+35886,,,2.0,f
+29119,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+46609,100%,,4.0,t
+46138,78%,Niger,1.0,f
+20126,,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+49114,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+7777,,Pakistan,2.0,f
+9892,,France,2.0,f
+5252,,Kenya,1.0,t
+42121,,Canada,1.0,t
+16252,100%,,1.0,f
+25335,,Croatia,1.0,t
+24162,50%,,1.0,f
+15164,100%,Tanzania,2.0,t
+9200,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+29512,100%,Guinea,1.0,t
+7960,,Peru,1.0,t
+29516,,Chad,1.0,t
+48794,75%,,1.0,f
+21116,,,1.0,f
+36916,0%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+40144,100%,,1.0,f
+42158,100%,,15.0,f
+38747,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+37303,,,1.0,f
+42519,,Nauru,1.0,t
+28830,100%,Lithuania,2.0,f
+7972,100%,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+16755,,France,1.0,f
+35375,,,1.0,f
+45157,,Ghana,1.0,t
+21853,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+25597,,,5.0,f
+6049,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+33283,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+31937,100%,,1.0,f
+35136,,,1.0,f
+49732,,,1.0,f
+24135,70%,,1.0,f
+44137,50%,,1.0,t
+22538,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+25590,100%,Gambia,1.0,t
+14635,,Monaco,1.0,f
+37401,60%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+15728,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+37999,100%,Senegal,20.0,t
+13055,100%,,1.0,f
+30778,100%,Guernsey,1.0,t
+41596,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+24010,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+42570,,,1.0,f
+32186,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+23039,100%,,1.0,f
+28527,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39183,75%,,1.0,f
+22709,,Jersey,1.0,f
+6992,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+10132,,,1.0,t
+8127,67%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+22945,,,1.0,f
+47738,100%,,1.0,f
+13179,77%,Marshall Islands,2.0,f
+18697,100%,Rwanda,8.0,f
+16162,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,2.0,t
+17753,,Guinea,1.0,f
+18737,,,1.0,f
+18886,95%,Vietnam,3.0,t
+21679,100%,China,2.0,t
+45108,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+43302,100%,Reunion,1.0,t
+7871,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+30087,,Bahrain,1.0,f
+38842,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+48160,,,1.0,f
+30205,100%,,1.0,f
+29022,100%,,1.0,f
+40286,50%,Monaco,1.0,t
+7101,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+33357,,Denmark,1.0,t
+4633,100%,Benin,4.0,f
+6075,,,1.0,f
+2105,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+1578,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+49677,,,1.0,t
+2475,,,1.0,t
+48241,33%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+35721,100%,,1.0,f
+21317,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+38904,100%,,1.0,f
+47626,100%,,1.0,f
+36961,29%,,1.0,f
+23952,,,1.0,t
+19415,100%,France,2.0,f
+15540,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+47152,,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+20250,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+18705,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+26850,,Somalia,1.0,t
+43472,,Korea,1.0,f
+8947,,Montserrat,2.0,f
+49948,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+46318,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+6646,100%,,1.0,f
+16512,100%,,2.0,t
+32644,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+33313,,Djibouti,1.0,f
+14705,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+8778,100%,Somalia,1.0,t
+21927,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+45305,,,1.0,t
+33343,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+6784,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+20244,100%,,1.0,t
+643,,,1.0,f
+46269,,Monaco,1.0,t
+45809,,,1.0,t
+455,100%,Uganda,5.0,f
+33446,100%,Philippines,1.0,t
+14578,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+1647,,,1.0,f
+34720,,,1.0,t
+43090,,,1.0,t
+19248,25%,Maldives,3.0,f
+9777,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+38395,,,1.0,t
+25315,100%,Uganda,2.0,t
+30916,100%,Tunisia,3.0,f
+64,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+29084,100%,Mexico,2.0,t
+18773,,,1.0,f
+8665,100%,,1.0,f
+47841,,Chad,1.0,t
+37869,100%,,2.0,f
+343,100%,Brazil,2.0,t
+15220,,,1.0,t
+17322,95%,,30.0,f
+17523,100%,,1.0,f
+1046,,Gambia,1.0,f
+20254,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+13854,100%,Portugal,1.0,f
+35367,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+22088,,China,1.0,f
+6518,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+20052,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+28197,,,1.0,f
+9905,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+43928,,,1.0,f
+43160,,Australia,1.0,t
+28728,,,1.0,f
+3480,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+36707,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+8942,,,3.0,f
+3436,100%,,2.0,f
+8359,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+45174,,,1.0,f
+7933,,,1.0,t
+6793,,Ecuador,1.0,t
+24681,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39563,100%,,1.0,f
+10052,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+10835,,Niger,1.0,f
+2748,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+20647,100%,,1.0,f
+16747,100%,,1.0,t
+5358,,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+48742,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+37820,,,1.0,t
+21291,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+29104,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+45010,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+4209,,,1.0,t
+46852,100%,,1.0,t
+44817,100%,Chile,1.0,t
+46856,,Greenland,2.0,f
+10677,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+784,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+14811,,,1.0,f
+34037,0%,Togo,2.0,f
+26805,,,1.0,f
+39355,80%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+47504,,France,1.0,f
+10296,,,1.0,f
+4566,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+1024,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,f
+2818,,,1.0,t
+11882,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,t
+3147,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+2479,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+18999,100%,Chile,2.0,f
+29359,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+9605,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+24233,,,1.0,f
+29181,,Niue,1.0,f
+49669,,,1.0,t
+1212,100%,Tonga,2.0,f
+4709,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+3575,,,1.0,f
+10312,,,1.0,f
+32130,,Cuba,2.0,t
+5757,100%,Portugal,2.0,f
+45609,100%,,1.0,t
+40316,,Malta,1.0,f
+26271,,,1.0,t
+26701,100%,,2.0,f
+46011,,Gambia,1.0,t
+46749,100%,,2.0,f
+42218,,,1.0,f
+44972,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+8846,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+2103,100%,,2.0,t
+49877,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+23172,100%,,1.0,t
+15717,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+359,,Gambia,1.0,t
+47520,67%,,1.0,f
+15695,100%,Malawi,2.0,t
+34046,90%,Guinea,1.0,f
+42311,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+16970,100%,,1.0,f
+16905,100%,Reunion,3.0,t
+44571,,,1.0,f
+24304,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+22616,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+23567,100%,Guinea,2.0,t
+42273,100%,,1.0,f
+31859,100%,Maldives,2.0,f
+30939,,,1.0,f
+2126,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+4992,,Kiribati,5.0,t
+4853,71%,,1.0,t
+11451,,Peru,1.0,t
+33449,,,1.0,f
+44418,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+27258,100%,,1.0,f
+6900,70%,,1.0,f
+254,,,1.0,f
+3360,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+8549,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+35852,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+5171,100%,Anguilla,2.0,f
+9827,,Somalia,1.0,t
+47745,,,1.0,t
+27290,100%,Brazil,3.0,f
+45269,,Nauru,1.0,t
+15860,100%,Maldives,11.0,f
+49837,,,1.0,f
+16769,80%,Isle of Man,2.0,f
+43836,,,1.0,f
+49695,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+17542,,,1.0,f
+8309,100%,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,t
+36432,,Kenya,1.0,t
+43062,100%,,2.0,t
+36495,50%,Denmark,1.0,f
+26411,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+31793,100%,,1.0,t
+6600,80%,,1.0,f
+14608,,,1.0,t
+41224,100%,Mauritania,3.0,t
+34343,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+46754,,Montserrat,1.0,f
+23243,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+16304,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+44286,100%,,1.0,f
+11933,100%,,2.0,f
+5103,100%,,1.0,f
+36235,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+15654,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+4906,100%,Senegal,2.0,t
+35718,,,1.0,t
+29060,,,2.0,f
+2246,0%,,1.0,f
+9264,88%,Kenya,2.0,t
+45084,,Gambia,1.0,t
+24292,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+2359,100%,,1.0,f
+34054,100%,,4.0,f
+41858,,,1.0,f
+36100,100%,Rwanda,17.0,t
+35650,,,1.0,f
+41088,,,1.0,f
+6258,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+47990,88%,Venezuela,4.0,f
+17559,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+30510,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+31856,,,1.0,t
+18758,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+28426,100%,,1.0,f
+20359,,,1.0,f
+37368,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+2809,,,1.0,t
+44441,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,t
+27575,,,1.0,f
+2895,100%,France,1.0,f
+21548,43%,Brazil,1.0,f
+45748,0%,,1.0,f
+49858,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+46188,100%,,1.0,f
+362,100%,,1.0,f
+18180,,,1.0,t
+37833,,China,1.0,t
+31753,,,1.0,t
+43455,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+38873,100%,Mauritania,4.0,f
+5211,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+18763,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+10657,,,1.0,t
+7169,,,2.0,f
+17467,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+20251,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+14892,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+3858,,,1.0,t
+33640,100%,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+25840,,,1.0,f
+25748,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+44338,100%,Peru,2.0,t
+415,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+16623,80%,Denmark,1.0,f
+13981,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+20815,0%,,1.0,t
+38971,,,1.0,f
+20630,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+38271,100%,,1.0,t
+45416,,,1.0,f
+46339,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,t
+4234,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+1941,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+20809,90%,,1.0,f
+14170,,,1.0,f
+20151,,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+17608,0%,,1.0,f
+49473,,,1.0,f
+1969,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+45465,100%,,1.0,f
+49714,100%,Montserrat,1.0,t
+15933,,,1.0,f
+48626,,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,f
+39361,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+27674,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,t
+45973,,Guernsey,1.0,f
+10129,,,1.0,t
+6208,73%,,1.0,f
+19744,100%,,1.0,f
+35292,100%,,1.0,f
+18455,92%,,1.0,f
+29241,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+48606,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+16299,,Chad,1.0,f
+20544,,,1.0,t
+40239,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+43350,100%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+42391,,Gambia,1.0,f
+12772,100%,Niger,1.0,f
+29680,88%,Faroe Islands,2.0,f
+23070,,,2.0,f
+42880,,Gambia,2.0,f
+16134,,Andorra,1.0,f
+12677,,,1.0,f
+31070,,Chile,1.0,f
+13653,,Isle of Man,3.0,t
+19453,100%,,1.0,f
+42299,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+38347,100%,El Salvador,1.0,f
+46598,0%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+44832,,Chad,1.0,f
+37341,,Pakistan,3.0,f
+23790,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+17495,,,1.0,f
+9884,100%,,1.0,t
+19704,,Gambia,1.0,f
+47914,80%,Philippines,1.0,t
+48425,100%,,3.0,f
+19228,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,8.0,f
+35207,,Anguilla,1.0,t
+38189,,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+29609,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+2874,,,1.0,f
+40275,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+32519,0%,France,1.0,t
+19715,,,1.0,f
+30728,,,1.0,t
+27239,100%,,1.0,f
+15984,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+10660,,,2.0,t
+16983,,,1.0,f
+21682,100%,United Kingdom,2.0,f
+10103,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+47366,,,1.0,t
+46438,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+1956,100%,,1.0,t
+45220,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+32967,,,1.0,f
+6140,100%,Marshall Islands,3.0,f
+25338,0%,,1.0,f
+44717,100%,Monaco,2.0,t
+32416,100%,,1.0,t
+2201,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+37681,100%,,1.0,t
+19631,100%,,1.0,f
+43155,,Jersey,1.0,f
+11707,,,1.0,f
+30095,,,1.0,t
+20574,100%,Malawi,1.0,t
+6230,0%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+40253,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+43200,,,1.0,t
+26790,100%,,1.0,f
+36024,,,1.0,t
+9589,100%,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+35095,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+28858,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+6923,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+37031,,Kenya,1.0,f
+31047,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+1862,33%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+10896,100%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+3174,100%,,1.0,t
+21053,90%,Senegal,1.0,f
+32873,,,1.0,t
+45066,100%,Pakistan,1.0,f
+9476,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+25583,,Jersey,1.0,t
+39546,100%,,1.0,f
+34368,,Croatia,1.0,t
+12497,100%,,2.0,f
+30284,100%,Montserrat,1.0,f
+38576,,,1.0,f
+3083,100%,,1.0,f
+28293,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+7737,,,1.0,f
+33631,,Chad,1.0,t
+35493,100%,French Guiana,1.0,t
+36686,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+9873,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+49426,,,1.0,t
+22156,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+30414,,,2.0,f
+15214,,Maldives,1.0,t
+14708,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+31801,50%,Tonga,2.0,f
+15568,,,1.0,t
+17847,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+7973,,Niue,1.0,t
+4706,,Guinea,1.0,f
+34506,,,1.0,f
+40977,100%,Reunion,7.0,f
+48765,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+44066,,Philippines,1.0,t
+10841,80%,,2.0,f
+18017,,,1.0,t
+3001,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+141,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+39265,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+32578,74%,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+48529,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+26226,,,1.0,f
+15185,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+49807,100%,,1.0,t
+27159,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+8943,,,1.0,f
+17502,80%,Netherlands,1.0,f
+18304,,Estonia,1.0,t
+20650,100%,Uzbekistan,3.0,t
+2198,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+32718,90%,,1.0,f
+1835,100%,Ecuador,8.0,f
+46956,63%,Jersey,2.0,t
+12133,100%,Mexico,4.0,f
+34795,,Indonesia,1.0,f
+34184,,,3.0,f
+41238,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+27601,100%,,1.0,f
+35510,100%,,1.0,f
+19739,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+20633,,,1.0,f
+47439,100%,,2.0,t
+3367,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+31495,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+13184,100%,Vietnam,7.0,f
+28206,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+48549,100%,France,2.0,f
+30409,100%,,3.0,t
+32533,100%,,1.0,f
+22982,100%,,1.0,t
+18714,67%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+5122,,El Salvador,1.0,f
+6252,100%,,1.0,f
+49690,,China,1.0,f
+2430,100%,,1.0,f
+35659,,,1.0,f
+34453,,,1.0,f
+32735,100%,,2.0,f
+5048,100%,Niue,2.0,t
+6711,100%,Spain,3.0,f
+3085,,,1.0,t
+17186,,China,2.0,f
+37238,100%,,1.0,f
+22763,,Guinea,1.0,t
+37020,,Chile,1.0,t
+49016,,,2.0,f
+6954,,Anguilla,2.0,f
+23308,100%,Tonga,2.0,t
+41867,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+4044,,Malta,1.0,f
+17352,100%,,1.0,t
+10691,,Chile,1.0,f
+28448,,Brazil,1.0,t
+16904,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+42197,100%,,1.0,t
+9468,,,1.0,t
+31534,100%,,1.0,f
+18031,100%,Reunion,4.0,f
+25995,,Gambia,1.0,f
+39010,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+23867,,,1.0,t
+40478,83%,,2.0,t
+18264,,France,1.0,t
+23773,100%,El Salvador,1.0,t
+19006,,Guinea,1.0,f
+26828,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+46815,,Tanzania,1.0,t
+33778,,China,1.0,f
+20204,,Argentina,2.0,f
+47945,,,2.0,f
+21635,100%,,1.0,t
+22326,,,1.0,t
+35544,100%,Kenya,1.0,t
+21089,,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,t
+49479,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+38883,80%,,1.0,f
+4852,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+22127,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+39868,,Chile,1.0,f
+41451,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+41207,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+15006,,,1.0,f
+28102,,,1.0,f
+8323,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+26650,,,2.0,t
+36943,,Zimbabwe,2.0,t
+18272,90%,Vietnam,3.0,f
+34743,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+28259,,Niue,1.0,t
+47065,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+34936,,Maldives,1.0,t
+42058,,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+44474,,,2.0,t
+34382,100%,Micronesia,2.0,f
+20044,,,1.0,f
+14699,67%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+37544,100%,Malta,2.0,f
+20124,100%,France,2.0,t
+15311,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),1.0,f
+27026,,,1.0,t
+37988,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+10228,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+4012,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+4923,,,1.0,t
+22855,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+25701,50%,,1.0,f
+24714,,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+3423,,Nauru,3.0,f
+14030,,,1.0,f
+24625,100%,Micronesia,1.0,t
+49162,,Niue,1.0,t
+23581,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+11047,96%,Senegal,3.0,t
+56,100%,Kiribati,2.0,t
+23712,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+14626,,Niue,1.0,f
+40725,,Gambia,1.0,f
+24439,,Guinea,1.0,f
+39812,100%,Nicaragua,6.0,t
+10305,,Somalia,3.0,t
+12403,92%,Vietnam,3.0,t
+4168,,Monaco,2.0,t
+11525,90%,Australia,1.0,t
+38098,100%,Zimbabwe,7.0,t
+39825,,,1.0,f
+16115,,Peru,1.0,t
+1378,,Guinea,1.0,t
+31770,,,2.0,f
+46656,50%,France,2.0,f
+19777,100%,French Guiana,1.0,f
+21247,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+45191,100%,Montserrat,3.0,t
+24419,,Malawi,2.0,f
+46695,,Afghanistan,1.0,f
+3835,,,1.0,f
+35685,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+38705,,Guinea,1.0,t
+33494,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+38698,100%,France,2.0,t
+26875,100%,Tanzania,1.0,f
+8582,0%,,1.0,t
+20727,100%,Russian Federation,4.0,t
+49133,100%,Reunion,3.0,t
+1711,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+23615,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,t
+8515,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+20371,,,1.0,f
+29780,,,1.0,t
+1169,,Guinea,3.0,f
+45067,75%,,3.0,t
+18574,,,1.0,f
+22192,,,1.0,t
+12321,100%,,1.0,f
+38277,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+20208,,Croatia,1.0,t
+20385,,,1.0,f
+10442,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+18619,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+26778,100%,Kiribati,2.0,f
+7436,,,1.0,t
+19682,100%,Faroe Islands,15.0,t
+38541,,,1.0,f
+776,100%,,1.0,t
+9131,100%,Gambia,5.0,f
+34043,,Venezuela,1.0,t
+44042,100%,,1.0,t
+9915,,Brunei Darussalam,2.0,f
+3786,100%,,1.0,f
+36273,,,2.0,f
+38301,90%,Spain,2.0,f
+38406,96%,Russian Federation,6.0,t
+1576,50%,,1.0,f
+41637,,Niue,1.0,f
+38013,100%,,1.0,f
+26878,80%,Monaco,2.0,t
+37477,,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+44670,,Monaco,1.0,f
+25001,100%,Saint Helena,1.0,f
+467,50%,,1.0,f
+40234,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+32627,100%,,1.0,f
+15362,,Guinea,1.0,t
+11798,,French Guiana,1.0,t
+1848,,Kenya,1.0,t
+42811,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+23027,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+19154,100%,France,2.0,t
+23275,,Micronesia,5.0,t
+34136,,Chad,1.0,t
+50003,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+46636,,,1.0,t
+15868,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+1574,,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,t
+12618,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+2667,100%,Niue,3.0,f
+14641,100%,,1.0,t
+34130,,,1.0,f
+19871,,China,1.0,t
+36510,,Tonga,1.0,t
+27909,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+23696,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+27265,100%,Togo,2.0,t
+48766,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+2322,100%,Denmark,2.0,f
+27724,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+40752,100%,Tunisia,5.0,t
+13114,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+6496,83%,Cuba,2.0,t
+47527,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+27456,,,1.0,t
+17327,,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+7687,,Brunei Darussalam,1.0,f
+5158,100%,,1.0,f
+43640,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,1.0,f
+34435,,,1.0,t
+44669,33%,France,1.0,f
+44499,100%,,1.0,f
+24916,100%,,1.0,f
+19263,,Guinea,1.0,t
+38611,100%,,1.0,t
+43273,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+8893,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+22424,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+40961,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+39330,,Jersey,1.0,f
+681,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+34096,100%,Andorra,10.0,f
+48295,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+31481,,France,1.0,f
+49504,100%,Guinea,2.0,f
+10060,,Sao Tome and Principe,2.0,f
+10650,,,1.0,f
+44823,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+33634,,Guinea,1.0,f
+7802,100%,Anguilla,1.0,t
+49862,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+49280,,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+30695,,Guinea,1.0,f
+23281,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+1992,,,1.0,f
+870,,Somalia,1.0,f
+20327,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+31706,,Niue,1.0,f
+8583,90%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+21441,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+41214,,Guinea,1.0,t
+28162,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+16562,,Tunisia,1.0,t
+40831,100%,Croatia,1.0,f
+29581,100%,Nicaragua,1.0,f
+42989,100%,,2.0,f
+21795,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,t
+42438,100%,,1.0,t
+31146,,,1.0,t
+27003,100%,,1.0,t
+21085,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+38034,80%,,1.0,f
+33202,100%,,2.0,t
+11749,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+17295,,Jersey,1.0,f
+16181,100%,Tanzania,2.0,f
+30683,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+24939,0%,,1.0,f
+4302,,Lebanon,2.0,t
+10018,,,1.0,t
+22118,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+3165,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+46324,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+10635,100%,Peru,1.0,t
+10265,100%,Micronesia,3.0,f
+47247,,Somalia,1.0,f
+31719,100%,Pakistan,1.0,t
+40964,,,1.0,t
+38711,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+36931,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+27314,,,1.0,f
+14110,,Tanzania,1.0,f
+5521,100%,,1.0,f
+14321,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+25755,,El Salvador,1.0,t
+13704,,,1.0,t
+30785,100%,Jersey,1.0,t
+14035,94%,Greenland,1.0,f
+12391,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+49915,100%,Tunisia,1.0,t
+39055,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+22513,90%,Jersey,4.0,t
+3532,100%,Congo,1.0,f
+36733,100%,Tanzania,1.0,t
+39982,,Estonia,1.0,f
+9583,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+34653,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+29932,100%,France,2.0,t
+45201,,,1.0,f
+37298,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+3796,,Togo,1.0,f
+31005,,,1.0,f
+26129,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+43100,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+18715,100%,,1.0,t
+12901,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+928,,,1.0,f
+13299,,Lithuania,1.0,t
+46644,100%,Finland,1.0,f
+48448,,Reunion,1.0,f
+12823,100%,Niue,2.0,f
+47938,100%,Niue,4.0,f
+6354,,,1.0,f
+41153,100%,Guinea,9.0,f
+43274,,France,1.0,t
+40263,,Nauru,3.0,f
+38763,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),1.0,f
+522,,,1.0,t
+18362,100%,Uganda,5.0,f
+32530,100%,Chad,1.0,t
+32324,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+18374,100%,,3.0,f
+25824,100%,Croatia,1.0,t
+21996,,,1.0,f
+36874,80%,,2.0,f
+10571,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+20686,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+47257,,,1.0,f
+18528,96%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+1654,100%,,1.0,t
+28946,100%,Vanuatu,1.0,t
+7970,90%,Isle of Man,3.0,t
+34376,,Nauru,1.0,f
+9551,,Denmark,1.0,f
+44777,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+28249,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+43973,,,1.0,f
+49692,,,1.0,t
+19913,100%,,1.0,t
+22495,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+16107,100%,Brazil,1.0,t
+47510,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+2935,100%,Isle of Man,3.0,t
+17472,100%,Holy See (Vatican City State),2.0,t
+32155,,Uzbekistan,2.0,t
+46798,,Micronesia,2.0,f
+36816,100%,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,f
+31090,75%,,1.0,t
+12350,100%,Niger,2.0,t
+21735,50%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+46780,,,1.0,t
+3649,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+28981,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+34925,100%,Maldives,1.0,f
+20786,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+30757,90%,Croatia,2.0,f
+38982,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+33034,,Vietnam,1.0,f
+23329,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+29523,100%,,1.0,f
+16238,,,1.0,t
+47817,100%,Saint Helena,2.0,f
+26114,100%,,1.0,t
+11403,80%,Barbados,3.0,f
+18611,,Chad,1.0,t
+37392,100%,Micronesia,7.0,t
+39973,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+14984,100%,,2.0,f
+2571,60%,,1.0,f
+15923,,Denmark,1.0,f
+32208,,Guinea,1.0,f
+22315,,Malawi,1.0,f
+12032,100%,Mauritania,2.0,t
+15168,100%,Venezuela,2.0,f
+38362,,,1.0,f
+42589,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+22457,80%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+8734,,Estonia,1.0,f
+15436,,Tonga,1.0,t
+1194,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+4057,100%,Rwanda,16.0,f
+3583,,Niue,1.0,f
+47782,,,1.0,f
+35078,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+32358,,France,1.0,t
+2716,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+4789,,Indonesia,1.0,t
+25239,100%,Cape Verde,1.0,f
+17174,100%,Mauritania,1.0,t
+35102,,Maldives,1.0,t
+25997,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+27108,,France,1.0,f
+21161,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+2553,100%,Turks and Caicos Islands,3.0,f
+24402,,Estonia,1.0,f
+12499,,,1.0,t
+8866,90%,Tonga,2.0,t
+23472,80%,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+19642,,,1.0,t
+29908,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+7967,100%,Venezuela,1.0,f
+73,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+43947,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+49632,10%,Reunion,1.0,f
+24059,,,1.0,t
+10151,,Uganda,1.0,t
+8511,,,1.0,t
+40765,100%,,1.0,f
+41511,100%,,1.0,f
+23943,100%,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+19310,100%,Indonesia,1.0,t
+31276,,,1.0,t
+50004,100%,,1.0,t
+47777,0%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+20714,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+45333,,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+28509,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+43093,,Niue,1.0,f
+28134,,Guernsey,1.0,t
+5004,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+45078,100%,Barbados,1.0,f
+23372,100%,Niger,5.0,t
+32042,,Tonga,1.0,t
+14346,,,3.0,t
+40464,100%,,1.0,f
+38438,,Venezuela,1.0,f
+29424,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+40338,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+27587,75%,,1.0,f
+14494,100%,Rwanda,3.0,f
+14529,,Peru,2.0,t
+37910,,,2.0,f
+17416,88%,Turkmenistan,1.0,f
+44359,,Canada,1.0,t
+13723,100%,Gambia,4.0,t
+42044,,Uruguay,1.0,f
+40559,95%,Tonga,1.0,f
+30145,,,3.0,t
+16654,,,1.0,t
+5892,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+21252,,Guinea,1.0,t
+28458,100%,Turkmenistan,6.0,f
+6148,100%,,1.0,t
+9594,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+20563,86%,,1.0,f
+11256,100%,Kenya,1.0,f
+28531,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+35079,100%,,1.0,t
+46735,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+32445,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+48255,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+18499,100%,Saint Helena,5.0,f
+40507,,Congo,2.0,f
+1898,,,1.0,t
+30761,,,2.0,t
+39522,,,1.0,f
+49814,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+29640,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+38992,100%,,1.0,f
+18202,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+4578,,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+39601,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+17350,,Faroe Islands,1.0,f
+32932,,Reunion,1.0,f
+2039,,Jersey,1.0,t
+33624,100%,,1.0,f
+16147,,,1.0,f
+2248,,,5.0,f
+7519,,,1.0,f
+36064,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+31956,100%,Uruguay,1.0,f
+13290,,,1.0,f
+2351,,,1.0,t
+28658,,,1.0,f
+24164,0%,,1.0,f
+48530,100%,Malta,1.0,t
+5938,100%,,3.0,f
+33394,100%,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+5936,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+10224,,Nicaragua,2.0,t
+9855,100%,,1.0,f
+44334,100%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+25628,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+5949,,,1.0,f
+21438,100%,China,3.0,f
+20881,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+49809,,,1.0,f
+48848,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+20366,,,1.0,t
+41505,,,1.0,t
+7144,,Niger,1.0,t
+3975,,Chad,1.0,f
+40398,,,1.0,f
+45147,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+38668,100%,Lithuania,1.0,t
+35754,0%,Lebanon,1.0,t
+48113,100%,Marshall Islands,1.0,f
+37802,,Micronesia,1.0,f
+41115,,,1.0,t
+15268,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+45618,,French Polynesia,1.0,f
+45956,100%,,1.0,f
+5808,,,1.0,t
+19378,,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+39129,67%,Mauritania,3.0,t
+20178,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+41539,,Puerto Rico,1.0,f
+46058,100%,Turkmenistan,3.0,t
+20754,,China,13.0,f
+48837,100%,,1.0,f
+5159,,Brazil,1.0,f
+36292,100%,,1.0,f
+18622,,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+13864,,,1.0,f
+45931,,Niue,1.0,f
+42508,,,1.0,t
+23156,,,1.0,f
+9672,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,3.0,t
+2131,100%,,1.0,t
+29056,,,2.0,f
+49119,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+36758,89%,Russian Federation,2.0,f
+10788,25%,Lebanon,2.0,f
+584,,,1.0,f
+20835,100%,Gibraltar,3.0,f
+50051,100%,Netherlands,5.0,t
+24723,,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+17142,100%,Anguilla,1.0,f
+49256,,,1.0,f
+39992,,Nicaragua,1.0,t
+37125,100%,Rwanda,1.0,f
+28771,,Greenland,1.0,f
+35362,,Gambia,1.0,f
+23780,,Faroe Islands,3.0,f
+32889,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+33004,100%,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+32980,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+39418,,Niue,1.0,t
+37023,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+7478,,,2.0,t
+35442,,Russian Federation,14.0,f
+42878,100%,Greenland,1.0,f
+14419,92%,Cuba,2.0,t
+29306,100%,,1.0,f
+12080,,,1.0,t
+1798,,Faroe Islands,2.0,t
+23144,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+43476,100%,Gibraltar,2.0,t
+9008,,,3.0,t
+30610,100%,Kiribati,1.0,t
+37567,,Estonia,2.0,f
+15100,100%,,1.0,t
+49906,100%,,1.0,f
+42433,,,1.0,t
+42448,,Portugal,1.0,t
+293,100%,Lebanon,1.0,f
+28668,100%,Gibraltar,1.0,t
+13907,,,1.0,f
+32915,100%,Zimbabwe,1.0,t
+3948,,Niue,1.0,f
+25472,100%,,1.0,f
+37362,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+16859,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,t
+32263,100%,,1.0,t
+43677,50%,,1.0,f
+17004,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+35513,100%,United Kingdom,1.0,f
+18851,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,t
+38829,,Canada,1.0,f
+23143,65%,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),14.0,f
+24817,,Gambia,2.0,t
+26695,,,1.0,f
+21707,,Niue,1.0,f
+24353,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+513,80%,Uganda,1.0,f
+23801,,Wallis and Futuna,1.0,f
+23877,100%,,1.0,f
+25226,100%,,1.0,t
+14031,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+12528,0%,Fiji,1.0,f
+27792,100%,,2.0,f
+45602,100%,,1.0,t
+17628,,Chile,1.0,t
+5227,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+3653,100%,,1.0,t
+21922,75%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+23752,,Canada,1.0,f
+8103,100%,Tonga,1.0,f
+32101,100%,,1.0,f
+42114,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,3.0,t
+17341,70%,Malawi,2.0,f
+39953,,Maldives,1.0,t
+12953,100%,Guernsey,1.0,f
+42408,,Afghanistan,1.0,t
+9171,,Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands,1.0,t
+32211,,Anguilla,1.0,f
+15771,100%,,3.0,t
+16239,,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,t
+7381,100%,Micronesia,1.0,f
+5409,100%,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+14879,,,1.0,f
+20856,,,1.0,t
+5568,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+44494,,Malta,2.0,f
+35786,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+36113,,Tonga,1.0,t
+7229,,,1.0,f
+15180,,Djibouti,1.0,t
+35307,100%,,1.0,f
+25273,90%,,1.0,t
+45322,100%,,1.0,f
+29220,50%,Costa Rica,1.0,t
+8939,,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+45142,,,1.0,t
+19678,90%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,t
+46082,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,t
+18134,,Mauritania,1.0,f
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+9362,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+42357,,Micronesia,1.0,t
+1264,90%,Denmark,1.0,f
+39767,100%,,1.0,f
+25005,100%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+133,0%,,1.0,f
+23045,,,3.0,f
+21439,,Faroe Islands,1.0,t
+22362,,,1.0,f
+4846,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+47869,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+13654,0%,Chad,1.0,f
+21182,,Lebanon,1.0,f
+24128,54%,Suriname,9.0,t
+34062,,Uganda,5.0,t
+17760,,Anguilla,2.0,f
+19750,,Niger,1.0,f
+15260,,Maldives,1.0,f
+36250,,Tonga,1.0,t
+9000,,Papua New Guinea,1.0,t
+22675,100%,Indonesia,1.0,f
+28432,,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+6260,,,1.0,f
+32176,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,1.0,f
+2561,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+29787,,,1.0,f
+49148,,French Guiana,1.0,f
+38060,,Chad,1.0,t
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+26864,,,1.0,f
+23124,100%,,1.0,f
+7197,100%,Niue,1.0,t
+43081,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+6311,,Gambia,1.0,t
+8775,,,1.0,t
+5220,90%,Papua New Guinea,1.0,f
+15454,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+17262,100%,Slovakia (Slovak Republic),1.0,f
+6061,0%,Tonga,2.0,t
+40910,100%,France,2.0,f
+20485,100%,China,1.0,f
+33801,,,1.0,f
+29114,,Monaco,1.0,f
+45475,100%,Montserrat,2.0,f
+32055,29%,,1.0,f
+40296,100%,Ukraine,1.0,f
+21025,,,1.0,t
+15987,67%,Costa Rica,1.0,f
+35070,100%,,3.0,f
+24950,,Denmark,1.0,t
+485,80%,French Guiana,2.0,f
+36004,33%,,2.0,t
+5569,100%,Suriname,2.0,t
+34122,0%,,1.0,f
+17104,,Bosnia and Herzegovina,2.0,t
+2368,78%,France,1.0,t
+19958,100%,Congo,40.0,t
+58,,,1.0,t
+28794,100%,Denmark,1.0,f
+28203,100%,,2.0,t
+21422,,Gambia,1.0,f
+22872,,,1.0,f
+3230,100%,Turkmenistan,2.0,t
+46881,100%,Andorra,1.0,f
+5128,100%,Tunisia,2.0,t
+41840,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+10348,100%,Tunisia,1.0,f
+16973,100%,Lithuania,1.0,f
+27894,,Zimbabwe,1.0,f
+23219,,,1.0,f
+16284,,Lebanon,1.0,t
+3840,100%,Estonia,1.0,t
+16257,100%,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+29448,,Mauritania,1.0,t
+6403,,,1.0,t
+12459,,Rwanda,1.0,f
+4723,100%,,8.0,f
+5166,100%,Ecuador,16.0,t
+39378,100%,Brazil,1.0,f
+43002,100%,Gambia,1.0,f
+42613,,Monaco,1.0,f
+45991,100%,Sao Tome and Principe,1.0,f
+16908,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+48541,,Russian Federation,2.0,t
+35210,,China,1.0,t
+41277,,Niue,1.0,f
+25043,,,1.0,f
+33538,100%,Isle of Man,1.0,f
+37610,,,1.0,f
+30354,,Gibraltar,1.0,f
+36002,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+12056,,Turkmenistan,1.0,t
+32641,,Tonga,1.0,f
+31244,57%,Niger,4.0,t
+21599,,Brazil,1.0,t
+41944,,,1.0,t
+47033,100%,Estonia,1.0,f
+33305,,Malta,1.0,t
+40953,100%,Cocos (Keeling) Islands,1.0,f
+8678,100%,Saint Helena,2.0,t
+15955,88%,Malta,4.0,t
+51,,Montserrat,1.0,t
+35585,,Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya),2.0,f
+26274,100%,Niue,1.0,f
+36066,96%,Isle of Man,2.0,t
+7724,100%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+14119,,Vanuatu,1.0,f
+21080,100%,Mexico,1.0,f
+46984,,Ecuador,1.0,f
+26735,100%,,1.0,f
+12281,100%,Malta,1.0,f
+11222,100%,,1.0,f
+48186,100%,,1.0,t
+21949,100%,Monaco,1.0,t
+26913,,Niue,1.0,t
+49177,,Anguilla,2.0,t
+1618,100%,,1.0,t
+6957,,Rwanda,1.0,t
+7554,100%,,1105.0,f
+34243,95%,Uzbekistan,1.0,f
+12502,89%,Denmark,1.0,f
+20213,,Russian Federation,1.0,f
+2235,100%,Guinea,1.0,f
+2353,100%,Senegal,2.0,t
+49772,100%,Jersey,1.0,f
+16548,90%,,2.0,f
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/reviews.csv b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/reviews.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b472d0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/reviews.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,15532 @@
+shuttle_id,review_scores_rating,review_scores_comfort,review_scores_amenities,review_scores_trip,review_scores_crew,review_scores_location,review_scores_price,number_of_reviews,reviews_per_month
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diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/shuttles.xlsx b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/shuttles.xlsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd48599b
Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Datasets/shuttles.xlsx differ
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/CompanySchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/CompanySchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0db3cbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/CompanySchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record CompanySchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("id")]
+  public string Id { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_rating")]
+  public string CompanyRating { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("iata_approved")]
+  public string IataApproved { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_location")]
+  public string CompanyLocation { get; init; } = null!;
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ReviewSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ReviewSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6b6d9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ReviewSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ReviewSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_id")]
+  public string ShuttleId { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("review_scores_rating")]
+  public string ReviewScoresRating { get; init; } = null!;
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ShuttleSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ShuttleSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e42efca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_01_Raw/Schemas/ShuttleSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ShuttleSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("id")]
+  public string Id { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_type")]
+  public string ShuttleType { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_id")]
+  public string CompanyId { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("engines")]
+  public string Engines { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("passenger_capacity")]
+  public string PassengerCapacity { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("crew")]
+  public string Crew { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("price")]
+  public string Price { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("d_check_complete")]
+  public string DCheckComplete { get; init; } = null!;
+
+  [SerializedLabel("moon_clearance_complete")]
+  public string MoonClearanceComplete { get; init; } = null!;
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Catalog.Intermediate.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Catalog.Intermediate.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c0bad87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Catalog.Intermediate.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+using SparkFactory = Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.ItemFactory;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Intermediate data layer: preprocessed typed datasets held as deferred Spark execution plans.
+/// All items are in-memory TypedFrames — no file persistence at this layer.
+/// </summary>
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<TypedFrame<PreprocessedCompanySchema>> PreprocessedCompanies =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () => SparkFactory.Frame.Memory<PreprocessedCompanySchema>(label: "PreprocessedCompanies")
+    );
+
+  public IItem<TypedFrame<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>> PreprocessedShuttles =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () => SparkFactory.Frame.Memory<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>(label: "PreprocessedShuttles")
+    );
+
+  public IItem<TypedFrame<ParsedReviewSchema>> ParsedReviews =>
+    CreateItem(() => SparkFactory.Frame.Memory<ParsedReviewSchema>(label: "ParsedReviews"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/ParsedReviewSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/ParsedReviewSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e069398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/ParsedReviewSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Review data filtered to entries with valid numeric scores.
+/// Produced by PreprocessReviewsStep; passed into the model input table join as a TypedFrame.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ParsedReviewSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_id")]
+  public required string ShuttleId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("review_scores_rating")]
+  public required double ReviewScoresRating { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedCompanySchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedCompanySchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ccbbff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedCompanySchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Preprocessed company data with strongly-typed fields.
+/// Uses double for floating-point fields to match Spark's DoubleType columns.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record PreprocessedCompanySchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("id")]
+  public required string Id { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_rating")]
+  public required double CompanyRating { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("iata_approved")]
+  public required bool IataApproved { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_location")]
+  public required string CompanyLocation { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedShuttleSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedShuttleSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd1f0162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_02_Intermediate/Schemas/PreprocessedShuttleSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Preprocessed shuttle data with strongly-typed fields.
+/// Uses double for floating-point fields to match Spark's DoubleType columns.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record PreprocessedShuttleSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("id")]
+  public required string Id { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_type")]
+  public required string ShuttleType { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_id")]
+  public required string CompanyId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("engines")]
+  public required int Engines { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("passenger_capacity")]
+  public required int PassengerCapacity { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("crew")]
+  public required int Crew { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("price")]
+  public required double Price { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("d_check_complete")]
+  public required bool DCheckComplete { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("moon_clearance_complete")]
+  public required bool MoonClearanceComplete { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Catalog.Primary.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Catalog.Primary.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74d62412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Catalog.Primary.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._03_Primary.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Unified model input table. Persisted to Parquet at this layer so the DataScience
+  /// flow can consume it as a materialized IEnumerable without requiring Spark.
+  /// The TypedFrame produced by CreateModelInputTableStep materializes implicitly
+  /// when the Parquet serializer enumerates it.
+  /// </summary>
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<ModelInputTableSchema>> ModelInputTable =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Parquet<ModelInputTableSchema>(
+          label: "ModelInputTable",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_03_Primary/Datasets/model_input_table.parquet"
+        )
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ModelInputTableSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ModelInputTableSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..062d7c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ModelInputTableSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._03_Primary.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Unified model input table combining shuttle, company, and review data.
+/// Uses double for floating-point fields to match Spark's DoubleType columns.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ModelInputTableSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_id")]
+  public required string ShuttleId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_type")]
+  public required string ShuttleType { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_id")]
+  public required string CompanyId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("engines")]
+  public required int Engines { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("passenger_capacity")]
+  public required int PassengerCapacity { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("crew")]
+  public required int Crew { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("d_check_complete")]
+  public required bool DCheckComplete { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("moon_clearance_complete")]
+  public required bool MoonClearanceComplete { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("price")]
+  public required double Price { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("iata_approved")]
+  public required bool IataApproved { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_rating")]
+  public required double CompanyRating { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("review_scores_rating")]
+  public required double ReviewScoresRating { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ShuttleReviewSchema.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ShuttleReviewSchema.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b310725b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_03_Primary/Schemas/ShuttleReviewSchema.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._03_Primary.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Intermediate join result combining preprocessed shuttle data with a review score.
+/// Produced by joining TypedFrame&lt;PreprocessedShuttleSchema&gt; with
+/// TypedFrame&lt;ParsedReviewSchema&gt;; consumed by the second join that adds company fields.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ShuttleReviewSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_id")]
+  public required string ShuttleId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_type")]
+  public required string ShuttleType { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("company_id")]
+  public required string CompanyId { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("engines")]
+  public required int Engines { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("passenger_capacity")]
+  public required int PassengerCapacity { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("crew")]
+  public required int Crew { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("price")]
+  public required double Price { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("d_check_complete")]
+  public required bool DCheckComplete { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("moon_clearance_complete")]
+  public required bool MoonClearanceComplete { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("review_scores_rating")]
+  public required double ReviewScoresRating { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_04_Feature/Catalog.Feature.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_04_Feature/Catalog.Feature.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0478086b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_04_Feature/Catalog.Feature.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  // Feature datasets added here as the pipeline evolves.
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Catalog.ModelInput.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Catalog.ModelInput.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a49f5fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Catalog.ModelInput.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._05_ModelInput.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<TrainingData>> TrainSplit =>
+    CreateItem(() => ItemFactory.Enumerable.Memory<TrainingData>(label: "XTrain"));
+
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<TestData>> TestSplit =>
+    CreateItem(() => ItemFactory.Enumerable.Memory<TestData>(label: "XTest"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Schemas/TestTrainSplit.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Schemas/TestTrainSplit.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..accdca23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_05_ModelInput/Schemas/TestTrainSplit.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._05_ModelInput.Schemas;
+
+public record TrainingData
+{
+  public FeatureVector Features { get; init; } = null!;
+  public double Label { get; init; }
+}
+
+public record TestData
+{
+  public FeatureVector Features { get; init; } = null!;
+  public double Label { get; init; }
+}
+
+public record FeatureVector
+{
+  public int Engines { get; init; }
+  public int PassengerCapacity { get; init; }
+  public int Crew { get; init; }
+  public bool DCheckComplete { get; init; }
+  public bool MoonClearanceComplete { get; init; }
+  public bool IataApproved { get; init; }
+  public double CompanyRating { get; init; }
+  public double ReviewScoresRating { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Catalog.Models.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Catalog.Models.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..185d502a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Catalog.Models.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._06_Models.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<LinearRegressionModel> Regressor =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Single.Json<LinearRegressionModel>(
+          label: "Regressor",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_06_Models/Datasets/regressor.json"
+        )
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Schemas/LinearRegressionModel.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Schemas/LinearRegressionModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b71997d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_06_Models/Schemas/LinearRegressionModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._06_Models.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record LinearRegressionModel
+{
+  public double[] Coefficients { get; init; } = Array.Empty<double>();
+  public double Intercept { get; init; }
+  public string[] FeatureNames { get; init; } = Array.Empty<string>();
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Catalog.ModelOutput.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Catalog.ModelOutput.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45751e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Catalog.ModelOutput.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._07_ModelOutput.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<ModelMetrics> ModelMetrics =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Single.Json<ModelMetrics>(
+          label: "ModelMetrics",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_07_ModelOutput/Datasets/model_metrics.json"
+        )
+    );
+
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<ModelPredictions>> ModelPredictions =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Json<ModelPredictions>(
+          label: "ModelPredictions",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_07_ModelOutput/Datasets/model_predictions.json"
+        )
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelMetrics.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelMetrics.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbb5db21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelMetrics.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._07_ModelOutput.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ModelMetrics
+{
+  public required decimal R2Score { get; init; }
+  public required decimal MeanAbsoluteError { get; init; }
+  public required decimal MaxError { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelPredictions.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelPredictions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b0ebdb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_07_ModelOutput/Schemas/ModelPredictions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._07_ModelOutput.Schemas;
+
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ModelPredictions
+{
+  public double Actual { get; init; }
+  public double Predicted { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Catalog.Reporting.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Catalog.Reporting.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71d29ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Catalog.Reporting.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._08_Reporting.Schemas;
+using Plotly.NET;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+
+public partial class Catalog
+{
+  public IItem<IEnumerable<ShuttleCapacityReport>> ShuttleCapacityReport =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Enumerable.Json<ShuttleCapacityReport>(
+          label: "ShuttleCapacityReport",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_08_Reporting/Datasets/shuttle_capacity_report.json"
+        )
+    );
+
+  public IItem<GenericChart> ShuttlePassengerCapacityChart =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () => ItemFactory.Single.Memory<GenericChart>(label: "ShuttlePassengerCapacityChart")
+    );
+
+  public IItem<byte[]> ShuttlePassengerCapacityPlotPng =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Single.Binary(
+          label: "ShuttlePassengerCapacityPlotPng",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_08_Reporting/Images/shuttle_passenger_capacity_plot.png"
+        )
+    );
+
+  public IItem<GenericChart> ConfusionMatrixChart =>
+    CreateItem(() => ItemFactory.Single.Memory<GenericChart>(label: "ConfusionMatrixChart"));
+
+  public IItem<byte[]> ConfusionMatrixPlotPng =>
+    CreateItem(
+      () =>
+        ItemFactory.Single.Binary(
+          label: "ConfusionMatrixPlotPng",
+          filePath: $"{_basePath}/_08_Reporting/Images/confusion_matrix_plot.png"
+        )
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Schemas/ShuttleCapacityReport.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Schemas/ShuttleCapacityReport.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b68e96b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Data/_08_Reporting/Schemas/ShuttleCapacityReport.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._08_Reporting.Schemas;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Passenger capacity summary grouped by shuttle type.
+/// Uses double for AvgPassengerCapacity to match Spark's DoubleType output from GroupBy.Aggregate.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruSchema]
+public partial record ShuttleCapacityReport
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("shuttle_type")]
+  public required string ShuttleType { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("avg_passenger_capacity")]
+  public required double AvgPassengerCapacity { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/DataProcessingFlow.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/DataProcessingFlow.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ba768a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/DataProcessingFlow.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Flows;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing.Steps;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing;
+
+public static class DataProcessingFlow
+{
+  public static Flow Create(Catalog catalog)
+  {
+    return FlowBuilder.CreateFlow(pipeline =>
+    {
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "PreprocessCompanies",
+        description: "Parses raw company strings into a typed Spark DataFrame.",
+        transform: PreprocessCompaniesStep.Create(catalog.frameProvider),
+        input: catalog.Companies,
+        output: catalog.PreprocessedCompanies
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "PreprocessShuttles",
+        description: "Parses raw shuttle strings into a typed Spark DataFrame.",
+        transform: PreprocessShuttlesStep.Create(catalog.frameProvider),
+        input: catalog.Shuttles,
+        output: catalog.PreprocessedShuttles
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "PreprocessReviews",
+        description: "Filters reviews to valid numeric scores and loads them into a Spark DataFrame.",
+        transform: PreprocessReviewsStep.Create(catalog.frameProvider),
+        input: catalog.Reviews,
+        output: catalog.ParsedReviews
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "CreateModelInputTable",
+        description: """
+          Joins preprocessed shuttle and company TypedFrames with parsed review scores using
+          Spark distributed joins, then materializes the result to Parquet.
+        """,
+        transform: CreateModelInputTableStep.Create(),
+        input: (catalog.PreprocessedShuttles, catalog.PreprocessedCompanies, catalog.ParsedReviews),
+        output: catalog.ModelInputTable
+      );
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/CreateModelInputTableStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/CreateModelInputTableStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00f11013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/CreateModelInputTableStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._03_Primary.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Joins the three preprocessed TypedFrames using Spark distributed joins to produce
+/// the unified model input table.
+///
+/// Join order:
+///   1. Shuttles ⋈ ParsedReviews   (on shuttle.Id = review.ShuttleId)
+///   2. Result   ⋈ Companies        (on shuttleReview.CompanyId = company.Id)
+///
+/// The result is a TypedFrame&lt;ModelInputTableSchema&gt;. The output catalog item is
+/// IItem&lt;IEnumerable&lt;ModelInputTableSchema&gt;&gt; backed by Parquet. Materialization
+/// (TypedFrame → IEnumerable) happens implicitly when the Parquet serializer enumerates
+/// the frame — no explicit Collect() call required.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class CreateModelInputTableStep
+{
+  public static Func<
+    (
+      TypedFrame<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>,
+      TypedFrame<PreprocessedCompanySchema>,
+      TypedFrame<ParsedReviewSchema>
+    ),
+    TypedFrame<ModelInputTableSchema>
+  > Create()
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var (shuttles, companies, reviews) = input;
+
+      // Step 1: Join shuttles with parsed reviews on shuttle.Id = review.ShuttleId
+      var shuttlesWithReviews = shuttles.Join(
+        reviews,
+        s => s.Id,
+        r => r.ShuttleId,
+        (s, r) =>
+          new ShuttleReviewSchema
+          {
+            ShuttleId = s.Id,
+            ShuttleType = s.ShuttleType,
+            CompanyId = s.CompanyId,
+            Engines = s.Engines,
+            PassengerCapacity = s.PassengerCapacity,
+            Crew = s.Crew,
+            Price = s.Price,
+            DCheckComplete = s.DCheckComplete,
+            MoonClearanceComplete = s.MoonClearanceComplete,
+            ReviewScoresRating = r.ReviewScoresRating,
+          }
+      );
+
+      // Step 2: Join with companies on shuttleReview.CompanyId = company.Id
+      return shuttlesWithReviews.Join(
+        companies,
+        sr => sr.CompanyId,
+        c => c.Id,
+        (sr, c) =>
+          new ModelInputTableSchema
+          {
+            ShuttleId = sr.ShuttleId,
+            ShuttleType = sr.ShuttleType,
+            CompanyId = sr.CompanyId,
+            Engines = sr.Engines,
+            PassengerCapacity = sr.PassengerCapacity,
+            Crew = sr.Crew,
+            DCheckComplete = sr.DCheckComplete,
+            MoonClearanceComplete = sr.MoonClearanceComplete,
+            Price = sr.Price,
+            IataApproved = c.IataApproved,
+            CompanyRating = c.CompanyRating,
+            ReviewScoresRating = sr.ReviewScoresRating,
+          }
+      );
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessCompaniesStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessCompaniesStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6dbea3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessCompaniesStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Parses raw company strings into a typed Spark DataFrame.
+/// The parsing (percentage strings, boolean flags) runs in C# before the rows are
+/// pushed into Spark, keeping Spark focused on the distributed join and aggregation work
+/// rather than format-specific cleaning.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class PreprocessCompaniesStep
+{
+  public static Func<IEnumerable<CompanySchema>, TypedFrame<PreprocessedCompanySchema>> Create(
+    SparkFrameProvider frameProvider
+  )
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var parsed = input
+        .Select(Parse)
+        .Where(item => item != null)
+        .Cast<PreprocessedCompanySchema>();
+
+      return frameProvider.CreateFromEnumerable<PreprocessedCompanySchema>(parsed);
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static PreprocessedCompanySchema? Parse(CompanySchema raw)
+  {
+    bool iataApproved = raw.IataApproved.Trim().ToLowerInvariant() == "t";
+
+    if (!TryParsePercentage(raw.CompanyRating, out var rating))
+      return null;
+
+    return new PreprocessedCompanySchema
+    {
+      Id = raw.Id,
+      CompanyRating = rating,
+      IataApproved = iataApproved,
+      CompanyLocation = raw.CompanyLocation,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static bool TryParsePercentage(string value, out double result)
+  {
+    result = 0;
+    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+      return false;
+
+    var cleaned = value.Replace("%", "").Trim();
+    if (!double.TryParse(cleaned, out var parsed))
+      return false;
+
+    result = parsed / 100.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessReviewsStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessReviewsStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..760f9266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessReviewsStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Filters raw review strings to entries with parseable numeric scores and loads
+/// them into a typed Spark DataFrame.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class PreprocessReviewsStep
+{
+  public static Func<IEnumerable<ReviewSchema>, TypedFrame<ParsedReviewSchema>> Create(
+    SparkFrameProvider frameProvider
+  )
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var parsed = input.Select(Parse).Where(r => r != null).Cast<ParsedReviewSchema>();
+
+      return frameProvider.CreateFromEnumerable(parsed);
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static ParsedReviewSchema? Parse(ReviewSchema raw)
+  {
+    if (!double.TryParse(raw.ReviewScoresRating, out var score))
+      return null;
+
+    return new ParsedReviewSchema { ShuttleId = raw.ShuttleId, ReviewScoresRating = score };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessShuttlesStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessShuttlesStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7250aa47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataProcessing/Steps/PreprocessShuttlesStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._01_Raw.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Parses raw shuttle strings into a typed Spark DataFrame.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class PreprocessShuttlesStep
+{
+  public static Func<IEnumerable<ShuttleSchema>, TypedFrame<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>> Create(
+    SparkFrameProvider frameProvider
+  )
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var parsed = input
+        .Select(Parse)
+        .Where(item => item != null)
+        .Cast<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>();
+
+      return frameProvider.CreateFromEnumerable(parsed);
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static PreprocessedShuttleSchema? Parse(ShuttleSchema raw)
+  {
+    bool dCheckComplete = raw.DCheckComplete.Trim().ToLowerInvariant() == "t";
+    bool moonClearanceComplete = raw.MoonClearanceComplete.Trim().ToLowerInvariant() == "t";
+
+    if (!int.TryParse(raw.Engines, out var engines))
+      return null;
+
+    if (!int.TryParse(raw.PassengerCapacity, out var passengerCapacity))
+      return null;
+
+    if (!int.TryParse(raw.Crew, out var crew))
+      return null;
+
+    if (!TryParseMoney(raw.Price, out var price))
+      return null;
+
+    return new PreprocessedShuttleSchema
+    {
+      Id = raw.Id,
+      ShuttleType = raw.ShuttleType,
+      CompanyId = raw.CompanyId,
+      Engines = engines,
+      PassengerCapacity = passengerCapacity,
+      Crew = crew,
+      Price = price,
+      DCheckComplete = dCheckComplete,
+      MoonClearanceComplete = moonClearanceComplete,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static bool TryParseMoney(string value, out double result)
+  {
+    result = 0;
+    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+      return false;
+
+    var cleaned = value.Replace("$", "").Replace(",", "").Trim();
+    return double.TryParse(cleaned, out result);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/DataScienceFlow.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/DataScienceFlow.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..515ea078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/DataScienceFlow.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Flows;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience.Steps;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience;
+
+public static class DataScienceFlow
+{
+  public record Params
+  {
+    public SplitDataStep.ModelOptions ModelOptions { get; init; } = new();
+  }
+
+  public static Flow Create(Catalog catalog, Params parameters)
+  {
+    return FlowBuilder.CreateFlow(pipeline =>
+    {
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "SplitData",
+        description: "Splits model input data into training and test sets.",
+        transform: SplitDataStep.Create(parameters.ModelOptions),
+        input: catalog.ModelInputTable,
+        output: (catalog.TrainSplit, catalog.TestSplit)
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "TrainModel",
+        description: "Trains a regression model to predict shuttle prices.",
+        transform: TrainModelStep.Create(),
+        input: catalog.TrainSplit,
+        output: catalog.Regressor
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "EvaluateModel",
+        description: "Evaluates the trained model on the test set.",
+        transform: EvaluateModelStep.Create(),
+        input: (catalog.Regressor, catalog.TestSplit),
+        output: (catalog.ModelMetrics, catalog.ModelPredictions)
+      );
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/EvaluateModelStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/EvaluateModelStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34ec30cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/EvaluateModelStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._05_ModelInput.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._06_Models.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._07_ModelOutput.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience.Steps;
+
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class EvaluateModelStep
+{
+  public static Func<
+    (LinearRegressionModel, IEnumerable<TestData>),
+    (ModelMetrics, IEnumerable<ModelPredictions>)
+  > Create()
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var (model, testData) = input;
+      var data = testData.ToList();
+
+      if (data.Count == 0)
+      {
+        return (
+          new ModelMetrics { R2Score = 0, MeanAbsoluteError = 0, MaxError = 0 },
+          Enumerable.Empty<ModelPredictions>()
+        );
+      }
+
+      var predictions = data.Select(d => Predict(model, d.Features)).ToList();
+      var actuals = data.Select(d => d.Label).ToList();
+
+      var predictionPairs = actuals
+        .Zip(predictions, (actual, predicted) => new ModelPredictions { Actual = actual, Predicted = predicted })
+        .ToList();
+
+      return (
+        new ModelMetrics
+        {
+          R2Score = (decimal)CalculateR2(actuals, predictions),
+          MeanAbsoluteError = (decimal)CalculateMae(actuals, predictions),
+          MaxError = (decimal)CalculateMaxError(actuals, predictions),
+        },
+        predictionPairs
+      );
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static double Predict(LinearRegressionModel model, FeatureVector features)
+  {
+    double prediction = model.Intercept;
+    double[] featureValues =
+    [
+      features.Engines,
+      features.PassengerCapacity,
+      features.Crew,
+      features.DCheckComplete ? 1.0 : 0.0,
+      features.IataApproved ? 1.0 : 0.0,
+      features.CompanyRating,
+      features.ReviewScoresRating,
+    ];
+    for (int i = 0; i < model.Coefficients.Length; i++)
+      prediction += model.Coefficients[i] * featureValues[i];
+    return prediction;
+  }
+
+  private static double CalculateR2(List<double> actuals, List<double> predictions)
+  {
+    var mean = actuals.Average();
+    var ssTotal = actuals.Sum(y => Math.Pow(y - mean, 2));
+    var ssResidual = actuals.Zip(predictions, (a, p) => Math.Pow(a - p, 2)).Sum();
+    return 1 - (ssResidual / ssTotal);
+  }
+
+  private static double CalculateMae(List<double> actuals, List<double> predictions) =>
+    actuals.Zip(predictions, (a, p) => Math.Abs(a - p)).Average();
+
+  private static double CalculateMaxError(List<double> actuals, List<double> predictions) =>
+    actuals.Zip(predictions, (a, p) => Math.Abs(a - p)).Max();
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/SplitDataStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/SplitDataStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b858b7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/SplitDataStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._03_Primary.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._05_ModelInput.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience.Steps;
+
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class SplitDataStep
+{
+  public record ModelOptions
+  {
+    public double TestSize { get; init; } = 0.2;
+    public int RandomState { get; init; } = 3;
+    public string[] Features { get; init; } = Array.Empty<string>();
+  }
+
+  public static Func<
+    IEnumerable<ModelInputTableSchema>,
+    (IEnumerable<TrainingData>, IEnumerable<TestData>)
+  > Create(ModelOptions options)
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var data = input.ToList();
+      var random = new Random(options.RandomState);
+      var shuffled = data.OrderBy(_ => random.Next()).ToList();
+      var splitIndex = (int)(shuffled.Count * (1 - options.TestSize));
+
+      var trainData = shuffled
+        .Take(splitIndex)
+        .Select(row => new TrainingData
+        {
+          Features = new FeatureVector
+          {
+            Engines = row.Engines,
+            PassengerCapacity = row.PassengerCapacity,
+            Crew = row.Crew,
+            DCheckComplete = row.DCheckComplete,
+            MoonClearanceComplete = row.MoonClearanceComplete,
+            IataApproved = row.IataApproved,
+            CompanyRating = row.CompanyRating,
+            ReviewScoresRating = row.ReviewScoresRating,
+          },
+          Label = row.Price,
+        });
+
+      var testData = shuffled
+        .Skip(splitIndex)
+        .Select(row => new TestData
+        {
+          Features = new FeatureVector
+          {
+            Engines = row.Engines,
+            PassengerCapacity = row.PassengerCapacity,
+            Crew = row.Crew,
+            DCheckComplete = row.DCheckComplete,
+            MoonClearanceComplete = row.MoonClearanceComplete,
+            IataApproved = row.IataApproved,
+            CompanyRating = row.CompanyRating,
+            ReviewScoresRating = row.ReviewScoresRating,
+          },
+          Label = row.Price,
+        });
+
+      return (trainData, testData);
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/TrainModelStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/TrainModelStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cff74f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/DataScience/Steps/TrainModelStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._05_ModelInput.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._06_Models.Schemas;
+using MathNet.Numerics.LinearRegression;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience.Steps;
+
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class TrainModelStep
+{
+  public static Func<IEnumerable<TrainingData>, LinearRegressionModel> Create()
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var data = input.ToList();
+
+      if (data.Count == 0)
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("No training data available");
+
+      var features = data.Select(d => d.Features).ToList();
+      var labels = data.Select(d => d.Label).ToArray();
+
+      var featureMatrix = new double[features.Count][];
+      for (int i = 0; i < features.Count; i++)
+      {
+        featureMatrix[i] =
+        [
+          features[i].Engines,
+          features[i].PassengerCapacity,
+          features[i].Crew,
+          features[i].DCheckComplete ? 1.0 : 0.0,
+          features[i].IataApproved ? 1.0 : 0.0,
+          features[i].CompanyRating,
+          features[i].ReviewScoresRating,
+        ];
+      }
+
+      var coefficients = MultipleRegression.QR(featureMatrix, labels, intercept: true);
+
+      return new LinearRegressionModel
+      {
+        Intercept = coefficients[0],
+        Coefficients = coefficients.Skip(1).ToArray(),
+        FeatureNames =
+        [
+          "engines",
+          "passenger_capacity",
+          "crew",
+          "d_check_complete",
+          "iata_approved",
+          "company_rating",
+          "review_scores_rating",
+        ],
+      };
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/ReportingFlow.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/ReportingFlow.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..992028cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/ReportingFlow.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Flows;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting.Steps;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting;
+
+public static class ReportingFlow
+{
+  public record Params
+  {
+    public CreateConfusionMatrixStep.Options ConfusionMatrixOptions { get; init; } = new();
+  }
+
+  public static Flow Create(Catalog catalog, Params? parameters = null)
+  {
+    var p = parameters ?? new Params();
+
+    return FlowBuilder.CreateFlow(pipeline =>
+    {
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "ComparePassengerCapacity",
+        description: "Aggregates average passenger capacity by shuttle type using Spark GroupBy.",
+        transform: ComparePassengerCapacityStep.Create(),
+        input: catalog.PreprocessedShuttles,
+        output: catalog.ShuttleCapacityReport
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "GeneratePassengerCapacityChart",
+        transform: GeneratePassengerCapacityChartStep.Create(),
+        input: catalog.PreprocessedShuttles,
+        output: catalog.ShuttlePassengerCapacityChart
+      );
+
+      pipeline.AddStep(
+        label: "GenerateConfusionMatrixChart",
+        transform: CreateConfusionMatrixStep.Create(p.ConfusionMatrixOptions),
+        input: catalog.ModelPredictions,
+        output: catalog.ConfusionMatrixChart
+      );
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/ComparePassengerCapacityStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/ComparePassengerCapacityStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85a7da13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/ComparePassengerCapacityStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._08_Reporting.Schemas;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Aggregates average passenger capacity by shuttle type using a Spark GroupBy.
+///
+/// The input is a TypedFrame. The step chains GroupBy.Aggregate on the distributed frame,
+/// then calls ToList() to materialize the result. Materialization triggers the Spark action
+/// and hydrates the collected rows into typed records.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class ComparePassengerCapacityStep
+{
+  public static Func<
+    TypedFrame<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>,
+    IEnumerable<ShuttleCapacityReport>
+  > Create()
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+      input
+        .GroupBy(s => s.ShuttleType)
+        .Aggregate(ctx => new ShuttleCapacityReport
+        {
+          ShuttleType = ctx.Key,
+          AvgPassengerCapacity = ctx.Avg(s => (double)s.PassengerCapacity),
+        })
+        .OrderBy(r => r.ShuttleType)
+        .ToList();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/CreateConfusionMatrixStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/CreateConfusionMatrixStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89d0ab8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/CreateConfusionMatrixStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._07_ModelOutput.Schemas;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Plotly.NET;
+using Plotly.NET.LayoutObjects;
+using CSharpChart = Plotly.NET.CSharp.Chart;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting.Steps;
+
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class CreateConfusionMatrixStep
+{
+  public record Options
+  {
+    public int NumBins { get; init; } = 4;
+  }
+
+  public static Func<IEnumerable<ModelPredictions>, GenericChart> Create(
+    Options? options = null,
+    ILogger? logger = null
+  )
+  {
+    var opts = options ?? new Options();
+
+    return input =>
+    {
+      var predictions = input.ToList();
+
+      if (!predictions.Any())
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot create confusion matrix from empty predictions");
+
+      logger?.LogInformation(
+        "Generating confusion matrix from {Count} predictions using {NumBins} bins",
+        predictions.Count,
+        opts.NumBins
+      );
+
+      var sortedActuals = predictions.Select(p => p.Actual).OrderBy(v => v).ToList();
+      var thresholds = CalculatePercentileThresholds(sortedActuals, opts.NumBins);
+
+      var binnedPredictions = predictions
+        .Select(p => (Actual: AssignBin(p.Actual, thresholds), Predicted: AssignBin(p.Predicted, thresholds)))
+        .ToList();
+
+      var matrix = new int[opts.NumBins, opts.NumBins];
+      foreach (var (actual, predicted) in binnedPredictions)
+        matrix[actual, predicted]++;
+
+      var zValues = new List<List<int>>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < opts.NumBins; i++)
+      {
+        var row = new List<int>();
+        for (int j = 0; j < opts.NumBins; j++)
+          row.Add(matrix[i, j]);
+        zValues.Add(row);
+      }
+
+      var binLabels = Enumerable.Range(1, opts.NumBins).Select(i => $"Q{i}").ToList();
+
+      return CSharpChart
+        .Heatmap<int, string, string, int>(zValues, X: binLabels, Y: binLabels, ShowScale: true)
+        .WithXAxisStyle(Title.init("Predicted"))
+        .WithYAxisStyle(Title.init("Actual"))
+        .WithTitle($"Prediction Confusion Matrix ({opts.NumBins} bins)")
+        .WithSize(Math.Max(600, opts.NumBins * 80), Math.Max(600, opts.NumBins * 80));
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static List<double> CalculatePercentileThresholds(List<double> sortedValues, int numBins)
+  {
+    var thresholds = new List<double>();
+    for (int i = 1; i < numBins; i++)
+    {
+      var index = (int)Math.Round((double)i / numBins * sortedValues.Count) - 1;
+      index = Math.Max(0, Math.Min(index, sortedValues.Count - 1));
+      thresholds.Add(sortedValues[index]);
+    }
+    return thresholds;
+  }
+
+  private static int AssignBin(double value, List<double> thresholds)
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < thresholds.Count; i++)
+    {
+      if (value <= thresholds[i])
+        return i;
+    }
+    return thresholds.Count;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/GeneratePassengerCapacityChartStep.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/GeneratePassengerCapacityChartStep.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27ce2c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Flows/Reporting/Steps/GeneratePassengerCapacityChartStep.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Steps;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data._02_Intermediate.Schemas;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Plotly.NET;
+using Plotly.NET.LayoutObjects;
+using CSharpChart = Plotly.NET.CSharp.Chart;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting.Steps;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Generates a bar chart comparing average passenger capacity by shuttle type.
+/// Receives a TypedFrame and enumerates it (triggering Spark materialization) to
+/// produce the aggregated data needed by Plotly.NET.
+/// </summary>
+[FlowthruStep]
+public static class GeneratePassengerCapacityChartStep
+{
+  public static Func<TypedFrame<PreprocessedShuttleSchema>, GenericChart> Create(
+    ILogger? logger = null
+  )
+  {
+    return (input) =>
+    {
+      var shuttles = input.ToList();
+
+      logger?.LogInformation(
+        "Generating passenger capacity chart from {Count} shuttle records",
+        shuttles.Count
+      );
+
+      var aggregated = shuttles
+        .GroupBy(s => s.ShuttleType)
+        .Select(g => new
+        {
+          ShuttleType = g.Key,
+          AvgPassengerCapacity = g.Average(s => s.PassengerCapacity),
+        })
+        .OrderByDescending(x => x.AvgPassengerCapacity)
+        .ToList();
+
+      var shuttleTypes = aggregated.Select(x => x.ShuttleType).ToList();
+      var capacities = aggregated.Select(x => x.AvgPassengerCapacity).ToList();
+
+      return CSharpChart
+        .Column<string, double, double>(shuttleTypes, capacities)
+        .WithXAxisStyle(Title.init("Shuttle Type (Ranked by Capacity)"))
+        .WithYAxisStyle(Title.init("Average Passenger Capacity"))
+        .WithTitle("Shuttle Passenger Capacity Rankings")
+        .WithSize(1000, 600);
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/KedroSpaceflightsSpark.csproj b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/KedroSpaceflightsSpark.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed649850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/KedroSpaceflightsSpark.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Flowthru" Version="FlowthruVersion" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Flowthru.Extensions.Spark" Version="FlowthruVersion" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <None Update="appsettings.json">
+      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
+    </None>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="MathNet.Numerics" Version="5.0.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Plotly.NET" Version="5.1.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Plotly.NET.CSharp" Version="0.13.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Plotly.NET.ImageExport" Version="6.1.0" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Program.cs b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Program.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fda5eccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/Program.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Cli;
+using Flowthru.Core.Services;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Services;
+using Flowthru.Meta;
+using Flowthru.Meta.Providers;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Data;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataProcessing;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.DataScience;
+using KedroSpaceflightsSpark.Flows.Reporting;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace KedroSpaceflightsSpark;
+
+public class Program
+{
+  public static Task<int> Main(string[] args) =>
+    FlowthruCli.RunStandaloneAsync(
+      args,
+      services => ConfigureServices(services, Directory.GetCurrentDirectory())
+    );
+
+  public static IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(string? basePath = null)
+  {
+    var services = new ServiceCollection();
+    ConfigureServices(services, basePath ?? Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
+    return services.BuildServiceProvider();
+  }
+
+  private static void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services, string basePath)
+  {
+    services.AddFlowthru(flowthru =>
+    {
+      flowthru.UseConfiguration(opts => opts.ConfigurationPath = basePath);
+
+      flowthru.RegisterCatalog<Catalog>(sp => new Catalog(
+        Path.Combine(basePath, "Data"),
+        sp.GetRequiredService<SparkFrameProvider>()
+      ));
+
+      flowthru.ConfigureMetadata(meta =>
+      {
+        var metadataPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "Metadata");
+        meta.AddProvider<JsonMetadataProvider, JsonMetadataProviderBuilder>(json =>
+            json.WithOutputDirectory(metadataPath)
+          )
+          .AddProvider<MermaidMetadataProvider, MermaidMetadataProviderBuilder>(mermaid =>
+            mermaid.WithOutputDirectory(metadataPath)
+          );
+      });
+
+      flowthru
+        .RegisterFlow(label: "DataProcessing", flow: DataProcessingFlow.Create)
+        .WithDescription("Preprocesses companies, shuttles, and reviews data using Spark DataFrames");
+
+      flowthru
+        .RegisterFlow(
+          label: "DataScience",
+          flow: DataScienceFlow.Create,
+          configurationSection: "Flowthru:Flows:DataScience"
+        )
+        .WithDescription("Trains linear regression model for price prediction");
+
+      flowthru
+        .RegisterFlow(
+          label: "Reporting",
+          flow: ReportingFlow.Create,
+          configurationSection: "Flowthru:Flows:Reporting"
+        )
+        .WithDescription("Generates passenger capacity reports and visualizations");
+
+      flowthru.UseSpark();
+    });
+
+    services.AddLogging(logging =>
+    {
+      logging.AddConsole();
+      logging.SetMinimumLevel(LogLevel.Information);
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/appsettings.json b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/appsettings.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ba7b7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/appsettings.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "Flowthru": {
+    "Flows": {
+      "DataScience": {
+        "ModelOptions": {
+          "TestSize": 0.2,
+          "RandomState": 3,
+          "Features": [
+            "engines",
+            "passenger_capacity",
+            "crew",
+            "d_check_complete",
+            "iata_approved",
+            "company_rating",
+            "review_scores_rating"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "Reporting": {
+        "ConfusionMatrixOptions": {
+          "NumBins": 5
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "Logging": {
+      "LogLevel": {
+        "Default": "Information",
+        "Flowthru": "Debug",
+        "Microsoft": "Warning"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/starter/project.json b/examples/starter/project.json
index f438f4f5..611371ff 100644
--- a/examples/starter/project.json
+++ b/examples/starter/project.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       "//": "Packs all packable projects in the workspace. src/ lands in dist/packages/ (flat); others go under dist/packages/<relative-path>/",
       "executor": "nx:run-commands",
       "options": {
-        "commands": ["pnpm nx run-many -t pack"],
+        "commands": [ "pnpm nx run-many -t pack" ],
         "cwd": "{workspaceRoot}",
         "parallel": false
       }
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
       "//": "Stamps the current Directory.Build.props version into all starter template.json files",
       "executor": "nx:run-commands",
       "options": {
-        "commands": ["bash scripts/inject-template-version.sh"],
+        "commands": [ "bash scripts/inject-template-version.sh" ],
         "cwd": "{workspaceRoot}",
         "parallel": false
       }
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
           "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/KedroIrisPython/AGENTS.md",
           "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/KedroSpaceflights/AGENTS.md",
           "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsPython/AGENTS.md",
+          "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/KedroSpaceflightsSpark/AGENTS.md",
           "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/Minimal/AGENTS.md",
           "cp docs/guides/misc/AGENTS.md examples/starter/SpaceflightsEFCore/AGENTS.md"
         ],
diff --git a/global.json b/global.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9eeb4288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/global.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "sdk": {
+    "version": "10.0.101",
+    "rollForward": "latestFeature"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 2d7ab1f0..1ae7b1c9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "description": "A type-safe data engineering framework for .NET",
   "main": "index.js",
   "scripts": {
-    "postinstall": "dotnet restore",
+    "postinstall": "bash scripts/post-pnpm-install-hook.sh",
     "prepare": "husky"
   },
   "keywords": [
diff --git a/project.json b/project.json
index 5d186f67..e2b85152 100644
--- a/project.json
+++ b/project.json
@@ -4,39 +4,6 @@
   "projectType": "library",
   "sourceRoot": ".",
   "targets": {
-    "coverage:badges": {
-      "//": "Generate coverage badges from the most recent test run results",
-      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
-      "dependsOn": [ ],
-      "options": {
-        "commands": [
-          "reportgenerator \"-reports:tests/**/TestResults/**/coverage.cobertura.xml\" \"-targetdir:coverage-badges\" \"-reporttypes:Badges\" \"-verbosity:Warning\""
-        ],
-        "parallel": false
-      }
-    },
-    "coverage:report": {
-      "//": "Generate HTML coverage report from the most recent test run results",
-      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
-      "dependsOn": [ ],
-      "options": {
-        "commands": [
-          "reportgenerator \"-reports:tests/**/TestResults/**/coverage.cobertura.xml\" \"-targetdir:CoverageReport\" \"-reporttypes:Html;Badges\" \"-verbosity:Info\""
-        ],
-        "parallel": false
-      }
-    },
-    "ci": {
-      "//": "Full local CI: run tests and generate HTML coverage report",
-      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
-      "dependsOn": [ ],
-      "options": {
-        "commands": [
-          "echo '✓ CI pipeline complete'"
-        ],
-        "parallel": false
-      }
-    },
     "release": {
       "//": "Determine next version via NX Release, sync to Directory.Build.props, generate changelog, create GitHub Release",
       "executor": "nx:run-commands",
@@ -48,45 +15,14 @@
       }
     },
     "format": {
-      "//": "Applies all formatting for the project",
+      "//": "Format all C# source files with CSharpier",
       "executor": "nx:run-commands",
       "options": {
-        "commands": [ ],
-        "cwd": "project.json",
-        "parallel": false
-      },
-      "configurations": {
-        "csharp": {
-          "options": {
-            "commands": [
-              "dotnet csharpier ."
-            ],
-            "cwd": ".",
-            "parallel": false
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "purge": {
-      "//": "Purges non-essential files and folders",
-      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
-      "options": {
-        "commands": [ ],
-        "cwd": "",
+        "commands": [
+          "dotnet csharpier ."
+        ],
+        "cwd": ".",
         "parallel": false
-      },
-      "configurations": {
-        "coverage": {
-          "//": "Purges previous coverage reports",
-          "options": {
-            "commands": [
-              "echo 'Purging previous coverage data...'",
-              "find tests -name TestResults -type d -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true",
-              "rm -rf CoverageReport"
-            ],
-            "parallel": false
-          }
-        }
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/scripts/post-pnpm-install-hook.sh b/scripts/post-pnpm-install-hook.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..5bc957e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/post-pnpm-install-hook.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Post-pnpm-install hook.
+# Checks for required non-Node dependencies and runs any associated setup actions.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+ROOT_DIR="$(dirname "$SCRIPT_DIR")"
+
+# ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+ok()   { echo "  [OK]  $*"; }
+warn() { echo "  [!!]  $*" >&2; }
+
+echo ""
+echo "Checking non-Node dependencies..."
+echo ""
+
+# ── dotnet ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Required to build and test all Flowthru projects.
+# On success, runs 'dotnet restore' to prime the NuGet cache.
+
+REQUIRED_DOTNET_MAJOR=$(grep -o '"version":[[:space:]]*"[^"]*"' "$ROOT_DIR/global.json" \
+  | grep -o '[0-9][0-9]*' | head -1)
+
+if command -v dotnet &>/dev/null; then
+  DOTNET_VERSION=$(dotnet --version 2>/dev/null)
+  DOTNET_MAJOR=$(echo "$DOTNET_VERSION" | cut -d. -f1)
+
+  if [ "$DOTNET_MAJOR" -ge "$REQUIRED_DOTNET_MAJOR" ]; then
+    ok "dotnet $DOTNET_VERSION  (global.json requires .NET $REQUIRED_DOTNET_MAJOR+)"
+    echo ""
+    echo "  Running dotnet restore..."
+    dotnet restore "$ROOT_DIR"
+    ok "dotnet restore complete"
+  else
+    warn "dotnet $DOTNET_VERSION found, but .NET $REQUIRED_DOTNET_MAJOR+ is required (see global.json)."
+    warn "Download: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download"
+  fi
+else
+  warn "dotnet not found. .NET $REQUIRED_DOTNET_MAJOR+ is required to build and test Flowthru."
+  warn "Download: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# ── uv ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Required for Python-backed flows and the Flowthru.Extensions.Python test suite.
+
+if command -v uv &>/dev/null; then
+  UV_VERSION=$(uv --version 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $2}')
+  ok "uv $UV_VERSION"
+else
+  warn "uv not found. uv is required for Python-backed Flowthru flows and tests."
+  warn "Install: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# ── python ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Required for the Flowthru.Extensions.Python extension and example projects.
+
+if command -v python3 &>/dev/null; then
+  PYTHON_VERSION=$(python3 --version 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $2}')
+  ok "python $PYTHON_VERSION"
+elif command -v python &>/dev/null; then
+  PYTHON_VERSION=$(python --version 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $2}')
+  ok "python $PYTHON_VERSION"
+else
+  warn "python not found. Python 3.10+ is required for the Flowthru Python extension and examples."
+  warn "Install via uv: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/  or  https://www.python.org/downloads/"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# ── java ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Required to run Spark-backed tests. Spark 4.1.1 requires JDK 17+.
+
+if command -v java &>/dev/null; then
+  JAVA_VERSION=$(java -version 2>&1 | head -1)
+  ok "java: $JAVA_VERSION"
+else
+  warn "java not found. JDK 17+ is required to run Spark-backed Flowthru tests."
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# ── SPARK_HOME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Required to run Spark-backed tests (Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests).
+# Tests guard themselves with Assume checks and skip gracefully if unset.
+
+if [ -n "${SPARK_HOME:-}" ] && [ -d "$SPARK_HOME" ]; then
+  if [ -f "$SPARK_HOME/RELEASE" ]; then
+    SPARK_RELEASE=$(head -1 "$SPARK_HOME/RELEASE")
+    ok "SPARK_HOME=$SPARK_HOME  ($SPARK_RELEASE)"
+  else
+    ok "SPARK_HOME=$SPARK_HOME"
+  fi
+else
+  warn "SPARK_HOME is not set or does not point to a valid directory."
+  warn "Apache Spark 4.1.1 is required to run Spark-backed Flowthru tests."
+  warn "Download: https://spark.apache.org/downloads.html"
+fi
+
+echo ""
diff --git a/src/core/Flowthru.Core/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilder.cs b/src/core/Flowthru.Core/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilder.cs
index db8855b2..01c8b820 100644
--- a/src/core/Flowthru.Core/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilder.cs
+++ b/src/core/Flowthru.Core/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilder.cs
@@ -75,6 +75,21 @@ public FlowthruServiceBuilder ConfigureExecution(Action<ExecutionOptions> config
     return this;
   }
 
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Escape hatch for extension packages that need to register additional services
+  /// with the underlying <see cref="IServiceCollection"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="configure">Action that receives the service collection.</param>
+  /// <returns>This builder for method chaining.</returns>
+  public FlowthruServiceBuilder ConfigureServices(Action<IServiceCollection> configure)
+  {
+    if (configure == null)
+      throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(configure));
+
+    configure(_services);
+    return this;
+  }
+
   /// <summary>
   /// Internal entry type that carries a Flow factory and its associated metadata.
   /// Replaces the FlowRegistrar indirection for cleaner multi-catalog support.
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes.csproj b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..149de804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsRoslynComponent>true</IsRoslynComponent>
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.CodeFixes</PackageId>
+    <!-- CodeFixProviders require Workspaces APIs; EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules would
+         block them. CodeFix projects deliberately do NOT set that property. -->
+    <NoWarn>RS2008;RS2007</NoWarn>
+    <DevelopmentDependency>true</DevelopmentDependency>
+    <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Workspaces" Version="4.12.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- Reference the analyzer project so fixer IDs can reference shared constants -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj"
+                      ReferenceOutputAssembly="true" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5150bd16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+; Shipped analyzer releases
+; https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-analyzers/blob/main/src/Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers/ReleaseTrackingAnalyzers.Help.md
+
+## Release 1.0
+
+### New Rules
+
+| Rule ID | Category | Severity | Notes |
+| ------- | -------- | -------- | ----- |
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88128c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+; Unshipped analyzer release
+; https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-analyzers/blob/main/src/Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers/ReleaseTrackingAnalyzers.Help.md
+
+### New Rules
+
+| Rule ID    | Category       | Severity | Notes                                                     |
+| ---------- | -------------- | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
+| FSPARK1002 | Flowthru.Spark | Error    | Method call in TypedFrame lambda has no Spark translation |
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd6c3ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsRoslynComponent>true</IsRoslynComponent>
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators</PackageId>
+    <EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>true</EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>
+    <NoWarn>RS2008;RS2007</NoWarn>
+    <DevelopmentDependency>true</DevelopmentDependency>
+    <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.8.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" PrivateAssets="all" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <AdditionalFiles Include="AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md" />
+    <AdditionalFiles Include="AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- Reference DataFrames analyzers to reuse TypedFrameInvocationHelper -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../../misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj"
+                      ReferenceOutputAssembly="true" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- Link the shared whitelist file so it compiles into this project too -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="../../extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Shared/SparkTranslatableOperations.cs"
+             Link="Shared/SparkTranslatableOperations.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkDiagnostics.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkDiagnostics.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67bd055f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkDiagnostics.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Analyzers;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Diagnostic descriptors for the Spark expression analyzer.
+/// </summary>
+public static class SparkDiagnostics
+{
+  private const string Category = "Flowthru.Spark";
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FSPARK1002: A method call inside a <c>TypedFrame</c> lambda has no translation in the
+  /// Spark provider. The supported sets are defined in
+  /// <see cref="Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared.SparkTranslatableOperations"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor UnsupportedMethodCall =
+    new(
+      id: "FSPARK1002",
+      title: "Method call in TypedFrame lambda has no Spark translation",
+      messageFormat: "'{0}.{1}' cannot be translated to a Spark Column expression. "
+        + "Supported string methods: {2}. Supported Math methods: {3}.",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "The Spark provider can only translate a specific subset of method calls "
+        + "inside TypedFrame lambdas. Calls outside this set will fail at runtime. "
+        + "To add support for a new method, add it to SparkTranslatableOperations and "
+        + "implement the corresponding switch arm in SparkExpressionVisitor."
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkExpressionAnalyzer.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkExpressionAnalyzer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..548e428d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/SparkExpressionAnalyzer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+using System.Collections.Immutable;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Analyzers;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Validates that method calls inside <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> lambdas are within the
+/// subset that <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c> can translate.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// The translatable subset is defined in
+/// <see cref="SparkTranslatableOperations"/>, which is the single source of truth shared
+/// between this analyzer and the runtime visitor. Adding a method to the visitor without
+/// updating <c>SparkTranslatableOperations</c> will be caught by the sync-validation test
+/// in <c>Flowthru.Tests.Spark</c>.
+/// </remarks>
+[DiagnosticAnalyzer(LanguageNames.CSharp)]
+public sealed class SparkExpressionAnalyzer : DiagnosticAnalyzer
+{
+  // Pre-formatted strings for the diagnostic message — computed once.
+  private static readonly string _supportedStringList = string.Join(
+    ", ",
+    SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods
+  );
+  private static readonly string _supportedMathList = string.Join(
+    ", ",
+    SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods
+  );
+
+  public override ImmutableArray<DiagnosticDescriptor> SupportedDiagnostics =>
+    ImmutableArray.Create(SparkDiagnostics.UnsupportedMethodCall);
+
+  public override void Initialize(AnalysisContext context)
+  {
+    context.ConfigureGeneratedCodeAnalysis(GeneratedCodeAnalysisFlags.None);
+    context.EnableConcurrentExecution();
+    context.RegisterSyntaxNodeAction(AnalyzeInvocation, SyntaxKind.InvocationExpression);
+  }
+
+  private static void AnalyzeInvocation(SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context)
+  {
+    var invocation = (InvocationExpressionSyntax)context.Node;
+    var match = TypedFrameInvocationHelper.TryMatch(invocation, context.SemanticModel);
+
+    if (match is null)
+      return;
+
+    // Check all lambda arguments for unsupported method calls in their bodies.
+    foreach (var lambda in match.LambdaArguments)
+    {
+      foreach (var inner in lambda.DescendantNodes().OfType<InvocationExpressionSyntax>())
+      {
+        CheckInnerInvocation(context, inner);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void CheckInnerInvocation(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation
+  )
+  {
+    if (context.SemanticModel.GetSymbolInfo(invocation).Symbol is not IMethodSymbol method)
+      return;
+
+    var declaringType = method.ContainingType;
+    if (declaringType is null)
+      return;
+
+    // string instance methods: only fire if the declaring type is string and method is
+    // not in the supported set.
+    if (
+      declaringType.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_String
+      && !SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods.Contains(method.Name)
+    )
+    {
+      ReportUnsupported(context, invocation, declaringType.Name, method.Name);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Math static methods: only fire if declaring type is System.Math and method is not
+    // in the supported set.
+    if (
+      declaringType.ContainingNamespace?.Name == "System"
+      && declaringType.Name == "Math"
+      && !SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods.Contains(method.Name)
+    )
+    {
+      ReportUnsupported(context, invocation, declaringType.Name, method.Name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void ReportUnsupported(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation,
+    string typeName,
+    string methodName
+  )
+  {
+    context.ReportDiagnostic(
+      Diagnostic.Create(
+        SparkDiagnostics.UnsupportedMethodCall,
+        invocation.GetLocation(),
+        typeName,
+        methodName,
+        _supportedStringList,
+        _supportedMathList
+      )
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/FrameItemFactory.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/FrameItemFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ba683fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/FrameItemFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using Flowthru.Core.Data.Storage;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Data;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Extension point for <c>ItemFactory.Frame</c> factory methods.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> items are always in-memory. There is intentionally no
+/// file-backed variant: a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> represents a deferred Spark execution
+/// plan, not a materialized dataset. Persisting or loading a plan from disk is meaningless —
+/// use a file-backed <c>ItemFactory.Enumerable.*</c> item at the point where data must be
+/// materialized instead.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// The in-memory storage adapter passes the <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> reference directly
+/// between steps (Save → Load is a reference assignment). No Spark action is triggered; the
+/// execution plan remains deferred until a step explicitly calls
+/// <see cref="SparkRowHydrator{T}.Collect"/>.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class FrameItemFactory
+{
+  internal FrameItemFactory() { }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates an in-memory catalog item holding a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <typeparam name="TRow">
+  /// The schema type for the frame's rows. Must be a flat schema — non-flat types
+  /// contain nested or collection properties incompatible with scalar Spark columns.
+  /// </typeparam>
+  /// <param name="label">Unique catalog label for DAG resolution.</param>
+  /// <returns>
+  /// A catalog item with memory storage. No serialization occurs; the frame reference
+  /// is passed between steps as-is.
+  /// </returns>
+  public Item<TypedFrame<TRow>> Memory<TRow>(string label)
+    where TRow : notnull, IFlatSchema
+  {
+    var storage = new MemoryStorageAdapter<TypedFrame<TRow>>();
+    return new Item<TypedFrame<TRow>>(label, storage);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/ItemFactory.Frame.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/ItemFactory.Frame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f75ea5c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Data/ItemFactory.Frame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Data;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Extends <see cref="ItemFactory"/> with a <c>Frame</c> property for
+/// <see cref="Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame{T}"/> catalog items.
+/// </summary>
+public static partial class ItemFactory
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Factory methods for <see cref="Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame{T}"/> catalog entries.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// TypedFrame items are always in-memory. See <see cref="FrameItemFactory"/> for details.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public static FrameItemFactory Frame { get; } = new FrameItemFactory();
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6116d455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <RootNamespace>Flowthru.Extensions.Spark</RootNamespace>
+    <Description>Apache Spark integration for Flowthru via typed DataFrame wrappers over Spark.NET</Description>
+    <PackageTags>flowthru;spark;apache-spark;dataframe</PackageTags>
+
+    <!-- NuGet Package Configuration -->
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Extensions.Spark</PackageId>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <AssemblyAttribute Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo">
+      <_Parameter1>Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests</_Parameter1>
+    </AssemblyAttribute>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../../core/Flowthru.Core/Flowthru.Core.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="../../misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="../../spark/Flowthru.Spark/Flowthru.Spark.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <None Include="../../../LICENSE" Pack="true" PackagePath="/" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj"
+                      ReferenceOutputAssembly="false"
+                      OutputItemType="Analyzer" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/README.md b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/MelLoggerService.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/MelLoggerService.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2145ee92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/MelLoggerService.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Bridges the Spark library's internal <see cref="ILoggerService"/> to the
+/// standard Microsoft.Extensions.Logging pipeline so that JVM bridge diagnostics
+/// respect the application's configured log levels and sinks.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class MelLoggerService : ILoggerService
+{
+  private readonly ILoggerFactory _factory;
+  private readonly ILogger _logger;
+
+  internal MelLoggerService(ILoggerFactory factory)
+    : this(factory, factory.CreateLogger("Flowthru.Spark")) { }
+
+  private MelLoggerService(ILoggerFactory factory, ILogger logger)
+  {
+    _factory = factory;
+    _logger = logger;
+  }
+
+  public bool IsDebugEnabled => _logger.IsEnabled(LogLevel.Debug);
+
+  public ILoggerService GetLoggerInstance(Type type)
+  {
+    try
+    {
+      return new MelLoggerService(_factory, _factory.CreateLogger(type.FullName ?? type.Name));
+    }
+    catch (ObjectDisposedException)
+    {
+      // The ILoggerFactory was disposed before this call — typically during test teardown
+      // when GC finalizers on JvmObjectId fire after the DI container has been released.
+      // Return the parent instance as a safe no-op fallback so the JvmObjectId static
+      // constructor completes cleanly rather than poisoning the type with a
+      // TypeInitializationException.
+      return this;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void LogDebug(string message) => _logger.LogDebug("{Message}", message);
+
+  public void LogDebug(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters) =>
+    _logger.LogDebug(messageFormat, messageParameters);
+
+  public void LogInfo(string message) => _logger.LogInformation("{Message}", message);
+
+  public void LogInfo(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters) =>
+    _logger.LogInformation(messageFormat, messageParameters);
+
+  public void LogWarn(string message) => _logger.LogWarning("{Message}", message);
+
+  public void LogWarn(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters) =>
+    _logger.LogWarning(messageFormat, messageParameters);
+
+  public void LogError(string message) => _logger.LogError("{Message}", message);
+
+  public void LogError(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters) =>
+    _logger.LogError(messageFormat, messageParameters);
+
+  public void LogFatal(string message) => _logger.LogCritical("{Message}", message);
+
+  public void LogFatal(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters) =>
+    _logger.LogCritical(messageFormat, messageParameters);
+
+  public void LogException(Exception e) => _logger.LogError(e, "Exception in Spark JVM bridge");
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntime.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntime.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c3f1533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntime.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Manages the lifecycle of the local Spark JVM backend process.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// On <see cref="Initialize"/>, spawns <c>spark-submit</c> with the Flowthru JVM bridge JAR
+/// in <c>debug</c> mode, which starts <c>DotnetBackend</c> listening on a TCP port.
+/// <see cref="Flowthru.Spark.Interop.SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge"/> connects to that port on
+/// its first use — so the backend must be running before any Spark API call.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Registered as a singleton. <see cref="Initialize"/> is idempotent — safe to call multiple times.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class SparkRuntime : IDisposable
+{
+    private static readonly object _lock = new();
+
+    private readonly SparkRuntimeOptions _options;
+    private readonly ILogger<SparkRuntime> _logger;
+    private readonly ILoggerFactory _loggerFactory;
+    private Process? _backendProcess;
+    private int _backendPort;
+    private bool _initialized;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of <see cref="SparkRuntime"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public SparkRuntime(
+        SparkRuntimeOptions options,
+        ILogger<SparkRuntime> logger,
+        ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
+    {
+        _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
+        _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
+        _loggerFactory = loggerFactory ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(loggerFactory));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Starts the Spark JVM backend process and waits for it to accept connections.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Idempotent — subsequent calls return immediately if already initialized.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">
+    /// Thrown if the backend does not become ready within the timeout.
+    /// </exception>
+    /// <exception cref="ObjectDisposedException">
+    /// Thrown if this instance has been disposed.
+    /// </exception>
+    public void Initialize()
+    {
+        if (_initialized)
+            return;
+
+        if (_disposed)
+            throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(SparkRuntime));
+
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (_initialized)
+                return;
+
+            // Route all Spark library internal logs through the MEL pipeline so they
+            // respect the application's configured log levels and sinks instead of
+            // writing directly to stdout via ConsoleLoggerService.
+            LoggerServiceFactory.SetLoggerService(new MelLoggerService(_loggerFactory));
+
+            var sparkHome = _options.GetResolvedSparkHome();
+            var jarPath = _options.GetResolvedJarPath();
+            var master = _options.Master;
+
+            _logger.LogInformation("Spark home: {SparkHome}", sparkHome);
+            _logger.LogInformation("Bridge JAR: {JarPath}", jarPath);
+            _logger.LogInformation("Master: {Master}", master);
+
+            _backendPort = FindFreePort();
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("DOTNETBACKEND_PORT", _backendPort.ToString());
+            _logger.LogInformation("DotnetBackend port: {Port}", _backendPort);
+
+            var sparkSubmit = Path.Combine(sparkHome, "bin", "spark-submit");
+            var args = $"--class org.apache.spark.deploy.dotnet.DotnetRunner "
+                + $"--master {master} "
+                + $"\"{jarPath}\" debug {_backendPort}";
+
+            _logger.LogDebug("Launching: {SparkSubmit} {Args}", sparkSubmit, args);
+
+            var psi = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = sparkSubmit,
+                Arguments = args,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+                RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                RedirectStandardError = true,
+                CreateNoWindow = true,
+            };
+
+            // Pass the chosen port to DotnetRunner so it binds to the same port we will poll.
+            psi.Environment["DOTNETBACKEND_PORT"] = _backendPort.ToString();
+
+            _backendProcess = new Process { StartInfo = psi, EnableRaisingEvents = true };
+
+            // Forward JVM output to the .NET logger at debug level
+            _backendProcess.OutputDataReceived += (_, e) =>
+            {
+                if (e.Data != null)
+                    _logger.LogDebug("[Spark JVM] {Line}", e.Data);
+            };
+            _backendProcess.ErrorDataReceived += (_, e) =>
+            {
+                if (e.Data != null)
+                    _logger.LogDebug("[Spark JVM stderr] {Line}", e.Data);
+            };
+
+            _backendProcess.Start();
+            _backendProcess.BeginOutputReadLine();
+            _backendProcess.BeginErrorReadLine();
+
+            WaitForPort(_backendPort, timeoutSeconds: _options.BackendStartupTimeoutSeconds);
+
+            _initialized = true;
+            _logger.LogInformation("Spark JVM backend ready on port {Port}", _backendPort);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+            return;
+
+        _disposed = true;
+
+        if (_backendProcess is { HasExited: false })
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                _logger.LogInformation("Stopping Spark JVM backend (pid {Pid})", _backendProcess.Id);
+
+                // Kill the process directly. In local[*] debug mode the .NET side does not
+                // hold a SparkContext reference, so stopActiveSparkContext would reliably
+                // fail. The session teardown responsibility belongs to whoever holds the
+                // SparkSession (e.g., the user's Catalog). In a future cluster-aware refactor
+                // SparkRuntime should accept an optional SparkSession and call session.Stop()
+                // here before killing when running locally, and skip the Kill() entirely
+                // when connected to an external cluster.
+                _backendProcess.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+                _backendProcess.WaitForExit(5000);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Exception while stopping Spark JVM backend");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _backendProcess.Dispose();
+                _backendProcess = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int FindFreePort()
+    {
+        // Bind on port 0 to let the OS assign a free port, then release it.
+        // There is a small TOCTOU window, but it's negligible for local dev use.
+        var envPort = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DOTNETBACKEND_PORT");
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(envPort) && int.TryParse(envPort, out var configured))
+            return configured;
+
+        using var listener = new System.Net.Sockets.TcpListener(System.Net.IPAddress.Loopback, 0);
+        listener.Start();
+        var port = ((System.Net.IPEndPoint)listener.LocalEndpoint).Port;
+        listener.Stop();
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    private void WaitForPort(int port, int timeoutSeconds)
+    {
+        var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(timeoutSeconds);
+        while (DateTime.UtcNow < deadline)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using var client = new TcpClient();
+                client.Connect("127.0.0.1", port);
+                return;
+            }
+            catch (SocketException)
+            {
+                if (_backendProcess is { HasExited: true })
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        $"Spark JVM backend process exited unexpectedly (exit code {_backendProcess.ExitCode}). "
+                            + "Check that SPARK_HOME is set correctly and the bridge JAR is valid."
+                    );
+
+                Thread.Sleep(500);
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidOperationException(
+            $"Spark JVM backend did not become ready on port {port} within {timeoutSeconds}s."
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntimeOptions.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntimeOptions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d4f20b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Runtime/SparkRuntimeOptions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Configuration options for the Spark runtime.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// All paths are auto-detected from the executing assembly's output directory and environment
+/// variables. Override properties explicitly only when auto-detection is insufficient
+/// (e.g., containers with non-standard SPARK_HOME, CI with pre-built JARs elsewhere).
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// <strong>Auto-detection hierarchy for <see cref="GetResolvedSparkHome"/>:</strong>
+/// <list type="number">
+/// <item>Explicit <see cref="SparkHome"/> property</item>
+/// <item><c>SPARK_HOME</c> environment variable</item>
+/// <item>Common Homebrew path on macOS (<c>/opt/homebrew/opt/apache-spark/libexec</c>)</item>
+/// </list>
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// <strong>Auto-detection hierarchy for <see cref="GetResolvedJarPath"/>:</strong>
+/// <list type="number">
+/// <item>Explicit <see cref="JarPath"/> property</item>
+/// <item><c>FLOWTHRU_SPARK_JAR</c> environment variable</item>
+/// <item><c>flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar</c> alongside the executing assembly</item>
+/// </list>
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class SparkRuntimeOptions
+{
+    internal const string JarFileName = "flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar";
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Path to the Spark installation directory (the value of <c>SPARK_HOME</c>).
+    /// If null, resolved via auto-detection.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? SparkHome { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Path to the <c>flowthru-spark-*.jar</c> bridge artifact.
+    /// If null, resolved from the executing assembly's output directory.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? JarPath { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Spark master URL passed to <c>spark-submit</c>.
+    /// Defaults to <c>local[*]</c> for in-process execution on all available cores.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Master { get; set; } = "local[*]";
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maximum seconds to wait for the JVM backend to accept connections after launch.
+    /// Defaults to 60s for production use. Set lower (e.g. 10s) in test fixtures to
+    /// fail fast when the backend is unavailable.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int BackendStartupTimeoutSeconds { get; set; } = 60;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolves the Spark home directory using the auto-detection hierarchy.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">
+    /// Thrown when no Spark installation can be located.
+    /// </exception>
+    public string GetResolvedSparkHome()
+    {
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(SparkHome))
+            return SparkHome!;
+
+        var envSparkHome = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SPARK_HOME");
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(envSparkHome) && Directory.Exists(envSparkHome))
+            return envSparkHome!;
+
+        // Common Homebrew path on Apple Silicon and Intel macOS
+        var homebrewPaths = new[]
+        {
+            "/opt/homebrew/opt/apache-spark/libexec",
+            "/usr/local/opt/apache-spark/libexec",
+        };
+
+        foreach (var candidate in homebrewPaths)
+        {
+            if (Directory.Exists(candidate))
+                return candidate;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidOperationException(
+            "Spark installation not found. Set the SPARK_HOME environment variable to your "
+                + "Spark installation directory, or install via 'brew install apache-spark'."
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolves the JVM bridge JAR path using the auto-detection hierarchy.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">
+    /// Thrown when the JAR cannot be located.
+    /// </exception>
+    public string GetResolvedJarPath()
+    {
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(JarPath))
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(JarPath))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Spark bridge JAR not found at explicitly configured path: {JarPath}");
+            return JarPath!;
+        }
+
+        var envJar = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("FLOWTHRU_SPARK_JAR");
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(envJar))
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(envJar))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Spark bridge JAR not found at FLOWTHRU_SPARK_JAR path: {envJar}");
+            return envJar!;
+        }
+
+        // JAR is shipped as contentFiles alongside the executing assembly
+        var assemblyDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location)
+            ?? AppContext.BaseDirectory;
+        var jarPath = Path.Combine(assemblyDir, JarFileName);
+
+        if (!File.Exists(jarPath))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"Spark bridge JAR '{JarFileName}' not found in assembly output directory '{assemblyDir}'. "
+                    + "Ensure Flowthru.Extensions.Spark was built with its NX 'build' target so the JAR is staged, "
+                    + "or set the FLOWTHRU_SPARK_JAR environment variable explicitly."
+            );
+
+        return jarPath;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilderExtensions.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilderExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc35d0c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Services/FlowthruServiceBuilderExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Core.Services;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Services;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Extension methods for integrating Spark support with <see cref="FlowthruServiceBuilder"/>.
+/// </summary>
+public static class FlowthruServiceBuilderExtensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers the Spark runtime with default configuration.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="builder">The Flowthru service builder.</param>
+    /// <returns>The builder for method chaining.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// Uses auto-detection for all configuration:
+    /// <list type="bullet">
+    /// <item>JAR: <c>FLOWTHRU_SPARK_JAR</c> → <c>flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar</c> alongside assembly</item>
+    /// <item>Spark home: <c>SPARK_HOME</c> → Homebrew default on macOS</item>
+    /// <item>Master: <c>local[*]</c></item>
+    /// </list>
+    /// </para>
+    /// <para>
+    /// <strong>Example:</strong>
+    /// <code>
+    /// services.AddFlowthru(flowthru =>
+    /// {
+    ///     flowthru
+    ///         .RegisterCatalog&lt;MyCatalog&gt;()
+    ///         .UseSpark();
+    /// });
+    /// </code>
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static FlowthruServiceBuilder UseSpark(this FlowthruServiceBuilder builder) =>
+        builder.UseSpark(_ => { });
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers the Spark runtime with custom configuration.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="builder">The Flowthru service builder.</param>
+    /// <param name="configure">Action to configure Spark runtime options.</param>
+    /// <returns>The builder for method chaining.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// <strong>Example (explicit master for staging cluster):</strong>
+    /// <code>
+    /// services.AddFlowthru(flowthru =>
+    /// {
+    ///     flowthru
+    ///         .RegisterCatalog&lt;MyCatalog&gt;()
+    ///         .UseSpark(spark =>
+    ///         {
+    ///             spark.Master = "spark://staging-cluster:7077";
+    ///         });
+    /// });
+    /// </code>
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static FlowthruServiceBuilder UseSpark(
+        this FlowthruServiceBuilder builder,
+        Action<SparkRuntimeOptions> configure
+    )
+    {
+        if (builder == null)
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(builder));
+
+        if (configure == null)
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(configure));
+
+        var options = new SparkRuntimeOptions();
+        configure(options);
+
+        return builder.ConfigureServices(services =>
+        {
+            services.AddSingleton(options);
+            services.AddSingleton<SparkRuntime>();
+            services.AddSingleton<SparkFrameProvider>();
+        });
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Shared/SparkTranslatableOperations.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Shared/SparkTranslatableOperations.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91fda90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/Shared/SparkTranslatableOperations.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// This file is shared between Flowthru.Extensions.Spark (runtime) and
+// Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators (analyzer) via a <Compile Link="..."/>.
+// It must not reference types from either host project — only BCL types.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// The authoritative whitelist of BCL operations that the <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c>
+/// can translate to Spark <c>Column</c> expressions.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// This class is the single source of truth for the Spark-translatable subset. Both the
+/// runtime visitor and the <c>FSPARK1002</c> Roslyn analyzer consume it. When a new
+/// translation is added to <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c>:
+/// </para>
+/// <list type="number">
+/// <item>Add the method or operator name to the appropriate set here.</item>
+/// <item>Implement the switch arm in the visitor.</item>
+/// </list>
+/// <para>
+/// A sync-validation test in <c>Flowthru.Tests.Spark</c> verifies that every entry in
+/// these sets has a corresponding switch arm in the visitor, catching the reverse case.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public static class SparkTranslatableOperations
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// <c>string</c> instance methods that have Spark <c>Column</c> translations.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly IReadOnlyCollection<string> SupportedStringMethods = new HashSet<string>(
+    StringComparer.Ordinal
+  )
+  {
+    nameof(string.Replace),
+    nameof(string.Contains),
+    nameof(string.StartsWith),
+    nameof(string.EndsWith),
+    nameof(string.ToUpper),
+    nameof(string.ToLower),
+    nameof(string.Trim),
+    nameof(string.TrimStart),
+    nameof(string.TrimEnd),
+    nameof(string.Substring),
+  };
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// <c>System.Math</c> static methods that have Spark <c>Column</c> translations.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly IReadOnlyCollection<string> SupportedMathMethods = new HashSet<string>(
+    StringComparer.Ordinal
+  )
+  {
+    nameof(Math.Round),
+    nameof(Math.Abs),
+    nameof(Math.Floor),
+    nameof(Math.Ceiling),
+  };
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// <c>System.DateTime</c> instance properties that have Spark date/time function translations.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly IReadOnlyCollection<string> SupportedDateTimeProperties =
+    new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
+    {
+      nameof(DateTime.Year),
+      nameof(DateTime.Month),
+      nameof(DateTime.Day),
+      nameof(DateTime.Hour),
+      nameof(DateTime.Minute),
+      nameof(DateTime.Second),
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkExpressionVisitor.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkExpressionVisitor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5c48c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkExpressionVisitor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using SparkFunctions = Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Functions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Translates <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> expression trees into Spark.NET
+/// <see cref="DataFrame"/> operations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// This visitor handles three categories of translation:
+/// </para>
+/// <list type="number">
+/// <item>
+/// <strong>Top-level operations</strong> (Where, Select, Join) — dispatched by the base
+/// <see cref="FrameExpressionVisitor"/>. Each produces a new <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+/// </item>
+/// <item>
+/// <strong>Sub-expressions</strong> (predicates, selectors) — translated into Spark
+/// <see cref="Column"/> expressions via <see cref="TranslateSubExpression"/>.
+/// Property access becomes column references; binary ops use <see cref="Column"/>
+/// operator overloads; constants use <see cref="SparkFunctions.Lit"/>.
+/// </item>
+/// <item>
+/// <strong>Projections</strong> (<c>MemberInitExpression</c>, <c>NewExpression</c>) —
+/// produce <see cref="Column"/> arrays with aliases matching the target schema property names.
+/// </item>
+/// </list>
+/// </remarks>
+internal sealed class SparkExpressionVisitor : FrameExpressionVisitor
+{
+  private readonly SparkFrameProvider _provider;
+
+  internal SparkExpressionVisitor(SparkFrameProvider provider)
+  {
+    _provider = provider;
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Root node: extract native DataFrame
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateConstant(ConstantExpression node)
+  {
+    if (node.Value is null)
+      throw new InvalidOperationException("Null TypedFrame constant encountered.");
+
+    // The constant is a TypedFrame<T>; retrieve the native DataFrame the provider stored.
+    return _provider.GetNativeFrame(node.Value);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Easy: Where (type-preserving filter)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateWhere(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    // args[0] = source expression, args[1] = quoted predicate
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var predicate = Unquote(node.Arguments[1]);
+
+    var paramMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [predicate.Parameters[0]] = sourceDf,
+    };
+
+    var condition = TranslateSubExpression(predicate.Body, paramMap);
+    return sourceDf.Filter(condition);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Easy: OrderBy / OrderByDescending
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateOrderBy(MethodCallExpression node, bool descending)
+  {
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var keyLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[1]);
+
+    var paramMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [keyLambda.Parameters[0]] = sourceDf,
+    };
+
+    var keyCol = TranslateSubExpression(keyLambda.Body, paramMap);
+    var sortCol = descending ? keyCol.Desc() : keyCol;
+    return sourceDf.Sort(sortCol);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Easy: Take (row limit)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateTake(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var count = (int)((ConstantExpression)node.Arguments[1]).Value!;
+    return sourceDf.Limit(count);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Easy: Count (scalar)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateCount(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    return sourceDf.Count();
+  }
+
+  protected override object TranslateDistinct(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    return sourceDf.Distinct();
+  }
+
+  protected override object TranslateUnion(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    var leftDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var rightDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[1]);
+    return leftDf.Union(rightDf);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Intermediate: Select (type-projecting)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateSelect(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    // args[0] = source expression, args[1] = quoted selector
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var selector = Unquote(node.Arguments[1]);
+
+    var paramMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [selector.Parameters[0]] = sourceDf,
+    };
+
+    var columns = TranslateProjection(selector.Body, paramMap);
+    return sourceDf.Select(columns);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Hard: Join (multi-frame)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateJoin(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    // args: [0] outer, [1] inner, [2] outerKey, [3] innerKey, [4] resultSelector
+    var outerDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var innerDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[1]);
+    var outerKeyLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[2]);
+    var innerKeyLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[3]);
+    var resultLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[4]);
+
+    // Translate key selectors to Column references
+    var outerKeyMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [outerKeyLambda.Parameters[0]] = outerDf,
+    };
+    var innerKeyMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [innerKeyLambda.Parameters[0]] = innerDf,
+    };
+
+    var outerKeyCol = TranslateSubExpression(outerKeyLambda.Body, outerKeyMap);
+    var innerKeyCol = TranslateSubExpression(innerKeyLambda.Body, innerKeyMap);
+
+    // Equi-join: outerKey == innerKey
+    var joinCondition = outerKeyCol == innerKeyCol;
+    var joinedDf = outerDf.Join(innerDf, joinCondition, "inner");
+
+    // Translate result selector into projection columns.
+    // The result lambda has two parameters: (outer, inner).
+    var resultMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [resultLambda.Parameters[0]] = outerDf,
+      [resultLambda.Parameters[1]] = innerDf,
+    };
+
+    var resultColumns = TranslateProjection(resultLambda.Body, resultMap);
+    return joinedDf.Select(resultColumns);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Medium: GroupBy + Aggregate
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  protected override object TranslateGroupBy(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    // GroupBy returns a RelationalGroupedDataset — stored as the "native" value in
+    // the GroupedFrame expression chain, picked up by TranslateAggregate.
+    var sourceDf = (DataFrame)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var keyLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[1]);
+
+    var paramMap = new Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame>
+    {
+      [keyLambda.Parameters[0]] = sourceDf,
+    };
+
+    var keyCol = TranslateSubExpression(keyLambda.Body, paramMap);
+    return sourceDf.GroupBy(keyCol);
+  }
+
+  protected override object TranslateAggregate(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    // args[0] = GroupBy expression (produces RelationalGroupedDataset)
+    // args[1] = quoted result selector: AggregationContext<TKey,TSource> → TResult
+    var grouped = (RelationalGroupedDataset)CompileExpression(node.Arguments[0]);
+    var resultLambda = Unquote(node.Arguments[1]);
+    var keyColName = ExtractGroupByKeyColumnName(node.Arguments[0]);
+
+    // Split bindings into:
+    //   aggCols    — passed to .Agg(); excludes ctx.Key (Spark projects it automatically)
+    //   outputCols — final Select to reorder/rename all columns to match target schema
+    var (aggCols, outputCols) = BuildAggregateColumns(
+      resultLambda.Body,
+      resultLambda.Parameters[0],
+      keyColName
+    );
+
+    if (aggCols.Count == 0)
+      throw new NotSupportedException(
+        "Aggregate result selector must contain at least one aggregate function "
+          + "(Avg, Sum, Min, Max, or Count). Key-only projections are not supported."
+      );
+
+    var agged = grouped.Agg(aggCols[0], aggCols.Skip(1).ToArray());
+
+    // Reorder/rename to match target schema order
+    return agged.Select(outputCols.ToArray());
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Splits an Aggregate result selector into two lists:
+  /// <list type="bullet">
+  ///   <item><c>aggCols</c> — columns for <c>.Agg()</c>; key bindings excluded because
+  ///   Spark already projects the group-by key into the <c>Agg</c> output automatically.</item>
+  ///   <item><c>outputCols</c> — all columns in target schema order, for the final
+  ///   <c>.Select()</c> that renames/reorders the <c>Agg</c> result.</item>
+  /// </list>
+  /// </summary>
+  private (List<Column> aggCols, List<Column> outputCols) BuildAggregateColumns(
+    Expression body,
+    ParameterExpression contextParam,
+    string keyColName
+  )
+  {
+    var aggCols = new List<Column>();
+    var outputCols = new List<Column>();
+
+    IEnumerable<(Expression expr, MemberInfo targetMember)> bindings = body switch
+    {
+      MemberInitExpression mie => mie
+        .Bindings.Cast<MemberAssignment>()
+        .Select(b => (b.Expression, b.Member)),
+      NewExpression ne when ne.Members is not null => ne.Arguments.Zip(
+        ne.Members,
+        (a, m) => (a, (MemberInfo)m)
+      ),
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        "Aggregate result selector must be a member initializer or positional constructor."
+      ),
+    };
+
+    foreach (var (expr, member) in bindings)
+    {
+      var targetName = ResolveColumnName(member);
+
+      if (IsKeyAccess(expr, contextParam))
+      {
+        // The key column is already in the Agg output under keyColName.
+        // Reference it (with rename if the target property name differs).
+        outputCols.Add(SparkFunctions.Col(keyColName).As(targetName));
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        // Aggregate function — include in Agg() call, then reference by target name in Select.
+        var aggCol = TranslateAggregateExpression(expr, contextParam, keyColName).As(targetName);
+        aggCols.Add(aggCol);
+        outputCols.Add(SparkFunctions.Col(targetName));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return (aggCols, outputCols);
+  }
+
+  private static bool IsKeyAccess(Expression expr, ParameterExpression contextParam) =>
+    expr is MemberExpression { Member.Name: "Key" } me && me.Expression == contextParam;
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Extracts the key column name string from the GroupBy MethodCallExpression that is the
+  /// source argument of an Aggregate call (i.e., <c>args[0]</c> of the Aggregate node).
+  /// </summary>
+  private static string ExtractGroupByKeyColumnName(Expression groupByExpr)
+  {
+    // groupByExpr may itself be wrapped in a ConstantExpression if already compiled,
+    // but in the expression tree it is always a MethodCallExpression for GroupBy.
+    if (
+      groupByExpr is MethodCallExpression gbe
+      && gbe.Method.Name == nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.GroupBy)
+    )
+    {
+      var keyLambda = Unquote(gbe.Arguments[1]);
+      if (keyLambda.Body is MemberExpression me)
+        return ResolveColumnName(me.Member);
+    }
+
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      "Could not extract key column name from GroupBy source expression. "
+        + "ctx.Key is only supported when the GroupBy key is a direct property access."
+    );
+  }
+
+  protected override object TranslateSelectOver(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    throw new NotImplementedException();
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a single aggregate function call on <see cref="AggregationContext{TKey,TSource}"/>
+  /// into its Spark <see cref="Column"/> equivalent.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// Key bindings (<c>ctx.Key</c>) are handled upstream in <c>BuildAggregateColumns</c>
+  /// and must not reach this method.
+  /// </remarks>
+  private Column TranslateAggregateExpression(
+    Expression expr,
+    ParameterExpression contextParam,
+    string keyColName
+  )
+  {
+    // ctx.Avg(x => x.Price), ctx.Sum(x => x.Quantity), etc.
+    if (
+      expr is MethodCallExpression mce
+      && mce.Object is ParameterExpression pe
+      && pe == contextParam
+    )
+    {
+      var innerColName = ExtractAggregateColumnName(mce.Arguments[0]);
+
+      return mce.Method.Name switch
+      {
+        "Avg" => SparkFunctions.Avg(innerColName),
+        "Sum" => SparkFunctions.Sum(innerColName),
+        "Max" => SparkFunctions.Max(innerColName),
+        "Min" => SparkFunctions.Min(innerColName),
+        "Count" => SparkFunctions.Count(SparkFunctions.Lit(1)),
+        _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+          $"Aggregate function '{mce.Method.Name}' is not supported."
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      $"Expression '{expr}' in aggregate result selector is not supported. "
+        + "Only AggregationContext method calls (Avg, Sum, Count, Min, Max) are valid. "
+        + "ctx.Key bindings are handled separately and should not reach this method."
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Extracts the column name string from the inner lambda argument of an aggregate call
+  /// (e.g., the <c>x => x.Price</c> in <c>ctx.Avg(x => x.Price)</c>).
+  /// </summary>
+  private static string ExtractAggregateColumnName(Expression lambdaExpr)
+  {
+    var lambda = lambdaExpr is UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Quote } q
+      ? (LambdaExpression)q.Operand
+      : (LambdaExpression)lambdaExpr;
+
+    // Peel off any implicit cast (e.g., (double)s.PassengerCapacity → s.PassengerCapacity)
+    var body = lambda.Body;
+    while (body is UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Convert } ue)
+      body = ue.Operand;
+
+    if (body is MemberExpression me)
+      return ResolveColumnName(me.Member);
+
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      "Aggregate column selectors must be simple property access expressions (x => x.Property) "
+        + "or cast expressions ((double)x.Property). "
+        + $"Got: {lambda.Body.NodeType} ({lambda.Body})."
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Sub-expression translation → Column
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a LINQ expression node into a Spark <see cref="Column"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="expr">The expression node (predicate body, selector fragment, etc.).</param>
+  /// <param name="paramMap">Maps lambda parameters to their backing DataFrames.</param>
+  private Column TranslateSubExpression(
+    Expression expr,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    return expr switch
+    {
+      // Property access on a schema type → column reference
+      MemberExpression me => TranslateMemberAccess(me, paramMap),
+
+      // Binary operation → Column operator overload
+      BinaryExpression be => TranslateBinary(be, paramMap),
+
+      // Ternary / conditional → When(...).Otherwise(...)
+      ConditionalExpression ce => TranslateConditional(ce, paramMap),
+
+      // Method call → string methods, Math methods, etc.
+      MethodCallExpression mce => TranslateMethodCallExpression(mce, paramMap),
+
+      // Constant value → Lit()
+      ConstantExpression ce => SparkFunctions.Lit(ce.Value),
+
+      // Implicit cast / convert → recurse through
+      UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Convert } ue => TranslateSubExpression(
+        ue.Operand,
+        paramMap
+      ),
+
+      // Boolean negation
+      UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Not } ue => !TranslateSubExpression(
+        ue.Operand,
+        paramMap
+      ),
+
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        $"Expression node type '{expr.NodeType}' ({expr.GetType().Name}) "
+          + "is not supported in Spark sub-expressions. "
+          + "Supported: property access, binary operations, constants, negation, "
+          + "conditionals, and selected string/math method calls."
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Conditional / ternary translation
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>ConditionalExpression</c> (<c>x ? a : b</c>) into
+  /// <c>Functions.When(condition, ifTrue).Otherwise(ifFalse)</c>.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateConditional(
+    ConditionalExpression ce,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    var condition = TranslateSubExpression(ce.Test, paramMap);
+    var ifTrue = (object)TranslateSubExpression(ce.IfTrue, paramMap);
+    var ifFalse = (object)TranslateSubExpression(ce.IfFalse, paramMap);
+    return SparkFunctions.When(condition, ifTrue).Otherwise(ifFalse);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Method call translation (string, Math, etc.)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  // Method name whitelists are defined in SparkTranslatableOperations (shared with the analyzer).
+  // Update that file when adding new translations — do not add sets here.
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Routes a method call in a sub-expression to the appropriate translator.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateMethodCallExpression(
+    MethodCallExpression mce,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    if (
+      mce.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(string)
+      && SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods.Contains(mce.Method.Name)
+    )
+      return TranslateStringMethod(mce, paramMap);
+
+    if (
+      mce.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(Math)
+      && SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods.Contains(mce.Method.Name)
+    )
+      return TranslateMathMethod(mce, paramMap);
+
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      $"Method '{mce.Method.DeclaringType?.Name}.{mce.Method.Name}' "
+        + "is not supported in Spark sub-expressions. "
+        + "Supported string methods: Replace, Contains, StartsWith, EndsWith, "
+        + "ToUpper, ToLower, Trim, TrimStart, TrimEnd, Substring. "
+        + "Supported Math methods: Round, Abs, Floor, Ceiling."
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates <c>string</c> instance methods to their Spark <c>Column</c> equivalents.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// <strong>Indexing convention:</strong> all index and position arguments follow C#'s
+  /// idiomatic zero-based indexing in the expression passed by the caller. Where the
+  /// underlying Spark function uses a different convention (e.g., <c>Substring</c> takes a
+  /// 1-based position), this method adjusts transparently so callers never need to be aware
+  /// of Spark's internal convention.
+  /// </remarks>
+  private Column TranslateStringMethod(
+    MethodCallExpression mce,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    // All string instance methods have a non-null Object (the receiver)
+    var col = TranslateSubExpression(mce.Object!, paramMap);
+
+    return mce.Method.Name switch
+    {
+      // s.ToUpper() → Upper(col)
+      nameof(string.ToUpper) => SparkFunctions.Upper(col),
+
+      // s.ToLower() → Lower(col)
+      nameof(string.ToLower) => SparkFunctions.Lower(col),
+
+      // s.Trim() → Trim(col)
+      nameof(string.Trim) => SparkFunctions.Trim(col),
+
+      // s.Contains(x) → col.Contains(x)
+      nameof(string.Contains) => col.Contains(TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[0], paramMap)),
+
+      // s.StartsWith(x) → col.StartsWith(x)
+      nameof(string.StartsWith) => col.StartsWith(
+        TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[0], paramMap)
+      ),
+
+      // s.EndsWith(x) → col.EndsWith(x)
+      nameof(string.EndsWith) => col.EndsWith(TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[0], paramMap)),
+
+      // s.TrimStart() → Ltrim(col)
+      nameof(string.TrimStart) => SparkFunctions.Ltrim(col),
+
+      // s.TrimEnd() → Rtrim(col)
+      nameof(string.TrimEnd) => SparkFunctions.Rtrim(col),
+
+      // s.Substring(startIndex, length) → Substring(col, startIndex + 1, length)
+      // C# uses zero-based startIndex; Spark's Substring uses 1-based position.
+      // This translator adjusts transparently — callers always pass zero-based indices.
+      nameof(string.Substring) => TranslateStringSubstring(mce, col, paramMap),
+
+      // s.Replace(old, new) → RegexpReplace(col, old, new)
+      // ⚠ SEMANTIC GAP: Spark's RegexpReplace interprets the first argument as a
+      // regular expression pattern, not a literal string. C#'s string.Replace
+      // treats it as a literal. Callers using regex-special characters (., *, +, etc.)
+      // in the search string must escape them (e.g., Regex.Escape) or the translation
+      // will produce different results than the equivalent in-process C# expression.
+      nameof(string.Replace) => SparkFunctions.RegexpReplace(
+        col,
+        TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[0], paramMap),
+        TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[1], paramMap)
+      ),
+
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        $"String method '{mce.Method.Name}' has no Spark translation."
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Handles <c>string.Substring(startIndex)</c> and <c>string.Substring(startIndex, length)</c>,
+  /// adjusting from C#'s zero-based <paramref name="startIndex"/> to Spark's 1-based position.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateStringSubstring(
+    MethodCallExpression mce,
+    Column col,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    // Spark Substring(col, pos, len): pos is 1-based.
+    // We add 1 to the caller's 0-based startIndex here so callers never see Spark's convention.
+    // startIndex must be a compile-time constant (C# string.Substring requires an int literal).
+    var startIndex = (int)((ConstantExpression)mce.Arguments[0]).Value!;
+    var oneBasedPos = startIndex + 1;
+
+    if (mce.Arguments.Count == 1)
+    {
+      // Substring(startIndex) — no length; use Int32.MaxValue as "rest of string"
+      return SparkFunctions.Substring(col, oneBasedPos, int.MaxValue);
+    }
+
+    var length = (int)((ConstantExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Value!;
+    return SparkFunctions.Substring(col, oneBasedPos, length);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Math method translation
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates <c>System.Math</c> static methods to their Spark <c>Column</c> equivalents.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateMathMethod(
+    MethodCallExpression mce,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    // All supported Math methods take a single numeric argument (the column expression).
+    // Math.Round has overloads with a decimal-places argument — we support both.
+    var col = TranslateSubExpression(mce.Arguments[0], paramMap);
+
+    return mce.Method.Name switch
+    {
+      // Math.Abs(x) → Abs(col)
+      nameof(Math.Abs) => SparkFunctions.Abs(col),
+
+      // Math.Floor(x) → Floor(col)
+      nameof(Math.Floor) => SparkFunctions.Floor(col),
+
+      // Math.Ceiling(x) → Ceil(col)
+      nameof(Math.Ceiling) => SparkFunctions.Ceil(col),
+
+      // Math.Round(x) → Round(col, 0)
+      // Math.Round(x, decimals) → Round(col, decimals)
+      nameof(Math.Round) when mce.Arguments.Count == 1 => SparkFunctions.Round(col, 0),
+      nameof(Math.Round) => SparkFunctions.Round(
+        col,
+        (int)((ConstantExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Value!
+      ),
+
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        $"Math method '{mce.Method.Name}' has no Spark translation."
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Member access translation (columns + string.Length)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a member access into a Spark <see cref="Column"/> reference.
+  /// Handles <c>string.Length</c> as a special case before resolving column names.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateMemberAccess(
+    MemberExpression me,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    // string.Length → Length(col)
+    if (
+      me.Member is PropertyInfo { Name: nameof(string.Length) }
+      && me.Member.DeclaringType == typeof(string)
+      && me.Expression is not null
+    )
+    {
+      var inner = TranslateSubExpression(me.Expression, paramMap);
+      return SparkFunctions.Length(inner);
+    }
+
+    // DateTime part properties → Spark date/time functions
+    if (
+      me.Member is PropertyInfo dateTimeProp
+      && me.Member.DeclaringType == typeof(DateTime)
+      && me.Expression is not null
+    )
+    {
+      // Supported DateTime properties are listed in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedDateTimeProperties.
+      // Update that file when adding new translations.
+      var col = TranslateSubExpression(me.Expression, paramMap);
+      return dateTimeProp.Name switch
+      {
+        nameof(DateTime.Year) => SparkFunctions.Year(col),
+        nameof(DateTime.Month) => SparkFunctions.Month(col),
+        nameof(DateTime.Day) => SparkFunctions.DayOfMonth(col),
+        nameof(DateTime.Hour) => SparkFunctions.Hour(col),
+        nameof(DateTime.Minute) => SparkFunctions.Minute(col),
+        nameof(DateTime.Second) => SparkFunctions.Second(col),
+        _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+          $"DateTime property '{dateTimeProp.Name}' has no Spark translation. "
+            + "Supported: Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Second."
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Direct property on a lambda parameter: x.Age → df["Age"]
+    if (me.Expression is ParameterExpression pe && paramMap.TryGetValue(pe, out var df))
+    {
+      var colName = ResolveColumnName(me.Member);
+      return df[colName];
+    }
+
+    // Closure-captured variable or static field: evaluate to a constant
+    var value = EvaluateConstant(me);
+    return SparkFunctions.Lit(value);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a binary expression into a Spark <see cref="Column"/> operation
+  /// using Column operator overloads.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column TranslateBinary(
+    BinaryExpression be,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    // Null checks: x.Prop == null → IsNull(col), x.Prop != null → IsNotNull(col).
+    // Spark's col == null produces col = NULL (always false in SQL three-valued logic),
+    // so we must intercept before translating operands into Column objects.
+    if (be.NodeType is ExpressionType.Equal or ExpressionType.NotEqual)
+    {
+      var isLeftNull = be.Left is ConstantExpression { Value: null };
+      var isRightNull = be.Right is ConstantExpression { Value: null };
+
+      if (isLeftNull || isRightNull)
+      {
+        var nonNullSide = isRightNull ? be.Left : be.Right;
+        var col = TranslateSubExpression(nonNullSide, paramMap);
+        return be.NodeType == ExpressionType.Equal ? SparkFunctions.IsNull(col) : col.IsNotNull();
+      }
+    }
+
+    var left = TranslateSubExpression(be.Left, paramMap);
+    var right = TranslateSubExpression(be.Right, paramMap);
+
+    return be.NodeType switch
+    {
+      // Comparison
+      ExpressionType.Equal => left == (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.NotEqual => left != (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.GreaterThan => left > (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.GreaterThanOrEqual => left >= (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.LessThan => left < (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.LessThanOrEqual => left <= (object)right,
+
+      // Arithmetic
+      ExpressionType.Add => left + (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.Subtract => left - (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.Multiply => left * (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.Divide => left / (object)right,
+      ExpressionType.Modulo => left % (object)right,
+
+      // Logical
+      ExpressionType.AndAlso => left & right,
+      ExpressionType.OrElse => left | right,
+
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        $"Binary operator '{be.NodeType}' is not supported in Spark expressions."
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Projection translation → Column[]
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a projection expression (<c>MemberInitExpression</c> or <c>NewExpression</c>)
+  /// into an array of aliased Spark <see cref="Column"/> objects for <c>DataFrame.Select</c>.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column[] TranslateProjection(
+    Expression body,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    return body switch
+    {
+      // new OutputSchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age }
+      MemberInitExpression mie => TranslateMemberInit(mie, paramMap),
+
+      // new OutputSchema(x.Name, x.Age) — positional constructor
+      NewExpression ne => TranslateNewExpression(ne, paramMap),
+
+      // Single expression (identity projection: x => x.Name)
+      _ => [TranslateSubExpression(body, paramMap)],
+    };
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates <c>new T { Prop1 = expr1, Prop2 = expr2 }</c> into aliased columns.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column[] TranslateMemberInit(
+    MemberInitExpression mie,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    var columns = new Column[mie.Bindings.Count];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < mie.Bindings.Count; i++)
+    {
+      if (mie.Bindings[i] is not MemberAssignment assignment)
+      {
+        throw new NotSupportedException(
+          $"Only simple property assignments are supported in projections. "
+            + $"Got {mie.Bindings[i].BindingType} for '{mie.Bindings[i].Member.Name}'."
+        );
+      }
+
+      var col = TranslateSubExpression(assignment.Expression, paramMap);
+      var targetName = ResolveColumnName(assignment.Member);
+      columns[i] = col.As(targetName);
+    }
+
+    return columns;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates <c>new T(expr1, expr2)</c> into aliased columns, matching constructor
+  /// parameter positions to the <c>NewExpression.Members</c> metadata.
+  /// </summary>
+  private Column[] TranslateNewExpression(
+    NewExpression ne,
+    Dictionary<ParameterExpression, DataFrame> paramMap
+  )
+  {
+    if (ne.Members is null || ne.Members.Count == 0)
+    {
+      throw new NotSupportedException(
+        "Positional constructor projections require member metadata. "
+          + "Use a record type or object initializer syntax."
+      );
+    }
+
+    var columns = new Column[ne.Arguments.Count];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < ne.Arguments.Count; i++)
+    {
+      var col = TranslateSubExpression(ne.Arguments[i], paramMap);
+      var targetName = ResolveColumnName(ne.Members[i]);
+      columns[i] = col.As(targetName);
+    }
+
+    return columns;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkFrameProvider.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkFrameProvider.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..244246c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkFrameProvider.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An <see cref="IFrameQueryProvider"/> that backs <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> instances
+/// with Spark.NET <see cref="DataFrame"/> objects.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// This provider manages the association between <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> phantom wrappers
+/// and the native <see cref="DataFrame"/> objects they represent. It follows the standard
+/// <see cref="IQueryProvider"/> contract:
+/// </para>
+/// <list type="bullet">
+/// <item><see cref="CreateQuery{TElement}"/> wraps an expression in a new <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>.</item>
+/// <item><see cref="Compile"/> walks the accumulated expression tree via <see cref="SparkExpressionVisitor"/>
+/// and produces a native <see cref="DataFrame"/>.</item>
+/// </list>
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class SparkFrameProvider : IFrameQueryProvider
+{
+  private readonly ConditionalWeakTable<object, DataFrame> _nativeFrames = new();
+  private readonly SparkExpressionVisitor _visitor;
+  private readonly SparkSession _session;
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Initializes a new <see cref="SparkFrameProvider"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// Calls <see cref="SparkRuntime.Initialize"/> to ensure the JVM backend is running before
+  /// creating the Spark session. Consuming code (catalogs, flows, steps) does not need to
+  /// interact with <see cref="SparkRuntime"/> or <see cref="SparkSession"/> directly.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public SparkFrameProvider(SparkRuntime runtime)
+  {
+    runtime.Initialize();
+    _session = SparkSession.Builder().GetOrCreate();
+    _visitor = new SparkExpressionVisitor(this);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Initializes a <see cref="SparkFrameProvider"/> without starting the JVM backend.
+  /// For use in unit tests that validate schema logic without a live Spark session.
+  /// </summary>
+  internal SparkFrameProvider()
+  {
+    _session = null!;
+    _visitor = new SparkExpressionVisitor(this);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates a root <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> backed by a native Spark <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <typeparam name="T">The schema type representing the DataFrame's row structure.</typeparam>
+  /// <param name="dataFrame">The native Spark DataFrame.</param>
+  /// <returns>A typed frame that can be transformed via LINQ-style extension methods.</returns>
+  public TypedFrame<T> CreateFromNative<T>(DataFrame dataFrame)
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<T>(this);
+    _nativeFrames.AddOrUpdate(frame, dataFrame);
+    return frame;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates a root <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> by ingesting an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>
+  /// into Spark via the managed session.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// <para>
+  /// The <see cref="StructType"/> is derived automatically from <typeparamref name="T"/>'s
+  /// property metadata using <see cref="SparkSchemaInference" />, so no manual schema
+  /// declaration is required in the calling code.
+  /// </para>
+  /// <para>
+  /// This is the standard entry point for preprocessing steps that produce typed data from
+  /// raw <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/> sources. Steps calling this method do not need to
+  /// reference <see cref="SparkSession"/>, <see cref="Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types.StructType"/>,
+  /// or <see cref="Flowthru.Spark.Sql.GenericRow"/> directly.
+  /// </para>
+  /// </remarks>
+  /// <typeparam name="T">A flat schema type whose properties define the Spark column layout.</typeparam>
+  /// <param name="source">The rows to ingest. Enumerated once.</param>
+  /// <returns>A typed frame backed by the ingested DataFrame.</returns>
+  public TypedFrame<T> CreateFromEnumerable<T>(IEnumerable<T> source)
+    where T : notnull, IFlatSchema
+  {
+    var schema = SparkSchemaInference.InferStructType<T>();
+    var rows = SparkSchemaInference.ToGenericRows(source);
+    var df = _session.CreateDataFrame(rows, schema);
+    return CreateFromNative<T>(df);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Retrieves the native <see cref="DataFrame"/> associated with a root
+  /// <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  internal DataFrame GetNativeFrame(object frame)
+  {
+    if (_nativeFrames.TryGetValue(frame, out var df))
+      return df;
+
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+      "TypedFrame is not associated with a native Spark DataFrame. "
+        + "Root frames must be created via SparkFrameProvider.CreateFromNative<T>()."
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Compiles the expression tree into a native Spark <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="expression">
+  /// The accumulated expression tree from chained <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> operations.
+  /// </param>
+  /// <returns>A Spark <see cref="DataFrame"/>.</returns>
+  public DataFrame CompileToNative(Expression expression)
+  {
+    return (DataFrame)Compile(expression);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Compiles the expression tree of a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> into a native DataFrame.
+  /// </summary>
+  public DataFrame CompileToNative<T>(TypedFrame<T> frame)
+  {
+    return CompileToNative(frame.Expression);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  IFrameQueryProvider
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public object Compile(Expression expression)
+  {
+    return _visitor.CompileExpression(expression);
+  }
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// <para>
+  /// <see cref="SparkRowHydrator{T}"/> carries an <c>IFlatSchema</c> constraint that cannot
+  /// be expressed on this method. The constraint is already enforced at catalog construction
+  /// via <see cref="FrameItemFactory.Memory{TRow}"/>, so every <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>
+  /// in the system is guaranteed to carry a flat schema at runtime.
+  /// </para>
+  /// <para>
+  /// The hydrator is instantiated via reflection to bypass the compile-time constraint.
+  /// </para>
+  /// </remarks>
+  public IEnumerable<T> Materialize<T>(Expression expression)
+  {
+    var df = CompileToNative(expression);
+    var hydratorType = typeof(SparkRowHydrator<>).MakeGenericType(typeof(T));
+    var hydrator = Activator.CreateInstance(hydratorType, this)!;
+    var collectRows = hydratorType.GetMethod(
+      "CollectRows",
+      System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance
+    )!;
+    return (IEnumerable<T>)collectRows.Invoke(hydrator, [df])!;
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  IQueryProvider
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression)
+  {
+    return new TypedFrame<TElement>(this, expression);
+  }
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression)
+  {
+    var elementType =
+      expression.Type.GetGenericArguments().FirstOrDefault()
+      ?? throw new ArgumentException(
+        "Cannot determine element type from expression.",
+        nameof(expression)
+      );
+
+    var frameType = typeof(TypedFrame<>).MakeGenericType(elementType);
+    return (IQueryable)Activator.CreateInstance(frameType, this, expression)!;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Executes a scalar terminal operation (e.g., <c>Count()</c>) by compiling the
+  /// expression tree and returning the result.
+  /// </summary>
+  public TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression)
+  {
+    var result = _visitor.CompileExpression(expression);
+    return (TResult)result;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>Not supported — use the generic overload.</summary>
+  public object? Execute(Expression expression) =>
+    throw new NotSupportedException("Use Execute<TResult> for scalar terminal operations.");
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkRowHydrator.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkRowHydrator.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb7fc3aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkRowHydrator.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Core.Data.Storage.Format;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a schema mismatch detected during pre-flight validation of a Spark
+/// <see cref="DataFrame"/> against a typed schema <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed record SchemaValidationError(string ColumnName, string Reason);
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Materializes a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> into an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/> by
+/// compiling the expression tree, validating the live Spark schema, and collecting rows.
+/// </summary>
+/// <typeparam name="T">
+/// The target schema type. Must be a flat schema — non-flat schemas contain
+/// nested or collection properties that cannot be expressed as scalar Spark columns.
+/// </typeparam>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// This is the materialization boundary in a Spark flow. When a step inputs a
+/// <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> and outputs an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>, call
+/// <see cref="Collect"/> to trigger the Spark action and hydrate typed rows.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// The <see cref="PropertyMappingHelper"/> is used to resolve column names, so
+/// <c>[SerializedLabel]</c> attributes are honoured the same way as CSV and Parquet.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Register via <c>UseSpark()</c>; inject into flow delegates by type parameter.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class SparkRowHydrator<T>
+  where T : notnull, IFlatSchema
+{
+  private readonly SparkFrameProvider _provider;
+
+  // Built once per T — reflection cost is paid at construction time.
+  private readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, PropertyInfo> _propertyMap;
+
+  // Maps each Spark DataType to the C# types that can safely receive it.
+  private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<Type, IReadOnlyList<Type>> s_sparkToClrCompatibility =
+    BuildCompatibilityMap();
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Initializes a new <see cref="SparkRowHydrator{T}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  public SparkRowHydrator(SparkFrameProvider provider)
+  {
+    _provider = provider ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(provider));
+    _propertyMap = PropertyMappingHelper.BuildPropertyMap<T>();
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Pre-flight validation
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Validates that a <see cref="StructType"/> covers every property on
+  /// <typeparamref name="T"/> with a compatible type.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// This overload works without a live JVM and is the testable core of schema validation.
+  /// Use it in pre-flight checks or unit tests where a <see cref="DataFrame"/> is not available.
+  /// </remarks>
+  /// <param name="schema">The Spark struct schema to validate against <typeparamref name="T"/>.</param>
+  /// <returns>
+  /// An empty list when the schema is compatible; otherwise, one entry per problem column.
+  /// </returns>
+  public IReadOnlyList<SchemaValidationError> ValidateSchema(StructType schema)
+  {
+    if (schema == null)
+      throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(schema));
+
+    var errors = new List<SchemaValidationError>();
+    var schemaFieldsByName = schema.Fields.ToDictionary(
+      f => f.Name,
+      StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase
+    );
+
+    foreach (var (externalName, property) in _propertyMap)
+    {
+      if (!schemaFieldsByName.TryGetValue(externalName, out var field))
+      {
+        errors.Add(
+          new SchemaValidationError(
+            externalName,
+            $"Column '{externalName}' (mapped from '{property.Name}') "
+              + "is not present in the DataFrame schema."
+          )
+        );
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (!IsCompatible(field.DataType, property.PropertyType))
+      {
+        errors.Add(
+          new SchemaValidationError(
+            externalName,
+            $"Column '{externalName}' has Spark type '{field.DataType.SimpleString}' "
+              + $"which is not compatible with C# property '{property.Name}' "
+              + $"of type '{property.PropertyType.Name}'."
+          )
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    return errors;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Validates that the <see cref="DataFrame"/>'s schema covers every property on
+  /// <typeparamref name="T"/> with a compatible type.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// Delegates to <see cref="ValidateSchema(StructType)"/> after extracting the live schema.
+  /// Call this before <see cref="Collect"/> to surface schema drift as a structured
+  /// pre-flight error rather than a runtime exception deep inside <c>GetAs&lt;T&gt;</c>.
+  /// </remarks>
+  /// <param name="dataFrame">The compiled native DataFrame to inspect.</param>
+  /// <returns>
+  /// An empty list when the schema is compatible; otherwise, one entry per problem column.
+  /// </returns>
+  public IReadOnlyList<SchemaValidationError> ValidateSchema(DataFrame dataFrame)
+  {
+    if (dataFrame == null)
+      throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(dataFrame));
+
+    return ValidateSchema(dataFrame.Schema());
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Materialization
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Compiles the expression tree, validates the live DataFrame schema, collects
+  /// all rows, and hydrates them into <typeparamref name="T"/> instances.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="frame">The typed frame to materialize.</param>
+  /// <returns>The materialized rows as an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>.</returns>
+  /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">
+  /// Thrown when the DataFrame schema is incompatible with <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+  /// The exception message lists all detected mismatches.
+  /// </exception>
+  public IEnumerable<T> Collect(TypedFrame<T> frame)
+  {
+    if (frame == null)
+      throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(frame));
+
+    var dataFrame = _provider.CompileToNative(frame);
+
+    var errors = ValidateSchema(dataFrame);
+    if (errors.Count > 0)
+    {
+      var details = string.Join(
+        Environment.NewLine,
+        errors.Select(e => $"  • {e.ColumnName}: {e.Reason}")
+      );
+      throw new InvalidOperationException(
+        $"DataFrame schema is incompatible with '{typeof(T).Name}':" + Environment.NewLine + details
+      );
+    }
+
+    return dataFrame.Collect().Select(HydrateRow);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Validates the schema of an already-compiled <see cref="DataFrame"/>, collects
+  /// all rows, and hydrates them into <typeparamref name="T"/> instances.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// Called by <see cref="SparkFrameProvider.Materialize{T}"/> to support transparent
+  /// TypedFrame → IEnumerable conversion at catalog item boundaries.
+  /// </remarks>
+  /// <param name="dataFrame">The compiled native DataFrame.</param>
+  /// <returns>The materialized rows as an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>.</returns>
+  internal IEnumerable<T> CollectRows(DataFrame dataFrame)
+  {
+    if (dataFrame == null)
+      throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(dataFrame));
+
+    var errors = ValidateSchema(dataFrame);
+    if (errors.Count > 0)
+    {
+      var details = string.Join(
+        Environment.NewLine,
+        errors.Select(e => $"  • {e.ColumnName}: {e.Reason}")
+      );
+      throw new InvalidOperationException(
+        $"DataFrame schema is incompatible with '{typeof(T).Name}':" + Environment.NewLine + details
+      );
+    }
+
+    return dataFrame.Collect().Select(HydrateRow);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Row → T hydration
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private T HydrateRow(Row row)
+  {
+    // Records with required init properties cannot be set via reflection after construction,
+    // so we build a Dictionary<string, object> and use the ObjectFactory pattern:
+    // construct via the primary constructor by matching parameter names.
+    //
+    // If T has a parameterless constructor (unusual for schema records), fall back to
+    // property-setter hydration.
+    var ctor = FindRecordConstructor();
+    if (ctor != null)
+      return HydrateViaConstructor(row, ctor);
+
+    return HydrateViaSetters(row);
+  }
+
+  private T HydrateViaConstructor(Row row, ConstructorInfo ctor)
+  {
+    var parameters = ctor.GetParameters();
+    var args = new object?[parameters.Length];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < parameters.Length; i++)
+    {
+      var param = parameters[i];
+      // Constructor parameter names match property names (C# record convention).
+      // Look up the external field name via the property map.
+      if (
+        _propertyMap.TryGetValue(param.Name!, out var property)
+        || _propertyMap.TryGetValue(
+          _propertyMap.Keys.FirstOrDefault(k =>
+            string.Equals(k, param.Name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+          ) ?? "",
+          out property
+        )
+      )
+      {
+        var externalName = PropertyMappingHelper.GetFieldName(property);
+        args[i] = ConvertValue(row.Get(externalName), property.PropertyType);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        args[i] = param.HasDefaultValue ? param.DefaultValue : null;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return (T)ctor.Invoke(args);
+  }
+
+  private T HydrateViaSetters(Row row)
+  {
+    var instance = Activator.CreateInstance<T>();
+    foreach (var (externalName, property) in _propertyMap)
+    {
+      if (!property.CanWrite)
+        continue;
+
+      var rawValue = row.Get(externalName);
+      property.SetValue(instance, ConvertValue(rawValue, property.PropertyType));
+    }
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+  private ConstructorInfo? FindRecordConstructor()
+  {
+    // C# records emit a primary constructor whose parameter count matches property count.
+    // Pick the constructor whose parameter names collectively match the property map keys
+    // (by property name, not external label).
+    var properties = typeof(T)
+      .GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance)
+      .Select(p => p.Name)
+      .ToHashSet(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+    return typeof(T)
+      .GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance)
+      .Where(c =>
+      {
+        var ps = c.GetParameters();
+        return ps.Length > 0 && ps.All(p => properties.Contains(p.Name ?? ""));
+      })
+      .OrderByDescending(c => c.GetParameters().Length)
+      .FirstOrDefault();
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Type compatibility and conversion
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private static object? ConvertValue(object? raw, Type targetType)
+  {
+    if (raw == null)
+      return null;
+
+    var underlying = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(targetType) ?? targetType;
+
+    if (underlying.IsEnum)
+      return Enum.Parse(underlying, raw.ToString()!);
+
+    try
+    {
+      return Convert.ChangeType(raw, underlying);
+    }
+    catch (Exception ex)
+    {
+      throw new InvalidOperationException(
+        $"Cannot convert Spark value '{raw}' ({raw.GetType().Name}) "
+          + $"to target type '{underlying.Name}'.",
+        ex
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static bool IsCompatible(DataType sparkType, Type clrType)
+  {
+    var underlying = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(clrType) ?? clrType;
+
+    if (underlying.IsEnum)
+      return sparkType is StringType or IntegerType or LongType;
+
+    if (s_sparkToClrCompatibility.TryGetValue(sparkType.GetType(), out var compatibleClrTypes))
+      return compatibleClrTypes.Contains(underlying);
+
+    // Unknown Spark type — allow through; runtime will report the real error.
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private static IReadOnlyDictionary<Type, IReadOnlyList<Type>> BuildCompatibilityMap()
+  {
+    return new Dictionary<Type, IReadOnlyList<Type>>
+    {
+      [typeof(StringType)] = [typeof(string)],
+      [typeof(BooleanType)] = [typeof(bool)],
+      [typeof(ByteType)] = [typeof(byte), typeof(sbyte), typeof(short), typeof(int), typeof(long)],
+      [typeof(ShortType)] = [typeof(short), typeof(int), typeof(long)],
+      [typeof(IntegerType)] = [typeof(int), typeof(long)],
+      [typeof(LongType)] = [typeof(long)],
+      [typeof(FloatType)] = [typeof(float), typeof(double)],
+      [typeof(DoubleType)] = [typeof(double)],
+      [typeof(DecimalType)] = [typeof(decimal), typeof(double)],
+      [typeof(BinaryType)] = [typeof(byte[])],
+      [typeof(DateType)] = [typeof(DateTime), typeof(DateOnly)],
+      [typeof(TimestampType)] = [typeof(DateTime), typeof(DateTimeOffset)],
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkSchemaInference.cs b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkSchemaInference.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..326349d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extensions/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark/SparkSchemaInference.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Core.Data.Storage.Format;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Derives Spark schema information from <see cref="IFlatSchema"/> types using
+/// <c>[SerializedLabel]</c> metadata and a canonical CLR-to-Spark type mapping.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Eliminates the need for manual <see cref="StructType"/> declarations and
+/// <see cref="GenericRow"/> construction in preprocessing steps. The same metadata
+/// that drives CSV/Parquet serialization (<see cref="PropertyMappingHelper"/>) is
+/// reused here, so column names are always consistent with the rest of the pipeline.
+/// </remarks>
+public static class SparkSchemaInference
+{
+    // CLR → canonical Spark DataType
+    // decimal maps to DoubleType: the .NET Spark bridge has no DecimalType primitive.
+    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<Type, Func<DataType>> s_clrToSpark =
+        new Dictionary<Type, Func<DataType>>
+        {
+            [typeof(string)] = () => new StringType(),
+            [typeof(bool)] = () => new BooleanType(),
+            [typeof(byte)] = () => new ByteType(),
+            [typeof(sbyte)] = () => new ByteType(),
+            [typeof(short)] = () => new ShortType(),
+            [typeof(int)] = () => new IntegerType(),
+            [typeof(long)] = () => new LongType(),
+            [typeof(float)] = () => new FloatType(),
+            [typeof(double)] = () => new DoubleType(),
+            [typeof(decimal)] = () => new DoubleType(),
+            [typeof(byte[])] = () => new BinaryType(),
+            [typeof(DateTime)] = () => new TimestampType(),
+            [typeof(DateTimeOffset)] = () => new TimestampType(),
+            [typeof(DateOnly)] = () => new DateType(),
+        };
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Derives a <see cref="StructType"/> from the property metadata of
+    /// <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">A flat schema type decorated with <c>[FlowthruSchema]</c>.</typeparam>
+    /// <returns>A <see cref="StructType"/> whose fields mirror the schema properties.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="NotSupportedException">
+    /// Thrown when a property type has no known Spark equivalent.
+    /// </exception>
+    public static StructType InferStructType<T>()
+        where T : notnull, IFlatSchema
+    {
+        var propertyMap = PropertyMappingHelper.BuildPropertyMap<T>();
+
+        var fields = propertyMap
+            .Select(kvp =>
+            {
+                var columnName = kvp.Key;
+                var propertyType = kvp.Value.PropertyType;
+                var underlying = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(propertyType) ?? propertyType;
+                var nullable = underlying != propertyType;
+
+                if (!s_clrToSpark.TryGetValue(underlying, out var factory))
+                    throw new NotSupportedException(
+                        $"Property '{kvp.Value.Name}' on '{typeof(T).Name}' has type "
+                            + $"'{underlying.Name}' which has no known Spark counterpart. "
+                            + "Use a supported CLR type (string, bool, int, long, float, "
+                            + "double, decimal, byte[], DateTime, DateOnly)."
+                    );
+
+                return new StructField(columnName, factory(), nullable);
+            })
+            .ToArray();
+
+        return new StructType(fields);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Projects an <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/> into <see cref="GenericRow"/> instances
+    /// whose values are ordered to match the field order of <see cref="InferStructType{T}"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">A flat schema type decorated with <c>[FlowthruSchema]</c>.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="source">The rows to project.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// An enumerable of <see cref="GenericRow"/> objects ready for
+    /// <c>SparkSession.CreateDataFrame</c>.
+    /// </returns>
+    public static IEnumerable<GenericRow> ToGenericRows<T>(IEnumerable<T> source)
+        where T : notnull, IFlatSchema
+    {
+        var propertyMap = PropertyMappingHelper.BuildPropertyMap<T>();
+        var orderedGetters = propertyMap.Values
+            .Select(p => p.GetGetMethod()!)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        foreach (var item in source)
+        {
+            var values = new object?[orderedGetters.Length];
+            for (var i = 0; i < orderedGetters.Length; i++)
+                values[i] = orderedGetters[i].Invoke(item, null);
+
+            yield return new GenericRow(values);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes.csproj b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78f4b703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsRoslynComponent>true</IsRoslynComponent>
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.CodeFixes</PackageId>
+    <!-- CodeFixProviders require Workspaces APIs; EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules would
+         block them. CodeFix projects deliberately do NOT set that property. -->
+    <NoWarn>RS2008;RS2007</NoWarn>
+    <DevelopmentDependency>true</DevelopmentDependency>
+    <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Workspaces" Version="4.12.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- Reference the analyzer project so fixer IDs can reference shared constants -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj"
+                      ReferenceOutputAssembly="true" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5150bd16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+; Shipped analyzer releases
+; https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-analyzers/blob/main/src/Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers/ReleaseTrackingAnalyzers.Help.md
+
+## Release 1.0
+
+### New Rules
+
+| Rule ID | Category | Severity | Notes |
+| ------- | -------- | -------- | ----- |
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2848a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+; Unshipped analyzer release
+; https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-analyzers/blob/main/src/Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers/ReleaseTrackingAnalyzers.Help.md
+
+### New Rules
+
+| Rule ID      | Category                 | Severity | Notes                                                                        |
+| ------------ | ------------------------ | -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| FDFRAMES1001 | Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames | Error    | TypedFrame Select projection body must be an object initializer              |
+| FDFRAMES1002 | Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames | Error    | TypedFrame Select initializer must use property-assignment bindings          |
+| FDFRAMES1003 | Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames | Error    | TypedFrame Select positional constructor requires a record or anonymous type |
+| FDFRAMES1004 | Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames | Error    | TypedFrame Aggregate result selector must be an object initializer           |
+| FDFRAMES1005 | Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames | Error    | TypedFrame Aggregate binding must be ctx.Key or an aggregation method call   |
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/DataFrameDiagnostics.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/DataFrameDiagnostics.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1433bb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/DataFrameDiagnostics.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Diagnostic descriptors for the DataFrame expression analyzer.
+/// </summary>
+public static class DataFrameDiagnostics
+{
+  private const string Category = "Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames";
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FDFRAMES1001: The lambda body passed to <c>TypedFrame.Select()</c> must be an
+  /// object-creation expression with an initializer, a record/anonymous-type positional
+  /// constructor call, or a single member access. Arbitrary expression bodies cannot be
+  /// decomposed into named column operations by any DataFrame provider.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidProjectionBody =
+    new(
+      id: "FDFRAMES1001",
+      title: "TypedFrame Select projection must be an object initializer or record constructor",
+      messageFormat: "The Select lambda body '{0}' cannot be translated to named column "
+        + "operations. Use an object initializer (new OutputSchema {{ Prop = x.Prop }}), "
+        + "a record constructor, or an anonymous type.",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "TypedFrame.Select() requires the lambda body to be decomposable into "
+        + "named column operations. Object initializers, record constructors, and anonymous "
+        + "type constructors are supported. Arbitrary method calls, tuple constructors, or "
+        + "other expression forms are not translatable by any DataFrame provider."
+    );
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FDFRAMES1002: An object-initializer binding inside <c>TypedFrame.Select()</c> uses a
+  /// collection or nested-object form that cannot be decomposed into a single named column
+  /// operation. Only plain property-assignment bindings (<c>Prop = expr</c>) are translatable.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor NonAssignmentBinding =
+    new(
+      id: "FDFRAMES1002",
+      title: "TypedFrame Select initializer must use property-assignment bindings",
+      messageFormat: "The binding '{0}' in the Select initializer uses a collection or "
+        + "nested-object form. Only property-assignment bindings (Prop = expr) can be "
+        + "translated to named column operations.",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "TypedFrame.Select() initializer bindings must be directly assignable "
+        + "member expressions. Collection initializers (Items = {{ ... }}) and nested-object "
+        + "initializers (Nested = {{ Prop = val }}) produce non-assignment expression tree "
+        + "bindings that no DataFrame provider can translate."
+    );
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FDFRAMES1003: A positional constructor call inside <c>TypedFrame.Select()</c> targets a
+  /// type that is not a record or anonymous type. Column names cannot be derived from
+  /// constructor parameter position for plain classes.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor PositionalConstructorNonRecord =
+    new(
+      id: "FDFRAMES1003",
+      title: "TypedFrame Select positional constructor requires a record or anonymous type",
+      messageFormat: "'{0}' is not a record or anonymous type. Positional constructors cannot "
+        + "be decomposed into named column operations unless the type exposes member metadata "
+        + "(records and anonymous types do; plain classes do not).",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "TypedFrame.Select() with a positional constructor requires the target type "
+        + "to be a record or anonymous type so that column names can be inferred from the "
+        + "constructor parameters. Convert the type to a record or use an object initializer."
+    );
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FDFRAMES1004: The result selector body passed to <c>GroupedFrame.Aggregate()</c> is not
+  /// an object-creation expression. Aggregate projections must name each output column
+  /// explicitly via an object initializer, record constructor, or anonymous type.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidAggregateResultBody =
+    new(
+      id: "FDFRAMES1004",
+      title: "TypedFrame Aggregate result selector must be an object initializer",
+      messageFormat: "The Aggregate result selector body '{0}' cannot be translated. Use an "
+        + "object initializer (new TResult {{ Prop = ctx.Key }}), a positional record "
+        + "constructor, or an anonymous type.",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "GroupedFrame.Aggregate() requires the result selector to produce an object "
+        + "whose properties map explicitly to aggregation outputs. Member-access passthrough "
+        + "and arbitrary expressions are not supported — each output column must name a key "
+        + "or aggregation function from the AggregationContext."
+    );
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// FDFRAMES1005: A binding inside a <c>GroupedFrame.Aggregate()</c> result selector is
+  /// neither a key access (<c>ctx.Key</c>) nor an aggregation method call
+  /// (<c>ctx.Avg(...)</c>, <c>ctx.Sum(...)</c>, etc.).
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidAggregateBinding =
+    new(
+      id: "FDFRAMES1005",
+      title: "TypedFrame Aggregate binding must be ctx.Key or an aggregation method call",
+      messageFormat: "The expression '{0}' cannot be translated as an aggregate output. Each "
+        + "property in an Aggregate result selector must be ctx.Key or a call to an "
+        + "aggregation method (ctx.Avg(...), ctx.Sum(...), ctx.Count(), etc.).",
+      category: Category,
+      defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
+      isEnabledByDefault: true,
+      description: "GroupedFrame.Aggregate() result selector bindings must either read the "
+        + "group key (ctx.Key) or invoke an aggregation function on the context. Arbitrary "
+        + "expressions cannot be translated by any DataFrame provider."
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da03f2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsRoslynComponent>true</IsRoslynComponent>
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators</PackageId>
+    <EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>true</EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>
+    <NoWarn>RS2008;RS2007</NoWarn>
+    <DevelopmentDependency>true</DevelopmentDependency>
+    <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.8.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" PrivateAssets="all" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <AdditionalFiles Include="AnalyzerReleases.Shipped.md" />
+    <AdditionalFiles Include="AnalyzerReleases.Unshipped.md" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dc1c3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.Immutable;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Validates that lambda expressions passed to <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> and
+/// <c>GroupedFrameExtensions</c> methods have structurally translatable bodies —
+/// constraints that apply regardless of the backing DataFrame provider.
+/// </summary>
+[DiagnosticAnalyzer(LanguageNames.CSharp)]
+public sealed class TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer : DiagnosticAnalyzer
+{
+  public override ImmutableArray<DiagnosticDescriptor> SupportedDiagnostics =>
+    ImmutableArray.Create(
+      DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidProjectionBody,
+      DataFrameDiagnostics.NonAssignmentBinding,
+      DataFrameDiagnostics.PositionalConstructorNonRecord,
+      DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateResultBody,
+      DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateBinding
+    );
+
+  public override void Initialize(AnalysisContext context)
+  {
+    context.ConfigureGeneratedCodeAnalysis(GeneratedCodeAnalysisFlags.None);
+    context.EnableConcurrentExecution();
+    context.RegisterSyntaxNodeAction(AnalyzeInvocation, SyntaxKind.InvocationExpression);
+  }
+
+  private static void AnalyzeInvocation(SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context)
+  {
+    var invocation = (InvocationExpressionSyntax)context.Node;
+    var match = TypedFrameInvocationHelper.TryMatch(invocation, context.SemanticModel);
+
+    if (match is null)
+      return;
+
+    switch (match.Method.Name)
+    {
+      case "Select":
+        CheckSelectLambda(context, match);
+        break;
+      case "Aggregate":
+        CheckAggregateLambda(context, match);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ─── Select checks (FDFRAMES1001, FDFRAMES1002, FDFRAMES1003) ──────────────────
+
+  private static void CheckSelectLambda(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    TypedFrameInvocation match
+  )
+  {
+    if (match.LambdaArguments.Count == 0)
+      return;
+
+    var selector = match.LambdaArguments[0];
+    var body = GetLambdaBody(selector);
+    if (body is null)
+      return;
+
+    // FDFRAMES1001: body must be a recognised projection form.
+    if (!IsValidProjectionBody(body))
+    {
+      context.ReportDiagnostic(
+        Diagnostic.Create(
+          DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidProjectionBody,
+          body.GetLocation(),
+          body.ToString()
+        )
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // FDFRAMES1002: every binding in an object initializer must be a plain assignment.
+    var initializer = GetObjectInitializer(body);
+    if (initializer is not null)
+      CheckInitializerBindings(context, initializer);
+
+    // FDFRAMES1003: positional constructor (no initializer) requires a record or anonymous type.
+    if (HasPositionalConstructorWithoutInitializer(body))
+      CheckPositionalConstructorType(context, body);
+  }
+
+  // ─── Aggregate checks (FDFRAMES1004, FDFRAMES1005) ────────────────────────────
+
+  private static void CheckAggregateLambda(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    TypedFrameInvocation match
+  )
+  {
+    if (match.LambdaArguments.Count == 0)
+      return;
+
+    var resultSelector = match.LambdaArguments[0];
+    var body = GetLambdaBody(resultSelector);
+    if (body is null)
+      return;
+
+    // FDFRAMES1004: result selector body must be an object-creation expression.
+    if (!IsValidAggregateResultBody(body))
+    {
+      context.ReportDiagnostic(
+        Diagnostic.Create(
+          DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateResultBody,
+          body.GetLocation(),
+          body.ToString()
+        )
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // FDFRAMES1005: every binding value must be ctx.Key or ctx.Method(...).
+    CheckAggregateBindings(context, body, resultSelector);
+  }
+
+  // ─── Shared projection helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private static ExpressionSyntax? GetLambdaBody(LambdaExpressionSyntax lambda) =>
+    lambda switch
+    {
+      SimpleLambdaExpressionSyntax s => s.Body as ExpressionSyntax,
+      ParenthesizedLambdaExpressionSyntax p => p.Body as ExpressionSyntax,
+      _ => null,
+    };
+
+  private static bool IsValidProjectionBody(ExpressionSyntax body) =>
+    body switch
+    {
+      // new OutputSchema { Prop = ... }
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: not null } => true,
+      // new OutputSchema(...) — positional
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { ArgumentList.Arguments.Count: > 0 } => true,
+      // new { Prop = ... } — anonymous type
+      AnonymousObjectCreationExpressionSyntax => true,
+      // new(...) { Prop = ... } — implicit new with initializer (C# 9+)
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: not null } => true,
+      // new(...) — implicit new positional
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { ArgumentList.Arguments.Count: > 0 } => true,
+      // x.Property — member access passthrough
+      MemberAccessExpressionSyntax => true,
+      // x — identifier passthrough
+      IdentifierNameSyntax => true,
+      _ => false,
+    };
+
+  private static bool IsValidAggregateResultBody(ExpressionSyntax body) =>
+    body switch
+    {
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: not null } => true,
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { ArgumentList.Arguments.Count: > 0 } => true,
+      AnonymousObjectCreationExpressionSyntax => true,
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: not null } => true,
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { ArgumentList.Arguments.Count: > 0 } => true,
+      _ => false,
+    };
+
+  private static InitializerExpressionSyntax? GetObjectInitializer(ExpressionSyntax body) =>
+    body switch
+    {
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax oc => oc.Initializer,
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax ic => ic.Initializer,
+      _ => null,
+    };
+
+  private static bool HasPositionalConstructorWithoutInitializer(ExpressionSyntax body) =>
+    body switch
+    {
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: null } oc => (
+        oc.ArgumentList?.Arguments.Count ?? 0
+      ) > 0,
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: null } ic => (
+        ic.ArgumentList?.Arguments.Count ?? 0
+      ) > 0,
+      _ => false,
+    };
+
+  // ─── FDFRAMES1002 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private static void CheckInitializerBindings(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    InitializerExpressionSyntax initializer
+  )
+  {
+    foreach (var expr in initializer.Expressions)
+    {
+      // Fire when an assignment's RHS is itself an initializer expression —
+      // this corresponds to a MemberListBinding (Items = { x }) or
+      // MemberMemberBinding (Nested = { Prop = val }) in the expression tree.
+      if (expr is AssignmentExpressionSyntax { Right: InitializerExpressionSyntax } assignment)
+      {
+        context.ReportDiagnostic(
+          Diagnostic.Create(
+            DataFrameDiagnostics.NonAssignmentBinding,
+            assignment.GetLocation(),
+            assignment.Left.ToString()
+          )
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ─── FDFRAMES1003 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private static void CheckPositionalConstructorType(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    ExpressionSyntax body
+  )
+  {
+    var typeInfo = context.SemanticModel.GetTypeInfo(body);
+    if (typeInfo.Type is INamedTypeSymbol { IsRecord: false, IsAnonymousType: false } namedType)
+    {
+      context.ReportDiagnostic(
+        Diagnostic.Create(
+          DataFrameDiagnostics.PositionalConstructorNonRecord,
+          body.GetLocation(),
+          namedType.Name
+        )
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ─── FDFRAMES1005 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private static void CheckAggregateBindings(
+    SyntaxNodeAnalysisContext context,
+    ExpressionSyntax body,
+    LambdaExpressionSyntax lambda
+  )
+  {
+    var ctxParamName = GetFirstParameterName(lambda);
+    if (ctxParamName is null)
+      return;
+
+    var ctxSymbol = GetFirstParameterSymbol(lambda, context.SemanticModel);
+
+    foreach (var valueExpr in GetAggregateBindingValues(body))
+    {
+      if (!IsValidAggregateBindingValue(valueExpr, ctxSymbol, ctxParamName, context.SemanticModel))
+      {
+        context.ReportDiagnostic(
+          Diagnostic.Create(
+            DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateBinding,
+            valueExpr.GetLocation(),
+            valueExpr.ToString()
+          )
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static string? GetFirstParameterName(LambdaExpressionSyntax lambda) =>
+    lambda switch
+    {
+      SimpleLambdaExpressionSyntax s => s.Parameter.Identifier.Text,
+      ParenthesizedLambdaExpressionSyntax { ParameterList.Parameters.Count: > 0 } p =>
+        p.ParameterList.Parameters[0].Identifier.Text,
+      _ => null,
+    };
+
+  private static IParameterSymbol? GetFirstParameterSymbol(
+    LambdaExpressionSyntax lambda,
+    SemanticModel semanticModel
+  ) =>
+    lambda switch
+    {
+      SimpleLambdaExpressionSyntax s => semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(s.Parameter),
+      ParenthesizedLambdaExpressionSyntax { ParameterList.Parameters.Count: > 0 } p =>
+        semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(p.ParameterList.Parameters[0]),
+      _ => null,
+    };
+
+  private static IReadOnlyList<ExpressionSyntax> GetAggregateBindingValues(ExpressionSyntax body)
+  {
+    var results = new List<ExpressionSyntax>();
+
+    // Object initializer: new TResult { Prop = expr, ... } or new(...) { Prop = expr, ... }
+    var init = GetObjectInitializer(body);
+    if (init is not null)
+    {
+      foreach (var expr in init.Expressions)
+        if (expr is AssignmentExpressionSyntax a)
+          results.Add(a.Right);
+      return results;
+    }
+
+    // Anonymous type: new { ctx.Key, Name = ctx.Avg(...) }
+    if (body is AnonymousObjectCreationExpressionSyntax anon)
+    {
+      foreach (var d in anon.Initializers)
+        results.Add(d.Expression);
+      return results;
+    }
+
+    // Positional constructor (no initializer): new TResult(ctx.Key, ctx.Avg(...))
+    ArgumentListSyntax? argList = body switch
+    {
+      ObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: null } oc => oc.ArgumentList,
+      ImplicitObjectCreationExpressionSyntax { Initializer: null } ic => ic.ArgumentList,
+      _ => null,
+    };
+
+    if (argList is not null)
+      foreach (var arg in argList.Arguments)
+        results.Add(arg.Expression);
+
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  private static bool IsValidAggregateBindingValue(
+    ExpressionSyntax expr,
+    IParameterSymbol? ctxSymbol,
+    string ctxParamName,
+    SemanticModel semanticModel
+  )
+  {
+    // ctx.Key — member access on the context parameter.
+    if (expr is MemberAccessExpressionSyntax ma)
+      return IsContextReceiver(ma.Expression, ctxSymbol, ctxParamName, semanticModel);
+
+    // ctx.Avg(...) / ctx.Sum(...) / ctx.Count() — invocation on the context parameter.
+    if (expr is InvocationExpressionSyntax { Expression: MemberAccessExpressionSyntax invMa })
+      return IsContextReceiver(invMa.Expression, ctxSymbol, ctxParamName, semanticModel);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private static bool IsContextReceiver(
+    ExpressionSyntax receiver,
+    IParameterSymbol? ctxSymbol,
+    string ctxParamName,
+    SemanticModel semanticModel
+  )
+  {
+    if (receiver is not IdentifierNameSyntax id || id.Identifier.Text != ctxParamName)
+      return false;
+
+    // Prefer symbol identity when available; fall back to name-only check.
+    if (ctxSymbol is not null)
+    {
+      var symbol = semanticModel.GetSymbolInfo(receiver).Symbol;
+      return SymbolEqualityComparer.Default.Equals(symbol, ctxSymbol);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameInvocationHelper.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameInvocationHelper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfeafd48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/TypedFrameInvocationHelper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Sentinel returned when an invocation is identified as targeting
+/// <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> or <c>GroupedFrameExtensions</c>.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class TypedFrameInvocation
+{
+  /// <summary>The resolved method symbol.</summary>
+  public IMethodSymbol Method { get; }
+
+  /// <summary>The full invocation expression syntax node.</summary>
+  public InvocationExpressionSyntax Invocation { get; }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// The lambda argument syntax nodes, in argument-list order. Most operations
+  /// have one lambda; Join has three; terminal ops (Count, Distinct) have zero.
+  /// </summary>
+  public IReadOnlyList<LambdaExpressionSyntax> LambdaArguments { get; }
+
+  internal TypedFrameInvocation(
+    IMethodSymbol method,
+    InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation,
+    IReadOnlyList<LambdaExpressionSyntax> lambdaArguments
+  )
+  {
+    Method = method;
+    Invocation = invocation;
+    LambdaArguments = lambdaArguments;
+  }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Identifies invocations of <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> and <c>GroupedFrameExtensions</c>
+/// methods and extracts their lambda arguments for downstream analysis.
+/// </summary>
+public static class TypedFrameInvocationHelper
+{
+  private const string TypedFrameExtensionsName = "TypedFrameExtensions";
+  private const string GroupedFrameExtensionsName = "GroupedFrameExtensions";
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Attempts to recognise <paramref name="invocation"/> as a call to a
+  /// <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> or <c>GroupedFrameExtensions</c> method.
+  /// Returns <c>null</c> if it is not such a call.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrameInvocation? TryMatch(
+    InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation,
+    SemanticModel semanticModel
+  )
+  {
+    if (semanticModel.GetSymbolInfo(invocation).Symbol is not IMethodSymbol methodSymbol)
+      return null;
+
+    var containingType = methodSymbol.ContainingType?.Name;
+    if (containingType != TypedFrameExtensionsName && containingType != GroupedFrameExtensionsName)
+      return null;
+
+    // Extract all lambda arguments from the argument list.
+    var lambdas = new List<LambdaExpressionSyntax>();
+    foreach (var argument in invocation.ArgumentList.Arguments)
+    {
+      if (argument.Expression is LambdaExpressionSyntax lambda)
+        lambdas.Add(lambda);
+    }
+
+    return new TypedFrameInvocation(methodSymbol, invocation, lambdas);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.csproj b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d76a3396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <RootNamespace>Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames</RootNamespace>
+    <Description>Framework-agnostic typed DataFrame abstraction for Flowthru, based on the IQueryable provider pattern</Description>
+    <PackageTags>flowthru;dataframe;typed;queryable</PackageTags>
+
+    <!-- NuGet Package Configuration -->
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames</PackageId>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../../core/Flowthru.Core/Flowthru.Core.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="../Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj"
+                      ReferenceOutputAssembly="false"
+                      OutputItemType="Analyzer" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <None Include="../../../LICENSE" Pack="true" PackagePath="/" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameExpressionVisitor.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameExpressionVisitor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2612fa13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameExpressionVisitor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Base class for translating <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> expression trees into native
+/// frame operations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// This class mirrors the role of EF Core's <c>QueryableMethodTranslatingExpressionVisitor</c>.
+/// It walks the expression tree built by <see cref="TypedFrameExtensions"/> methods and
+/// dispatches to abstract handler methods that providers implement for their native backend.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Providers subclass this and implement the <c>Translate*</c> methods to emit native
+/// operations (e.g., Spark <c>Column</c> expressions, ML.NET <c>IEstimator</c> chains).
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+public abstract class FrameExpressionVisitor
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Compiles a full expression tree into a native frame object.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// The expression tree is rooted at a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> constant (a leaf
+  /// backed by a native frame), with chained <see cref="MethodCallExpression"/> nodes
+  /// representing operations like Where, Select, and Join.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public object CompileExpression(Expression expression)
+  {
+    return expression switch
+    {
+      MethodCallExpression mce => TranslateMethodCall(mce),
+      ConstantExpression ce => TranslateConstant(ce),
+      _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+        $"Expression node type '{expression.NodeType}' is not supported at the top level. "
+          + "Only method call chains rooted at a TypedFrame<T> constant are supported."
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Dispatches a method call to the appropriate handler, or throws if unrecognized.
+  /// </summary>
+  protected virtual object TranslateMethodCall(MethodCallExpression node)
+  {
+    if (node.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(TypedFrameExtensions))
+    {
+      return node.Method.Name switch
+      {
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Where) => TranslateWhere(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Select) => TranslateSelect(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Join) => TranslateJoin(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.OrderBy) => TranslateOrderBy(node, descending: false),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.OrderByDescending) => TranslateOrderBy(node, descending: true),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Take) => TranslateTake(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Count) => TranslateCount(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.GroupBy) => TranslateGroupBy(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Distinct) => TranslateDistinct(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.Union) => TranslateUnion(node),
+        nameof(TypedFrameExtensions.SelectOver) => TranslateSelectOver(node),
+        _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+          $"TypedFrame operation '{node.Method.Name}' is not yet supported."
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (node.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(GroupedFrameExtensions))
+    {
+      return node.Method.Name switch
+      {
+        nameof(GroupedFrameExtensions.Aggregate) => TranslateAggregate(node),
+        _ => throw new NotSupportedException(
+          $"GroupedFrame operation '{node.Method.Name}' is not yet supported."
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      $"Method '{node.Method.DeclaringType?.Name}.{node.Method.Name}' is not a recognized "
+        + "TypedFrame operation. Only methods defined on TypedFrameExtensions or GroupedFrameExtensions are supported."
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <see cref="ConstantExpression"/> wrapping a root <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>
+  /// into the native frame it represents.
+  /// </summary>
+  protected abstract object TranslateConstant(ConstantExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Where</c> operation into a native filter.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">
+  /// Method call with arguments: [0] source expression, [1] quoted predicate lambda.
+  /// </param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateWhere(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Select</c> operation into a native projection.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">
+  /// Method call with arguments: [0] source expression, [1] quoted selector lambda.
+  /// </param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateSelect(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Join</c> operation into a native join + projection.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">
+  /// Method call with arguments: [0] outer source, [1] inner source,
+  /// [2] outer key selector, [3] inner key selector, [4] result selector.
+  /// </param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateJoin(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates an <c>OrderBy</c> or <c>OrderByDescending</c> operation into a native sort.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source, [1] quoted key selector.</param>
+  /// <param name="descending">True for descending order; false for ascending.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateOrderBy(MethodCallExpression node, bool descending);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Take</c> operation into a native row limit.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source, [1] count constant.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateTake(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Count</c> operation into a scalar row count.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateCount(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Distinct</c> operation into a native deduplication.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateDistinct(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>Union</c> operation into a native row-wise concatenation.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source, [1] other source.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateUnion(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>GroupBy</c> operation into a native grouped dataset.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">Method call with arguments: [0] source, [1] quoted key selector.</param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateGroupBy(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates an <c>Aggregate</c> operation on a grouped frame into a native aggregation.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">
+  /// Method call with arguments: [0] grouped source expression, [1] quoted result selector.
+  /// The result selector's body is a <c>MemberInitExpression</c> or <c>NewExpression</c>
+  /// whose bindings reference <see cref="AggregationContext{TKey,TSource}"/> methods.
+  /// </param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateAggregate(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Translates a <c>SelectOver</c> operation into a native windowed projection.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="node">
+  /// Method call with arguments: [0] source expression,
+  /// [1] quoted two-parameter selector <c>(TSource, WindowContext&lt;TSource&gt;) =&gt; TResult</c>.
+  /// Bindings referencing the <c>WindowContext</c> parameter carry
+  /// <see cref="FrameWindowSpec{TSource}"/> arguments that describe the window.
+  /// </param>
+  protected abstract object TranslateSelectOver(MethodCallExpression node);
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Shared helpers
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Resolves the external column name for a schema property, respecting
+  /// <see cref="SerializedLabelAttribute"/> if present.
+  /// </summary>
+  protected static string ResolveColumnName(MemberInfo member)
+  {
+    var attr = member.GetCustomAttribute<SerializedLabelAttribute>();
+    return attr?.Label ?? member.Name;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Extracts the <see cref="LambdaExpression"/> from a quoted argument.
+  /// </summary>
+  protected static LambdaExpression Unquote(Expression expression)
+  {
+    if (expression is UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Quote } unary)
+      return (LambdaExpression)unary.Operand;
+
+    if (expression is LambdaExpression lambda)
+      return lambda;
+
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+      $"Expected a quoted lambda expression, got {expression.NodeType}."
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Evaluates an expression that doesn't reference any DataFrame columns
+  /// (e.g., a closure-captured variable or a static field) to its runtime value.
+  /// </summary>
+  protected static object? EvaluateConstant(Expression expression)
+  {
+    var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object?>>(Expression.Convert(expression, typeof(object)));
+    return lambda.Compile().Invoke();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameWindowSpec.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameWindowSpec.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9a93db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/FrameWindowSpec.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Non-generic contract for a window specification, used by visitors to translate
+/// window definitions without requiring the generic source type parameter.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IFrameWindowSpec
+{
+  /// <summary>Partition-by expressions, in the order they were added.</summary>
+  IReadOnlyList<LambdaExpression> PartitionByExpressions { get; }
+
+  /// <summary>Order-by expressions, each paired with a descending flag.</summary>
+  IReadOnlyList<(LambdaExpression KeySelector, bool Descending)> OrderByExpressions { get; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An immutable, framework-agnostic window specification that describes how rows are
+/// partitioned and ordered for windowed computations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// <c>FrameWindowSpec&lt;TSource&gt;</c> is a pure data carrier — it holds
+/// <see cref="LambdaExpression"/> trees for partition and order keys. No native
+/// (Spark, SQL, etc.) objects are created until the provider's expression visitor
+/// translates the spec at query compilation time.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Build specs with the static <see cref="PartitionBy{TKey}"/> or
+/// <see cref="Global"/> entry points and the fluent instance methods.
+/// Pass the finished spec as the last argument to each
+/// <see cref="WindowContext{TSource}"/> function call inside a
+/// <see cref="TypedFrameExtensions.SelectOver{TSource,TResult}"/> projection.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="TSource">The row schema type the spec applies to.</typeparam>
+public sealed class FrameWindowSpec<TSource> : IFrameWindowSpec
+{
+  private FrameWindowSpec(
+    IReadOnlyList<LambdaExpression> partitionBy,
+    IReadOnlyList<(LambdaExpression KeySelector, bool Descending)> orderBy
+  )
+  {
+    PartitionByExpressions = partitionBy;
+    OrderByExpressions = orderBy;
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// An empty window spanning all rows with no partition or ordering.
+  /// Use as the starting point when only ordering is needed:
+  /// <c>FrameWindowSpec&lt;T&gt;.Global.OrderBy(x =&gt; x.HireDate)</c>.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static readonly FrameWindowSpec<TSource> Global = new([], []);
+
+  /// <inheritdoc/>
+  public IReadOnlyList<LambdaExpression> PartitionByExpressions { get; }
+
+  /// <inheritdoc/>
+  public IReadOnlyList<(LambdaExpression KeySelector, bool Descending)> OrderByExpressions { get; }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Static entry points
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates a new spec with a single partition key.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static FrameWindowSpec<TSource> PartitionBy<TKey>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+    return new FrameWindowSpec<TSource>([keySelector], []);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Fluent instance methods
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>Adds an additional partition key to this spec.</summary>
+  public FrameWindowSpec<TSource> ThenPartitionBy<TKey>(Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+    return new FrameWindowSpec<TSource>(
+      [.. PartitionByExpressions, keySelector],
+      OrderByExpressions
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>Adds an ascending sort key to this spec.</summary>
+  public FrameWindowSpec<TSource> OrderBy<TKey>(Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+    return new FrameWindowSpec<TSource>(
+      PartitionByExpressions,
+      [.. OrderByExpressions, (keySelector, false)]
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>Adds a descending sort key to this spec.</summary>
+  public FrameWindowSpec<TSource> OrderByDescending<TKey>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+    return new FrameWindowSpec<TSource>(
+      PartitionByExpressions,
+      [.. OrderByExpressions, (keySelector, true)]
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/GroupedFrame.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/GroupedFrame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b573f6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/GroupedFrame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An intermediate representation of a grouped <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/>, produced by
+/// <see cref="TypedFrameExtensions.GroupBy{TSource,TKey}"/>.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// This type exists solely as a typed anchor for the subsequent <see cref="GroupedFrameExtensions.Aggregate{TKey,TSource,TResult}"/>
+/// call. It carries the accumulated group expression and prevents accidental misuse
+/// of a grouped frame as a regular frame.
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="TKey">The type of the grouping key.</typeparam>
+/// <typeparam name="TSource">The row schema type before grouping.</typeparam>
+public sealed class GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource>
+{
+  internal IFrameQueryProvider Provider { get; }
+  public Expression Expression { get; }
+
+  internal GroupedFrame(IFrameQueryProvider provider, Expression expression)
+  {
+    Provider = provider;
+    Expression = expression;
+  }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Extension methods for <see cref="GroupedFrame{TKey,TSource}"/>.
+/// </summary>
+public static class GroupedFrameExtensions
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Aggregates a grouped frame, producing a new <see cref="TypedFrame{TResult}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <typeparam name="TKey">The grouping key type.</typeparam>
+  /// <typeparam name="TSource">The source row schema type.</typeparam>
+  /// <typeparam name="TResult">The result schema type after aggregation.</typeparam>
+  /// <param name="source">The grouped frame.</param>
+  /// <param name="resultSelector">
+  /// A projection from a <see cref="AggregationContext{TKey,TSource}"/> to the result schema.
+  /// The context exposes typed aggregate functions (Avg, Sum, Count, Min, Max) and the key.
+  /// </param>
+  public static TypedFrame<TResult> Aggregate<TKey, TSource, TResult>(
+    this GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>, TResult>> resultSelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(resultSelector);
+
+    var method = (
+      (Func<
+        GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource>,
+        Expression<Func<AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>, TResult>>,
+        TypedFrame<TResult>
+      >)
+        Aggregate<TKey, TSource, TResult>
+    ).Method;
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TResult>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+        Expression.Call(null, method, source.Expression, Expression.Quote(resultSelector))
+      );
+  }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides typed aggregate function placeholders within an
+/// <see cref="GroupedFrameExtensions.Aggregate{TKey,TSource,TResult}"/> expression.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Instances of this type are never constructed at runtime. The expression visitor
+/// intercepts calls to its methods during expression tree translation and maps them
+/// to the corresponding native aggregate functions (e.g., Spark's <c>avg()</c>).
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="TKey">The grouping key type.</typeparam>
+/// <typeparam name="TSource">The source row schema type.</typeparam>
+public sealed class AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>
+{
+  private AggregationContext() { }
+
+  /// <summary>The grouping key value for this group.</summary>
+  public TKey Key => throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the average of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the average of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public decimal Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, decimal>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the average of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, int>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the sum of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public double Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the sum of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public decimal Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, decimal>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the sum of a numeric column.</summary>
+  public long Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, int>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the maximum value of a column.</summary>
+  public TValue Max<TValue>(Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Computes the minimum value of a column.</summary>
+  public TValue Min<TValue>(Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> column) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  /// <summary>Counts the number of rows in the group.</summary>
+  public long Count() => throw new InvalidOperationException(AggregationContextError);
+
+  private const string AggregationContextError =
+    "AggregationContext methods are expression tree placeholders and must not be invoked directly. "
+    + "They are translated to native aggregate functions by the provider's expression visitor.";
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameQueryProvider.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameQueryProvider.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb8a49f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameQueryProvider.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A query provider that creates <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> instances and compiles
+/// accumulated expression trees into native frame operations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// This interface extends <see cref="IQueryProvider"/> with a
+/// <see cref="Compile"/> method for producing native frame objects (e.g., a Spark
+/// <c>DataFrame</c>) from the expression tree accumulated by chained operations.
+/// Each provider implementation handles a specific DataFrame backend.
+/// </remarks>
+public interface IFrameQueryProvider : IQueryProvider
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Compiles the accumulated expression tree into a native frame object.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="expression">
+  /// The expression tree rooted at a <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> constant,
+  /// with chained method calls representing operations.
+  /// </param>
+  /// <returns>The native frame object (e.g., Spark <c>DataFrame</c>).</returns>
+  object Compile(Expression expression);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Materializes the accumulated expression tree into an enumerable sequence of rows.
+  /// Called by <see cref="TypedFrame{T}.GetEnumerator"/> to enable transparent
+  /// TypedFrame → IEnumerable conversion at catalog item boundaries.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <typeparam name="T">The row schema type.</typeparam>
+  /// <param name="expression">The accumulated expression tree.</param>
+  /// <returns>The materialized rows.</returns>
+  IEnumerable<T> Materialize<T>(Expression expression);
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameTranslatorPlugin.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameTranslatorPlugin.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15139686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/IFrameTranslatorPlugin.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Translates .NET member access (property or field) into a native column expression.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Providers register implementations to teach the expression visitor how to handle
+/// property reads beyond direct schema properties — for example, translating
+/// <c>string.Length</c> into a native string-length function.
+/// </remarks>
+public interface IFrameMemberTranslator
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Attempts to translate a member access into a native expression.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="member">The property or field being accessed.</param>
+  /// <param name="instance">
+  /// The translated native expression for the instance, or <c>null</c> for static members.
+  /// </param>
+  /// <returns>A native expression, or <c>null</c> if this translator does not handle the member.</returns>
+  object? Translate(MemberInfo member, object? instance);
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Translates .NET method calls into native frame operations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Providers register implementations to teach the expression visitor how to handle
+/// method calls — for example, translating <c>Math.Abs(x)</c> into a native
+/// absolute-value function.
+/// </remarks>
+public interface IFrameMethodTranslator
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Attempts to translate a method call into a native expression.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <param name="method">The method being called.</param>
+  /// <param name="instance">
+  /// The translated native expression for the instance, or <c>null</c> for static methods.
+  /// </param>
+  /// <param name="arguments">The translated native expressions for each argument.</param>
+  /// <returns>A native expression, or <c>null</c> if this translator does not handle the method.</returns>
+  object? Translate(MethodInfo method, object? instance, IReadOnlyList<object?> arguments);
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrame.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d804887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A phantom-typed wrapper around an untyped DataFrame-like object.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// <c>TypedFrame&lt;T&gt;</c> implements <see cref="IQueryable{T}"/> to leverage the standard
+/// .NET expression tree infrastructure. The type parameter <typeparamref name="T"/> is a
+/// phantom type — it carries schema information through the type system without being
+/// instantiated at runtime.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Extension methods build expression trees via <see cref="IQueryProvider.CreateQuery{TElement}"/>,
+/// threading type parameters through each operation (just as LINQ's <c>Queryable</c> methods do).
+/// When the accumulated expression tree is compiled by the provider, it produces native
+/// DataFrame operations (e.g., Spark Column expressions, ML.NET transforms) without
+/// materializing data into .NET objects.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="T">
+/// The schema type representing the row structure. Must be annotated with
+/// <c>[FlowthruSchema]</c> to participate in compile-time and pre-flight validation.
+/// </typeparam>
+public class TypedFrame<T> : IQueryable<T>, IOrderedQueryable<T>
+{
+  private readonly IFrameQueryProvider _provider;
+  private readonly Expression _expression;
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates a root frame node backed by a native DataFrame.
+  /// The provider associates the native frame externally.
+  /// </summary>
+  public TypedFrame(IFrameQueryProvider provider)
+  {
+    _provider = provider ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(provider));
+    _expression = Expression.Constant(this);
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Creates an intermediate frame node representing an accumulated operation.
+  /// Used by the provider's <see cref="IQueryProvider.CreateQuery{TElement}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  public TypedFrame(IFrameQueryProvider provider, Expression expression)
+  {
+    _provider = provider ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(provider));
+    _expression = expression ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expression));
+  }
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public Expression Expression => _expression;
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public Type ElementType => typeof(T);
+
+  /// <inheritdoc />
+  public IQueryProvider Provider => _provider;
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Materializes this frame by delegating to the provider's
+  /// <see cref="IFrameQueryProvider.Materialize{T}"/> method.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// This enables transparent TypedFrame → IEnumerable conversion at catalog item
+  /// boundaries: a step returning <c>TypedFrame&lt;T&gt;</c> can be wired to a
+  /// catalog item typed as <c>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</c> without any explicit
+  /// materialization call in step code.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator() => _provider.Materialize<T>(_expression).GetEnumerator();
+
+  /// <inheritdoc cref="GetEnumerator"/>
+  IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrameExtensions.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrameExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb03b32a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/TypedFrameExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// LINQ-style extension methods for <see cref="TypedFrame{T}"/> that build expression trees.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// These methods follow the same pattern as <see cref="System.Linq.Queryable"/>: each call
+/// captures the lambda as an <see cref="Expression"/> tree node and delegates to
+/// <see cref="IQueryProvider.CreateQuery{TElement}"/>. No native operations execute here —
+/// translation is deferred to the provider's <see cref="IFrameQueryProvider.Compile"/> method.
+/// </remarks>
+public static class TypedFrameExtensions
+{
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Where — type-preserving filter
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Filters rows using a predicate. The schema type is preserved.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> Where<TSource>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, bool>> predicate
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(predicate);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(Where, source, predicate),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(predicate)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Select — type-projecting transformation
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Projects each row into a new schema type via a selector expression.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TResult>> selector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(selector);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TResult>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(Select, source, selector),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(selector)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Join — multi-frame equi-join with projection
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Joins two typed frames on matching keys and projects the result into a new schema.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TResult> Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(
+    this TypedFrame<TOuter> outer,
+    TypedFrame<TInner> inner,
+    Expression<Func<TOuter, TKey>> outerKeySelector,
+    Expression<Func<TInner, TKey>> innerKeySelector,
+    Expression<Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult>> resultSelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(outer);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(inner);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(outerKeySelector);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(innerKeySelector);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(resultSelector);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TResult>)
+      outer.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(Join, outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector),
+          outer.Expression,
+          inner.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(outerKeySelector),
+          Expression.Quote(innerKeySelector),
+          Expression.Quote(resultSelector)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  OrderBy / OrderByDescending — type-preserving sort
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Sorts rows by a key in ascending order. The schema type is preserved.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(OrderBy, source, keySelector),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(keySelector)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Sorts rows by a key in descending order. The schema type is preserved.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(OrderByDescending, source, keySelector),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(keySelector)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Take — type-preserving row limit
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Limits the frame to the first <paramref name="count"/> rows. The schema type is preserved.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> Take<TSource>(this TypedFrame<TSource> source, int count)
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(Take, source, count),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Constant(count)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Count — scalar execution
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Returns the number of rows in the frame.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// This triggers compilation and execution via the provider. It is a terminal operation.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public static long Count<TSource>(this TypedFrame<TSource> source)
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+
+    var expression = Expression.Call(null, CaptureMethod(Count, source), source.Expression);
+
+    return source.Provider.Execute<long>(expression);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Distinct — deduplicate rows
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Returns a frame with duplicate rows removed.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> Distinct<TSource>(this TypedFrame<TSource> source)
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(null, CaptureMethod(Distinct, source), source.Expression)
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Union — row-wise concatenation
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Concatenates two frames of the same schema, preserving all rows (including duplicates).
+  /// Equivalent to SQL <c>UNION ALL</c>; use <see cref="Distinct{TSource}"/> after to get
+  /// distinct-row semantics.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static TypedFrame<TSource> Union<TSource>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    TypedFrame<TSource> other
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(other);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TSource>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(Union, source, other),
+          source.Expression,
+          other.Expression
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  GroupBy — intermediate grouped frame
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Groups rows by a key selector, producing a <see cref="GroupedFrame{TKey,TSource}"/>
+  /// that can be aggregated via <see cref="GroupedFrameExtensions.Aggregate{TKey,TSource,TResult}"/>.
+  /// </summary>
+  public static GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> GroupBy<TSource, TKey>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keySelector);
+
+    var expression = Expression.Call(
+      null,
+      CaptureMethod(GroupBy, source, keySelector),
+      source.Expression,
+      Expression.Quote(keySelector)
+    );
+
+    return new GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource>((IFrameQueryProvider)source.Provider, expression);
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  SelectOver — windowed projection
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Projects each row into a new schema type, with access to windowed aggregate and
+  /// ranking functions via the <see cref="WindowContext{TSource}"/> parameter.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// Each window function call in the selector must pass a
+  /// <see cref="FrameWindowSpec{TSource}"/> as its last argument, which defines the
+  /// partition and ordering for that specific function. Multiple specs may appear in
+  /// the same projection, enabling multi-window queries in a single call.
+  /// </remarks>
+  public static TypedFrame<TResult> SelectOver<TSource, TResult>(
+    this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+    Expression<Func<TSource, WindowContext<TSource>, TResult>> selector
+  )
+  {
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(source);
+    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(selector);
+
+    return (TypedFrame<TResult>)
+      source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+        Expression.Call(
+          null,
+          CaptureMethod(SelectOver, source, selector),
+          source.Expression,
+          Expression.Quote(selector)
+        )
+      );
+  }
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  MethodInfo capture helpers
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  These follow the same pattern as System.Linq.Queryable's GetMethodInfo:
+  //  the dummy parameters exist solely for generic type inference so the
+  //  compiler resolves the closed generic MethodInfo at the call site.
+
+  private static MethodInfo CaptureMethod<T1, TR>(Func<T1, TR> method, T1 _1) => method.Method;
+
+  private static MethodInfo CaptureMethod<T1, T2, TR>(Func<T1, T2, TR> method, T1 _1, T2 _2) =>
+    method.Method;
+
+  private static MethodInfo CaptureMethod<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TR>(
+    Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TR> method,
+    T1 _1,
+    T2 _2,
+    T3 _3,
+    T4 _4,
+    T5 _5
+  ) => method.Method;
+}
diff --git a/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/WindowContext.cs b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/WindowContext.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c858b9da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/misc/Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames/WindowContext.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A throw-only marker type whose methods are intercepted as expression tree nodes
+/// inside a <see cref="TypedFrameExtensions.SelectOver{TSource,TResult}"/> projection.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// Instances of this type are never constructed at runtime. The provider's expression
+/// visitor recognises method calls on the <c>win</c> parameter and translates them to
+/// the corresponding native window functions (e.g., Spark's
+/// <c>Functions.Rank().Over(windowSpec)</c>).
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Each method accepts a <see cref="FrameWindowSpec{TSource}"/> as its last argument.
+/// This makes multi-window projections natural — different columns can reference different
+/// specs in the same <c>SelectOver</c> call.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="TSource">The row schema type of the source frame.</typeparam>
+public sealed class WindowContext<TSource>
+{
+  private WindowContext() { }
+
+  private const string Error =
+    "WindowContext methods are expression tree placeholders and must not be invoked directly. "
+    + "They are translated to native window functions by the provider's expression visitor.";
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Ranking functions (no column selector)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>Sequential row number within the partition, starting at 1.</summary>
+  public long RowNumber(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Rank with gaps (ties share a rank; the next rank reflects the gap).</summary>
+  public long Rank(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Rank without gaps (ties share a rank; next rank is always rank + 1).</summary>
+  public long DenseRank(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Fraction of rows within the partition that are less than or equal to the current row.</summary>
+  public double CumeDist(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Relative rank of the current row: (rank - 1) / (partition size - 1).</summary>
+  public double PercentRank(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Count of rows seen so far within the window frame.</summary>
+  public long Count(FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Offset functions (column selector + offset)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Value of <paramref name="selector"/> from the row <paramref name="offset"/> rows before
+  /// the current row, or <c>null</c> if no such row exists.
+  /// </summary>
+  public TValue? Lag<TValue>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> selector,
+    int offset,
+    FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec
+  ) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Value of <paramref name="selector"/> from the row <paramref name="offset"/> rows after
+  /// the current row, or <c>null</c> if no such row exists.
+  /// </summary>
+  public TValue? Lead<TValue>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> selector,
+    int offset,
+    FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec
+  ) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Aggregate window functions (column selector)
+  // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>Running sum of <paramref name="selector"/> over the window frame.</summary>
+  public double Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> selector, FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <inheritdoc cref="Sum(Expression{Func{TSource, double}}, FrameWindowSpec{TSource})"/>
+  public decimal Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, decimal>> selector, FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <inheritdoc cref="Sum(Expression{Func{TSource, double}}, FrameWindowSpec{TSource})"/>
+  public long Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, int>> selector, FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Running average of <paramref name="selector"/> over the window frame.</summary>
+  public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> selector, FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <inheritdoc cref="Avg(Expression{Func{TSource, double}}, FrameWindowSpec{TSource})"/>
+  public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, int>> selector, FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec) =>
+    throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Running maximum of <paramref name="selector"/> over the window frame.</summary>
+  public TValue Max<TValue>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> selector,
+    FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec
+  ) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+
+  /// <summary>Running minimum of <paramref name="selector"/> over the window frame.</summary>
+  public TValue Min<TValue>(
+    Expression<Func<TSource, TValue>> selector,
+    FrameWindowSpec<TSource> spec
+  ) => throw new InvalidOperationException(Error);
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/.gitignore b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb5a316c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+target
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..984713a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) .NET Foundation and Contributors
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/README.md b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56e0c72a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Flowthru.Spark.Jvm
+
+The JVM project is a fork of Spark.NET's Scala code, responsible for writing the bridge JAR that connects the .NET library to Spark's interface.
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/pom.xml b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ba502dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>com.microsoft.scala</groupId>
+  <artifactId>flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13</artifactId>
+  <version>2.3.1</version>
+  <inceptionYear>2019</inceptionYear>
+  <properties>
+    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
+    <scala.version>2.13.17</scala.version>
+    <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
+    <spark.version>4.1.1</spark.version>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.scala-lang</groupId>
+      <artifactId>scala-library</artifactId>
+      <version>${scala.version}</version>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId>
+      <artifactId>spark-core_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+      <version>${spark.version}</version>
+      <scope>provided</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId>
+      <artifactId>spark-sql_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+      <version>${spark.version}</version>
+      <scope>provided</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId>
+      <artifactId>spark-mllib_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+      <version>${spark.version}</version>
+      <scope>provided</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>junit</groupId>
+      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+      <version>4.13.1</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.specs</groupId>
+      <artifactId>specs</artifactId>
+      <version>1.2.5</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+  <build>
+    <sourceDirectory>src/main/scala</sourceDirectory>
+    <testSourceDirectory>src/test/scala</testSourceDirectory>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.scala-tools</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-scala-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.15.2</version>
+        <executions>
+          <execution>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>compile</goal>
+              <goal>testCompile</goal>
+            </goals>
+          </execution>
+        </executions>
+        <configuration>
+          <scalaVersion>${scala.version}</scalaVersion>
+          <args>
+            <arg>-deprecation</arg>
+            <arg>-feature</arg>
+          </args>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+</project>
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/project.json b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/project.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c51df91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/project.json
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flowthru.Spark.Jvm",
+  "$schema": "../../../node_modules/nx/schemas/project-schema.json",
+  "projectType": "library",
+  "sourceRoot": "src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm",
+  "tags": [ "lang:scala", "scope:spark" ],
+  "targets": {
+    "build": {
+      "//": "Compiles the Scala JVM bridge JAR, then moves it to dist/. -q and --no-transfer-progress suppress Maven info/download noise.",
+      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
+      "options": {
+        "commands": [
+          "mkdir -p ../../../dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm",
+          "mvn package -DskipTests -q --no-transfer-progress",
+          "mv ./target/flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar ../../../dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/",
+          "mv ./target ../../../dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/target"
+        ],
+        "cwd": "src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm",
+        "parallel": false
+      },
+      "cache": true,
+      "inputs": [
+        "{projectRoot}/src/**/*.scala",
+        "{projectRoot}/pom.xml"
+      ],
+      "outputs": [
+        "{workspaceRoot}/dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm"
+      ]
+    },
+    "clean": {
+      "//": "Removes the JAR from dist/",
+      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
+      "options": {
+        "commands": [ "rm -rf dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm" ],
+        "cwd": "{workspaceRoot}",
+        "parallel": false
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackClient.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackClient.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aea355df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackClient.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.io.DataOutputStream
+
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+
+import scala.collection.mutable.Queue
+
+/**
+ * CallbackClient is used to communicate with the Dotnet CallbackServer.
+ * The client manages and maintains a pool of open CallbackConnections.
+ * Any callback request is delegated to a new CallbackConnection or
+ * unused CallbackConnection.
+ * @param address The address of the Dotnet CallbackServer
+ * @param port The port of the Dotnet CallbackServer
+ */
+class CallbackClient(serDe: SerDe, address: String, port: Int) extends Logging {
+  private[this] val connectionPool: Queue[CallbackConnection] = Queue[CallbackConnection]()
+
+  private[this] var isShutdown: Boolean = false
+
+  final def send(callbackId: Int, writeBody: (DataOutputStream, SerDe) => Unit): Unit =
+    getOrCreateConnection() match {
+      case Some(connection) =>
+        try {
+          connection.send(callbackId, writeBody)
+          addConnection(connection)
+        } catch {
+          case e: Exception =>
+            logError(s"Error calling callback [callback id = $callbackId].", e)
+            connection.close()
+            throw e
+        }
+      case None => throw new Exception("Unable to get or create connection.")
+    }
+
+  private def getOrCreateConnection(): Option[CallbackConnection] = synchronized {
+    if (isShutdown) {
+      logInfo("Cannot get or create connection while client is shutdown.")
+      return None
+    }
+
+    if (connectionPool.nonEmpty) {
+      return Some(connectionPool.dequeue())
+    }
+
+    Some(new CallbackConnection(serDe, address, port))
+  }
+
+  private def addConnection(connection: CallbackConnection): Unit = synchronized {
+    assert(connection != null)
+    connectionPool.enqueue(connection)
+  }
+
+  def shutdown(): Unit = synchronized {
+    if (isShutdown) {
+      logInfo("Shutdown called, but already shutdown.")
+      return
+    }
+
+    logInfo("Shutting down.")
+    connectionPool.foreach(_.close)
+    connectionPool.clear
+    isShutdown = true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackConnection.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackConnection.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..604cf029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/CallbackConnection.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.io.{ByteArrayOutputStream, Closeable, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.net.Socket
+
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+
+/**
+ * CallbackConnection is used to process the callback communication
+ * between the JVM and Dotnet. It uses a TCP socket to communicate with
+ * the Dotnet CallbackServer and the socket is expected to be reused.
+ * @param address The address of the Dotnet CallbackServer
+ * @param port The port of the Dotnet CallbackServer
+ */
+class CallbackConnection(serDe: SerDe, address: String, port: Int) extends Logging {
+  private[this] val socket: Socket = new Socket(address, port)
+  private[this] val inputStream: DataInputStream = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream)
+  private[this] val outputStream: DataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream)
+
+  def send(
+      callbackId: Int,
+      writeBody: (DataOutputStream, SerDe) => Unit): Unit = {
+    logInfo(s"Calling callback [callback id = $callbackId] ...")
+
+    try {
+      serDe.writeInt(outputStream, CallbackFlags.CALLBACK)
+      serDe.writeInt(outputStream, callbackId)
+
+      val byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
+      writeBody(new DataOutputStream(byteArrayOutputStream), serDe)
+      serDe.writeInt(outputStream, byteArrayOutputStream.size)
+      byteArrayOutputStream.writeTo(outputStream);
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => {
+        throw new Exception("Error writing to stream.", e)
+      }
+    }
+
+    logInfo(s"Signaling END_OF_STREAM.")
+    try {
+      serDe.writeInt(outputStream, CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM)
+      outputStream.flush()
+
+      val endOfStreamResponse = readFlag(inputStream)
+      endOfStreamResponse match {
+        case CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM =>
+          logInfo(s"Received END_OF_STREAM signal. Calling callback [callback id = $callbackId] successful.")
+        case _ =>  {
+          throw new Exception(s"Error verifying end of stream. Expected: ${CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM}, " +
+              s"Received: $endOfStreamResponse")
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => {
+        throw new Exception("Error while verifying end of stream.", e)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  def close(): Unit = {
+    try {
+      serDe.writeInt(outputStream, CallbackFlags.CLOSE)
+      outputStream.flush()
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => logInfo("Unable to send close to .NET callback server.", e)
+    }
+
+    close(socket)
+    close(outputStream)
+    close(inputStream)
+  }
+
+  private def close(s: Socket): Unit = {
+    try {
+      assert(s != null)
+      s.close()
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => logInfo("Unable to close socket.", e)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def close(c: Closeable): Unit = {
+    try {
+      assert(c != null)
+      c.close()
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => logInfo("Unable to close closeable.", e)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def readFlag(inputStream: DataInputStream): Int = {
+    val callbackFlag = serDe.readInt(inputStream)
+    if (callbackFlag == CallbackFlags.DOTNET_EXCEPTION_THROWN) {
+      val exceptionMessage = serDe.readString(inputStream)
+      throw new DotnetException(exceptionMessage)
+    }
+    callbackFlag
+  }
+
+  private object CallbackFlags {
+    val CLOSE: Int = -1
+    val CALLBACK: Int = -2
+    val DOTNET_EXCEPTION_THROWN: Int = -3
+    val END_OF_STREAM: Int = -4
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackend.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackend.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6f528ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackend.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap
+import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup
+import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel
+import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel
+import io.netty.channel.{ChannelFuture, ChannelInitializer, EventLoopGroup}
+import io.netty.handler.codec.LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder
+import io.netty.handler.codec.bytes.{ByteArrayDecoder, ByteArrayEncoder}
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+import org.apache.spark.internal.config.dotnet.Dotnet.DOTNET_NUM_BACKEND_THREADS
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkConf, SparkEnv}
+
+/**
+ * Netty server that invokes JVM calls based upon receiving messages from .NET.
+ * The implementation mirrors the RBackend.
+ *
+ */
+class DotnetBackend extends Logging {
+  self => // for accessing the this reference in inner class(ChannelInitializer)
+  private[this] var channelFuture: ChannelFuture = _
+  private[this] var bootstrap: ServerBootstrap = _
+  private[this] var bossGroup: EventLoopGroup = _
+  private[this] val objectTracker = new JVMObjectTracker
+
+  @volatile
+  private[dotnet] var callbackClient: Option[CallbackClient] = None
+
+  def init(portNumber: Int): Int = {
+    val conf = Option(SparkEnv.get).map(_.conf).getOrElse(new SparkConf())
+    val numBackendThreads = conf.get(DOTNET_NUM_BACKEND_THREADS)
+    logInfo(s"The number of DotnetBackend threads is set to $numBackendThreads.")
+    bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(numBackendThreads)
+    val workerGroup = bossGroup
+
+    bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap()
+      .group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
+      .channel(classOf[NioServerSocketChannel])
+
+    bootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer[SocketChannel]() {
+      def initChannel(ch: SocketChannel): Unit = {
+        ch.pipeline()
+          .addLast("encoder", new ByteArrayEncoder())
+          .addLast(
+            "frameDecoder",
+            // maxFrameLength = 2G
+            // lengthFieldOffset = 0
+            // lengthFieldLength = 4
+            // lengthAdjustment = 0
+            // initialBytesToStrip = 4, i.e.  strip out the length field itself
+            new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, 4, 0, 4))
+          .addLast("decoder", new ByteArrayDecoder())
+          .addLast("handler", new DotnetBackendHandler(self, objectTracker))
+      }
+    })
+
+    channelFuture = bootstrap.bind(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", portNumber))
+    channelFuture.syncUninterruptibly()
+    channelFuture.channel().localAddress().asInstanceOf[InetSocketAddress].getPort
+  }
+
+  private[dotnet] def setCallbackClient(address: String, port: Int): Unit = synchronized {
+    callbackClient = callbackClient match {
+      case Some(_) => throw new Exception("Callback client already set.")
+      case None =>
+        logInfo(s"Connecting to a callback server at $address:$port")
+        Some(new CallbackClient(new SerDe(objectTracker), address, port))
+    }
+  }
+
+  private[dotnet] def shutdownCallbackClient(): Unit = synchronized {
+    callbackClient match {
+      case Some(client) => client.shutdown()
+      case None => logInfo("Callback server has already been shutdown.")
+    }
+    callbackClient = None
+  }
+
+  def run(): Unit = {
+    channelFuture.channel.closeFuture().syncUninterruptibly()
+  }
+
+  def close(): Unit = {
+    if (channelFuture != null) {
+      // close is a local operation and should finish within milliseconds; timeout just to be safe
+      channelFuture.channel().close().awaitUninterruptibly(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+      channelFuture = null
+    }
+    if (bootstrap != null && bootstrap.config().group() != null) {
+      bootstrap.config().group().shutdownGracefully()
+    }
+    if (bootstrap != null && bootstrap.config().childGroup() != null) {
+      bootstrap.config().childGroup().shutdownGracefully()
+    }
+    bootstrap = null
+
+    objectTracker.clear()
+
+    // Send close to .NET callback server.
+    shutdownCallbackClient()
+
+    // Shutdown the thread pool whose executors could still be running.
+    ThreadPool.shutdown()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandler.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandler.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2863e5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandler.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import io.netty.channel.{ChannelHandlerContext, SimpleChannelInboundHandler}
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+import org.apache.spark.util.Utils
+
+import java.io.{ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap
+import scala.language.existentials
+
+/**
+ * Handler for DotnetBackend.
+ * This implementation is similar to RBackendHandler.
+ */
+class DotnetBackendHandler(server: DotnetBackend, objectsTracker: JVMObjectTracker)
+    extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler[Array[Byte]]
+    with Logging {
+
+  private[this] val serDe = new SerDe(objectsTracker)
+
+  override def channelRead0(ctx: ChannelHandlerContext, msg: Array[Byte]): Unit = {
+    val reply = handleBackendRequest(msg)
+    ctx.write(reply)
+  }
+
+  override def channelReadComplete(ctx: ChannelHandlerContext): Unit = {
+    ctx.flush()
+  }
+
+  def handleBackendRequest(msg: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
+    val bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(msg)
+    val dis = new DataInputStream(bis)
+
+    val bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
+    val dos = new DataOutputStream(bos)
+
+    // First bit is isStatic
+    val isStatic = serDe.readBoolean(dis)
+    val processId = serDe.readInt(dis)
+    val threadId = serDe.readInt(dis)
+    val objId = serDe.readString(dis)
+    val methodName = serDe.readString(dis)
+    val numArgs = serDe.readInt(dis)
+
+    if (objId == "DotnetHandler") {
+      methodName match {
+        case "stopBackend" =>
+          serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+          serDe.writeType(dos, "void")
+          server.close()
+        case "rm" =>
+          try {
+            val t = serDe.readObjectType(dis)
+            assert(t == 'c')
+            val objToRemove = serDe.readString(dis)
+            objectsTracker.remove(objToRemove)
+            serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+            serDe.writeObject(dos, null)
+          } catch {
+            case e: Exception =>
+              logError(s"Removing $objId failed", e)
+              serDe.writeInt(dos, -1)
+          }
+        case "rmThread" =>
+          try {
+            assert(serDe.readObjectType(dis) == 'i')
+            val processId = serDe.readInt(dis)
+            assert(serDe.readObjectType(dis) == 'i')
+            val threadToDelete = serDe.readInt(dis)
+            val result = ThreadPool.tryDeleteThread(processId, threadToDelete)
+            serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+            serDe.writeObject(dos, result.asInstanceOf[AnyRef])
+          } catch {
+            case e: Exception =>
+              logError(s"Removing thread $threadId failed", e)
+              serDe.writeInt(dos, -1)
+          }
+        case "connectCallback" =>
+          assert(serDe.readObjectType(dis) == 'c')
+          val address = serDe.readString(dis)
+          assert(serDe.readObjectType(dis) == 'i')
+          val port = serDe.readInt(dis)
+          server.setCallbackClient(address, port)
+          serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+
+          // Sends reference of CallbackClient to dotnet side,
+          // so that dotnet process can send the client back to Java side
+          // when calling any API containing callback functions.
+          serDe.writeObject(dos, server.callbackClient)
+        case "closeCallback" =>
+          logInfo("Requesting to close callback client")
+          server.shutdownCallbackClient()
+          serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+          serDe.writeType(dos, "void")
+        case _ => dos.writeInt(-1)
+      }
+    } else {
+      ThreadPool
+        .run(processId, threadId, () => handleMethodCall(isStatic, objId, methodName, numArgs, dis, dos))
+    }
+
+    bos.toByteArray
+  }
+
+  override def exceptionCaught(ctx: ChannelHandlerContext, cause: Throwable): Unit = {
+    // Skip logging the exception message if the connection was disconnected from
+    // the .NET side so that .NET side doesn't have to explicitly close the connection via
+    // "stopBackend." Note that an exception is still thrown if the exit status is non-zero,
+    // so skipping this kind of exception message does not affect the debugging.
+    if (
+      !cause.getMessage.contains("An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host")
+       && !cause.getMessage.contains("Connection reset")
+    ) {
+      logError("Exception caught: ", cause)
+    }
+
+    // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
+    ctx.close()
+  }
+
+  def handleMethodCall(
+      isStatic: Boolean,
+      objId: String,
+      methodName: String,
+      numArgs: Int,
+      dis: DataInputStream,
+      dos: DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+    var obj: Object = null
+    var args: Array[java.lang.Object] = null
+    var methods: Array[java.lang.reflect.Method] = null
+
+    try {
+      val cls = if (isStatic) {
+        Utils.classForName(objId)
+      } else {
+        objectsTracker.get(objId) match {
+          case None => throw new IllegalArgumentException("Object not found " + objId)
+          case Some(o) =>
+            obj = o
+            o.getClass
+        }
+      }
+
+      args = readArgs(numArgs, dis)
+      methods = cls.getMethods
+
+      val selectedMethods = methods.filter(m => m.getName == methodName)
+      if (selectedMethods.length > 0) {
+        val index = findMatchedSignature(selectedMethods.map(_.getParameterTypes), args)
+
+        if (index.isEmpty) {
+          logWarning(
+            s"cannot find matching method ${cls}.$methodName. "
+              + s"Candidates are:")
+          selectedMethods.foreach { method =>
+            logWarning(s"$methodName(${method.getParameterTypes.mkString(",")})")
+          }
+          throw new Exception(s"No matched method found for $cls.$methodName")
+        }
+
+        val ret = selectedMethods(index.get).invoke(obj, args: _*)
+
+        // Write status bit
+        serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+        serDe.writeObject(dos, ret.asInstanceOf[AnyRef])
+      } else if (methodName == "<init>") {
+        // methodName should be "<init>" for constructor
+        val ctor = cls.getConstructors.filter { x =>
+          matchMethod(numArgs, args, x.getParameterTypes)
+        }.head
+
+        val obj = ctor.newInstance(args: _*)
+
+        serDe.writeInt(dos, 0)
+        serDe.writeObject(dos, obj.asInstanceOf[AnyRef])
+      } else {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+          "invalid method " + methodName + " for object " + objId)
+      }
+    } catch {
+      case e: Throwable =>
+        val jvmObj = objectsTracker.get(objId)
+        val jvmObjName = jvmObj match {
+          case Some(jObj) => jObj.getClass.getName
+          case None => "NullObject"
+        }
+        val argsStr = args
+          .map(arg => {
+            if (arg != null) {
+              s"[Type=${arg.getClass.getCanonicalName}, Value: $arg]"
+            } else {
+              "[Value: NULL]"
+            }
+          })
+          .mkString(", ")
+
+        logError(s"Failed to execute '$methodName' on '$jvmObjName' with args=($argsStr)")
+
+        if (methods != null) {
+          logDebug(s"All methods for $jvmObjName:")
+          methods.foreach(m => logDebug(m.toString))
+        }
+
+        serDe.writeInt(dos, -1)
+        serDe.writeString(dos, Utils.exceptionString(e.getCause))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Read a number of arguments from the data input stream
+  def readArgs(numArgs: Int, dis: DataInputStream): Array[java.lang.Object] = {
+    (0 until numArgs).map { arg =>
+      serDe.readObject(dis)
+    }.toArray
+  }
+
+  // Checks if the arguments passed in args matches the parameter types.
+  // NOTE: Currently we do exact match. We may add type conversions later.
+  def matchMethod(
+      numArgs: Int,
+      args: Array[java.lang.Object],
+      parameterTypes: Array[Class[_]]): Boolean = {
+    if (parameterTypes.length != numArgs) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    for (i <- 0 until numArgs) {
+      val parameterType = parameterTypes(i)
+      var parameterWrapperType = parameterType
+
+      // Convert native parameters to Object types as args is Array[Object] here
+      if (parameterType.isPrimitive) {
+        parameterWrapperType = parameterType match {
+          case java.lang.Integer.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Integer]
+          case java.lang.Long.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Long]
+          case java.lang.Double.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Double]
+          case java.lang.Boolean.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Boolean]
+          case _ => parameterType
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!parameterWrapperType.isInstance(args(i))) {
+        // non primitive types
+        if (!parameterType.isPrimitive && args(i) != null) {
+          return false
+        }
+
+        // primitive types
+        if (parameterType.isPrimitive && !parameterWrapperType.isInstance(args(i))) {
+          return false
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    true
+  }
+
+  // Find a matching method signature in an array of signatures of constructors
+  // or methods of the same name according to the passed arguments. Arguments
+  // may be converted in order to match a signature.
+  //
+  // Note that in Java reflection, constructors and normal methods are of different
+  // classes, and share no parent class that provides methods for reflection uses.
+  // There is no unified way to handle them in this function. So an array of signatures
+  // is passed in instead of an array of candidate constructors or methods.
+  //
+  // Returns an Option[Int] which is the index of the matched signature in the array.
+  def findMatchedSignature(
+      parameterTypesOfMethods: Array[Array[Class[_]]],
+      args: Array[Object]): Option[Int] = {
+    val numArgs = args.length
+
+    for (index <- parameterTypesOfMethods.indices) {
+      val parameterTypes = parameterTypesOfMethods(index)
+
+      if (parameterTypes.length == numArgs) {
+        var argMatched = true
+        var i = 0
+        while (i < numArgs && argMatched) {
+          val parameterType = parameterTypes(i)
+
+          if (parameterType == classOf[Seq[Any]] && args(i).getClass.isArray) {
+            // The case that the parameter type is a Scala Seq and the argument
+            // is a Java array is considered matching. The array will be converted
+            // to a Seq later if this method is matched.
+          } else {
+            var parameterWrapperType = parameterType
+
+            // Convert native parameters to Object types as args is Array[Object] here
+            if (parameterType.isPrimitive) {
+              parameterWrapperType = parameterType match {
+                case java.lang.Integer.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Integer]
+                case java.lang.Long.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Long]
+                case java.lang.Double.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Double]
+                case java.lang.Boolean.TYPE => classOf[java.lang.Boolean]
+                case _ => parameterType
+              }
+            }
+            if ((parameterType.isPrimitive || args(i) != null) &&
+                !parameterWrapperType.isInstance(args(i))) {
+              argMatched = false
+            }
+          }
+
+          i = i + 1
+        }
+
+        if (argMatched) {
+          // For now, we return the first matching method.
+          // TODO: find best method in matching methods.
+
+          // Convert args if needed
+          val parameterTypes = parameterTypesOfMethods(index)
+
+          for (i <- 0 until numArgs) {
+            if (parameterTypes(i) == classOf[Seq[Any]] && args(i).getClass.isArray) {
+              // Convert a Java array to scala Seq
+              args(i) = args(i).asInstanceOf[Array[_]].toSeq
+            }
+          }
+
+          return Some(index)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    None
+  }
+
+  def logError(id: String, e: Exception): Unit = {}
+}
+
+
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetException.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetException.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c70d16b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetException.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+class DotnetException(message: String, cause: Throwable)
+  extends Exception(message, cause) {
+
+  def this(message: String) = this(message, null)
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetRDD.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetRDD.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5277c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetRDD.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
+import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD
+import org.apache.spark.api.python._
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD
+
+object DotnetRDD {
+  def createPythonRDD(
+      parent: RDD[_],
+      func: PythonFunction,
+      preservePartitoning: Boolean): PythonRDD = {
+    new PythonRDD(parent, func, preservePartitoning)
+  }
+
+  def createJavaRDDFromArray(
+      sc: SparkContext,
+      arr: Array[Array[Byte]],
+      numSlices: Int): JavaRDD[Array[Byte]] = {
+    JavaRDD.fromRDD(sc.parallelize(arr, numSlices))
+  }
+
+  def toJavaRDD(rdd: RDD[_]): JavaRDD[_] = JavaRDD.fromRDD(rdd)
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetUtils.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetUtils.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f556338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetUtils.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
+
+/** DotnetUtils object that hosts some helper functions
+  * help data type conversions between dotnet and scala
+  */
+object DotnetUtils {
+
+  /** A helper function to convert scala Map to java.util.Map
+    * @param value - scala Map
+    * @return java.util.Map
+    */
+  def convertToJavaMap(value: Map[_, _]): java.util.Map[_, _] = value.asJava
+
+  /** Convert java data type to corresponding scala type
+    * @param value - java.lang.Object
+    * @return Any
+    */
+  def mapScalaToJava(value: java.lang.Object): Any = {
+    value match {
+      case i: java.lang.Integer => i.toInt
+      case d: java.lang.Double => d.toDouble
+      case f: java.lang.Float => f.toFloat
+      case b: java.lang.Boolean => b.booleanValue()
+      case l: java.lang.Long => l.toLong
+      case s: java.lang.Short => s.toShort
+      case by: java.lang.Byte => by.toByte
+      case c: java.lang.Character => c.toChar
+      case _ => value
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTracker.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTracker.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81cfaf88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTracker.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap
+
+/**
+ * Tracks JVM objects returned to .NET which is useful for invoking calls from .NET on JVM objects.
+ */
+private[dotnet] class JVMObjectTracker {
+
+  // Multiple threads may access objMap and increase objCounter. Because get method return Option,
+  // it is convenient to use a Scala map instead of java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.
+  private[this] val objMap = new HashMap[String, Object]
+  private[this] var objCounter: Int = 1
+
+  def getObject(id: String): Object = {
+    synchronized {
+      objMap(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  def get(id: String): Option[Object] = {
+    synchronized {
+      objMap.get(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  def put(obj: Object): String = {
+    synchronized {
+      val objId = objCounter.toString
+      objCounter = objCounter + 1
+      objMap.put(objId, obj)
+      objId
+    }
+  }
+
+  def remove(id: String): Option[Object] = {
+    synchronized {
+      objMap.remove(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  def clear(): Unit = {
+    synchronized {
+      objMap.clear()
+      objCounter = 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JvmBridgeUtils.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JvmBridgeUtils.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06a476f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JvmBridgeUtils.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.SparkConf
+
+/*
+ * Utils for JvmBridge.
+ */
+object JvmBridgeUtils {
+  def getKeyValuePairAsString(kvp: (String, String)): String = {
+    return kvp._1 + "=" + kvp._2
+  }
+
+  def getKeyValuePairArrayAsString(kvpArray: Array[(String, String)]): String = {
+    val sb = new StringBuilder
+
+    for (kvp <- kvpArray) {
+      sb.append(getKeyValuePairAsString(kvp))
+      sb.append(";")
+    }
+
+    sb.toString
+  }
+
+  def getSparkConfAsString(sparkConf: SparkConf): String = {
+    getKeyValuePairArrayAsString(sparkConf.getAll)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDe.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDe.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd380b7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDe.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.io.{DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
+import java.sql.{Date, Time, Timestamp}
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.Row
+
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
+
+/**
+ * Class responsible for serialization and deserialization between CLR & JVM.
+ * This implementation of methods is mostly identical to the SerDe implementation in R.
+ */
+class SerDe(val tracker: JVMObjectTracker) {
+
+  def readObjectType(dis: DataInputStream): Char = {
+    dis.readByte().toChar
+  }
+
+  def readObject(dis: DataInputStream): Object = {
+    val dataType = readObjectType(dis)
+    readTypedObject(dis, dataType)
+  }
+
+  private def readTypedObject(dis: DataInputStream, dataType: Char): Object = {
+    dataType match {
+      case 'n' => null
+      case 'i' => new java.lang.Integer(readInt(dis))
+      case 'g' => new java.lang.Long(readLong(dis))
+      case 'd' => new java.lang.Double(readDouble(dis))
+      case 'b' => new java.lang.Boolean(readBoolean(dis))
+      case 'c' => readString(dis)
+      case 'e' => readMap(dis)
+      case 'r' => readBytes(dis)
+      case 'l' => readList(dis)
+      case 'D' => readDate(dis)
+      case 't' => readTime(dis)
+      case 'j' => tracker.getObject(readString(dis))
+      case 'R' => readRowArr(dis)
+      case 'O' => readObjectArr(dis)
+      case _ => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"Invalid type $dataType")
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def readBytes(in: DataInputStream): Array[Byte] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    val out = new Array[Byte](len)
+    in.readFully(out)
+    out
+  }
+
+  def readInt(in: DataInputStream): Int = {
+    in.readInt()
+  }
+
+  private def readLong(in: DataInputStream): Long = {
+    in.readLong()
+  }
+
+  private def readDouble(in: DataInputStream): Double = {
+    in.readDouble()
+  }
+
+  private def readStringBytes(in: DataInputStream, len: Int): String = {
+    val bytes = new Array[Byte](len)
+    in.readFully(bytes)
+    val str = new String(bytes, "UTF-8")
+    str
+  }
+
+  def readString(in: DataInputStream): String = {
+    val len = in.readInt()
+    readStringBytes(in, len)
+  }
+
+  def readBoolean(in: DataInputStream): Boolean = {
+    in.readBoolean()
+  }
+
+  private def readDate(in: DataInputStream): Date = {
+    Date.valueOf(readString(in))
+  }
+
+  private def readTime(in: DataInputStream): Timestamp = {
+    val seconds = in.readDouble()
+    val sec = Math.floor(seconds).toLong
+    val t = new Timestamp(sec * 1000L)
+    t.setNanos(((seconds - sec) * 1e9).toInt)
+    t
+  }
+
+  private def readRow(in: DataInputStream): Row = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    Row.fromSeq((0 until len).map(_ => readObject(in)))
+  }
+
+  private def readBytesArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Array[Byte]] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readBytes(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readIntArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Int] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readInt(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readLongArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Long] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readLong(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readDoubleArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Double] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readDouble(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readDoubleArrArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Array[Double]] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readDoubleArr(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readBooleanArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[Boolean] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readBoolean(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readStringArr(in: DataInputStream): Array[String] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readString(in)).toArray
+  }
+
+  private def readRowArr(in: DataInputStream): java.util.List[Row] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readRow(in)).toList.asJava
+  }
+
+  private def readObjectArr(in: DataInputStream): Seq[Any] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    (0 until len).map(_ => readObject(in))
+  }
+
+  private def readList(dis: DataInputStream): Array[_] = {
+    val arrType = readObjectType(dis)
+    arrType match {
+      case 'i' => readIntArr(dis)
+      case 'g' => readLongArr(dis)
+      case 'c' => readStringArr(dis)
+      case 'd' => readDoubleArr(dis)
+      case 'A' => readDoubleArrArr(dis)
+      case 'b' => readBooleanArr(dis)
+      case 'j' => readStringArr(dis).map(x => tracker.getObject(x))
+      case 'r' => readBytesArr(dis)
+      case _ => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"Invalid array type $arrType")
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def readMap(in: DataInputStream): java.util.Map[Object, Object] = {
+    val len = readInt(in)
+    if (len > 0) {
+      val keysType = readObjectType(in)
+      val keysLen = readInt(in)
+      val keys = (0 until keysLen).map(_ => readTypedObject(in, keysType))
+
+      val valuesLen = readInt(in)
+      val values = (0 until valuesLen).map(_ => {
+        val valueType = readObjectType(in)
+        readTypedObject(in, valueType)
+      })
+      keys.zip(values).toMap.asJava
+    } else {
+      new java.util.HashMap[Object, Object]()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Using the same mapping as SparkR implementation for now
+  // Methods to write out data from Java to .NET.
+  //
+  // Type mapping from Java to .NET:
+  //
+  // void -> NULL
+  // Int -> integer
+  // String -> character
+  // Boolean -> logical
+  // Float -> double
+  // Double -> double
+  // Long -> long
+  // Array[Byte] -> raw
+  // Date -> Date
+  // Time -> POSIXct
+  //
+  // Array[T] -> list()
+  // Object -> jobj
+
+  def writeType(dos: DataOutputStream, typeStr: String): Unit = {
+    typeStr match {
+      case "void" => dos.writeByte('n')
+      case "character" => dos.writeByte('c')
+      case "double" => dos.writeByte('d')
+      case "doublearray" => dos.writeByte('A')
+      case "long" => dos.writeByte('g')
+      case "integer" => dos.writeByte('i')
+      case "logical" => dos.writeByte('b')
+      case "date" => dos.writeByte('D')
+      case "time" => dos.writeByte('t')
+      case "raw" => dos.writeByte('r')
+      case "list" => dos.writeByte('l')
+      case "jobj" => dos.writeByte('j')
+      case _ => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"Invalid type $typeStr")
+    }
+  }
+
+  def writeObject(dos: DataOutputStream, value: Object): Unit = {
+    if (value == null || value.isInstanceOf[Unit]) {
+      writeType(dos, "void")
+    } else {
+      value.getClass.getName match {
+        case "java.lang.String" =>
+          writeType(dos, "character")
+          writeString(dos, value.asInstanceOf[String])
+        case "float" | "java.lang.Float" =>
+          writeType(dos, "double")
+          writeDouble(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Float].toDouble)
+        case "double" | "java.lang.Double" =>
+          writeType(dos, "double")
+          writeDouble(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Double])
+        case "long" | "java.lang.Long" =>
+          writeType(dos, "long")
+          writeLong(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Long])
+        case "int" | "java.lang.Integer" =>
+          writeType(dos, "integer")
+          writeInt(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Int])
+        case "boolean" | "java.lang.Boolean" =>
+          writeType(dos, "logical")
+          writeBoolean(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Boolean])
+        case "java.sql.Date" =>
+          writeType(dos, "date")
+          writeDate(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Date])
+        case "java.sql.Time" =>
+          writeType(dos, "time")
+          writeTime(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Time])
+        case "java.sql.Timestamp" =>
+          writeType(dos, "time")
+          writeTime(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Timestamp])
+        case "[B" =>
+          writeType(dos, "raw")
+          writeBytes(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Byte]])
+        // TODO: Types not handled right now include
+        // byte, char, short, float
+
+        // Handle arrays
+        case "[Ljava.lang.String;" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeStringArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[String]])
+        case "[I" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeIntArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Int]])
+        case "[J" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeLongArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Long]])
+        case "[D" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeDoubleArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Double]])
+        case "[[D" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeDoubleArrArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Array[Double]]])
+        case "[Z" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeBooleanArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Boolean]])
+        case "[[B" =>
+          writeType(dos, "list")
+          writeBytesArr(dos, value.asInstanceOf[Array[Array[Byte]]])
+        case otherName =>
+          // Handle array of objects
+          if (otherName.startsWith("[L")) {
+            val objArr = value.asInstanceOf[Array[Object]]
+            writeType(dos, "list")
+            writeType(dos, "jobj")
+            dos.writeInt(objArr.length)
+            objArr.foreach(o => writeJObj(dos, o))
+          } else {
+            writeType(dos, "jobj")
+            writeJObj(dos, value)
+          }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  def writeInt(out: DataOutputStream, value: Int): Unit = {
+    out.writeInt(value)
+  }
+
+  def writeLong(out: DataOutputStream, value: Long): Unit = {
+    out.writeLong(value)
+  }
+
+  private def writeDouble(out: DataOutputStream, value: Double): Unit = {
+    out.writeDouble(value)
+  }
+
+  private def writeBoolean(out: DataOutputStream, value: Boolean): Unit = {
+    out.writeBoolean(value)
+  }
+
+  private def writeDate(out: DataOutputStream, value: Date): Unit = {
+    writeString(out, value.toString)
+  }
+
+  private def writeTime(out: DataOutputStream, value: Time): Unit = {
+    out.writeDouble(value.getTime.toDouble / 1000.0)
+  }
+
+  private def writeTime(out: DataOutputStream, value: Timestamp): Unit = {
+    out.writeDouble((value.getTime / 1000).toDouble + value.getNanos.toDouble / 1e9)
+  }
+
+  def writeString(out: DataOutputStream, value: String): Unit = {
+    val utf8 = value.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
+    val len = utf8.length
+    out.writeInt(len)
+    out.write(utf8, 0, len)
+  }
+
+  private def writeBytes(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Byte]): Unit = {
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    out.write(value)
+  }
+
+  def writeJObj(out: DataOutputStream, value: Object): Unit = {
+    val objId = tracker.put(value)
+    writeString(out, objId)
+  }
+
+  private def writeIntArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Int]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "integer")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => out.writeInt(v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeLongArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Long]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "long")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => out.writeLong(v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeDoubleArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Double]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "double")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => out.writeDouble(v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeDoubleArrArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Array[Double]]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "doublearray")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => writeDoubleArr(out, v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeBooleanArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Boolean]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "logical")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => writeBoolean(out, v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeStringArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[String]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "character")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => writeString(out, v))
+  }
+
+  private def writeBytesArr(out: DataOutputStream, value: Array[Array[Byte]]): Unit = {
+    writeType(out, "raw")
+    out.writeInt(value.length)
+    value.foreach(v => writeBytes(out, v))
+  }
+}
+
+private object SerializationFormats {
+  val BYTE = "byte"
+  val STRING = "string"
+  val ROW = "row"
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/ThreadPool.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/ThreadPool.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50551a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/ThreadPool.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.util.concurrent.{ExecutorService, Executors}
+
+import scala.collection.mutable
+
+/**
+ * Pool of thread executors. There should be a 1-1 correspondence between C# threads
+ * and Java threads.
+ */
+object ThreadPool {
+
+  /**
+   * Map from (processId, threadId) to corresponding executor.
+   */
+  private val executors: mutable.HashMap[(Int, Int), ExecutorService] =
+    new mutable.HashMap[(Int, Int), ExecutorService]()
+
+  /**
+   * Run some code on a particular thread.
+   * @param processId Integer id of the process.
+   * @param threadId Integer id of the thread.
+   * @param task Function to run on the thread.
+   */
+  def run(processId: Int, threadId: Int, task: () => Unit): Unit = {
+    val executor = getOrCreateExecutor(processId, threadId)
+    val future = executor.submit(new Runnable {
+      override def run(): Unit = task()
+    })
+
+    future.get()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Try to delete a particular thread.
+   * @param processId Integer id of the process.
+   * @param threadId Integer id of the thread.
+   * @return True if successful, false if thread does not exist.
+   */
+  def tryDeleteThread(processId: Int, threadId: Int): Boolean = synchronized {
+    executors.remove((processId, threadId)) match {
+      case Some(executorService) =>
+        executorService.shutdown()
+        true
+      case None => false
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Shutdown any running ExecutorServices.
+   */
+  def shutdown(): Unit = synchronized {
+    executors.foreach(_._2.shutdown())
+    executors.clear()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the executor if it exists, otherwise create a new one.
+   * @param processId Integer id of the process.
+   * @param threadId Integer id of the thread.
+   * @return The new or existing executor with the given id.
+   */
+  private def getOrCreateExecutor(processId: Int, threadId: Int): ExecutorService = synchronized {
+    executors.getOrElseUpdate((processId, threadId), Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotNetUserAppException.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotNetUserAppException.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4551a70b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotNetUserAppException.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.deploy.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.SparkException
+
+/**
+ * This exception type describes an exception thrown by a .NET user application.
+ *
+ * @param exitCode         Exit code returned by the .NET application.
+ * @param dotNetStackTrace Stacktrace extracted from .NET application logs.
+ */
+private[spark] class DotNetUserAppException(exitCode: Int, dotNetStackTrace: Option[String])
+  extends SparkException(
+    dotNetStackTrace match {
+      case None => s"User application exited with $exitCode"
+      case Some(e) => s"User application exited with $exitCode and .NET exception: $e"
+    })
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotnetRunner.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotnetRunner.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56cbfe8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/dotnet/DotnetRunner.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.deploy.dotnet
+
+import java.io.File
+import java.net.URI
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermissions
+import java.nio.file.{FileSystems, Files, Paths}
+import java.util.Locale
+import java.util.concurrent.{Semaphore, TimeUnit}
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.TeeOutputStream
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path
+import org.apache.spark
+import org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.DotnetBackend
+import org.apache.spark.deploy.{PythonRunner, SparkHadoopUtil}
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+import org.apache.spark.internal.config.dotnet.Dotnet.{
+  DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK,
+  ERROR_BUFFER_SIZE, ERROR_REDIRECITON_ENABLED
+}
+import org.apache.spark.util.dotnet.{Utils => DotnetUtils}
+import org.apache.spark.util.{CircularBuffer, RedirectThread, Utils}
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkConf, SparkUserAppException}
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+import scala.io.StdIn
+import scala.util.Try
+
+/**
+ * DotnetRunner class used to launch Spark .NET applications using spark-submit.
+ * It executes .NET application as a subprocess and then has it connect back to
+ * the JVM to access system properties etc.
+ */
+object DotnetRunner extends Logging {
+  private val DEBUG_PORT = 5567
+  private val supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix = "4.1"
+  private val supportedSparkVersions = Set[String]("4.1.0", "4.1.1")
+
+  val SPARK_VERSION = DotnetUtils.normalizeSparkVersion(spark.SPARK_VERSION)
+
+  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
+    if (args.length == 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("At least one argument is expected.")
+    }
+
+    DotnetUtils.validateSparkVersions(
+      sys.props
+        .getOrElse(
+          DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK.key,
+          DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK.defaultValue.get.toString)
+        .toBoolean,
+      spark.SPARK_VERSION,
+      SPARK_VERSION,
+      supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix,
+      supportedSparkVersions)
+
+    val settings = initializeSettings(args)
+
+    // Determines if this needs to be run in debug mode.
+    // In debug mode this runner will not launch a .NET process.
+    val runInDebugMode = settings._1
+    @volatile var dotnetBackendPortNumber = settings._2
+    var dotnetExecutable = ""
+    var otherArgs: Array[String] = null
+
+    if (!runInDebugMode) {
+      if (args(0).toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT).endsWith(".zip")) {
+        var zipFileName = args(0)
+        val zipFileUri = Try(new URI(zipFileName)).getOrElse(new File(zipFileName).toURI)
+        val workingDir = new File("").getAbsoluteFile
+        val driverDir = new File(workingDir, FilenameUtils.getBaseName(zipFileUri.getPath()))
+
+        // Standalone cluster mode where .NET application is remotely located.
+        if (zipFileUri.getScheme() != "file") {
+          zipFileName = downloadDriverFile(zipFileName, workingDir.getAbsolutePath).getName
+        }
+
+        logInfo(s"Unzipping .NET driver $zipFileName to $driverDir")
+        DotnetUtils.unzip(new File(zipFileName), driverDir)
+
+        // Reuse windows-specific formatting in PythonRunner.
+        dotnetExecutable = PythonRunner.formatPath(resolveDotnetExecutable(driverDir, args(1)))
+        otherArgs = args.slice(2, args.length)
+      } else {
+        // Reuse windows-specific formatting in PythonRunner.
+        dotnetExecutable = PythonRunner.formatPath(args(0))
+        otherArgs = args.slice(1, args.length)
+      }
+    } else {
+      otherArgs = args.slice(1, args.length)
+    }
+
+    val processParameters = new java.util.ArrayList[String]
+    processParameters.add(dotnetExecutable)
+    otherArgs.foreach(arg => processParameters.add(arg))
+
+    logInfo(s"Starting DotnetBackend with $dotnetExecutable.")
+
+    // Time to wait for DotnetBackend to initialize in seconds.
+    val backendTimeout = sys.env.getOrElse("DOTNETBACKEND_TIMEOUT", "120").toInt
+
+    // Launch a DotnetBackend server for the .NET process to connect to; this will let it see our
+    // Java system properties etc.
+    val dotnetBackend = new DotnetBackend()
+    val initialized = new Semaphore(0)
+    val dotnetBackendThread = new Thread("DotnetBackend") {
+      override def run() {
+        // need to get back dotnetBackendPortNumber because if the value passed to init is 0
+        // the port number is dynamically assigned in the backend
+        dotnetBackendPortNumber = dotnetBackend.init(dotnetBackendPortNumber)
+        logInfo(s"Port number used by DotnetBackend is $dotnetBackendPortNumber")
+        initialized.release()
+        dotnetBackend.run()
+      }
+    }
+
+    dotnetBackendThread.start()
+
+    if (initialized.tryAcquire(backendTimeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+      if (!runInDebugMode) {
+        var returnCode = -1
+        var process: Process = null
+        val enableLogRedirection: Boolean = sys.props
+          .getOrElse(
+            ERROR_REDIRECITON_ENABLED.key,
+            ERROR_REDIRECITON_ENABLED.defaultValue.get.toString).toBoolean
+        val stderrBuffer: Option[CircularBuffer] = Option(enableLogRedirection).collect {
+          case true => new CircularBuffer(
+            sys.props.getOrElse(
+              ERROR_BUFFER_SIZE.key,
+              ERROR_BUFFER_SIZE.defaultValue.get.toString).toInt)
+        }
+
+        try {
+          val builder = new ProcessBuilder(processParameters)
+          val env = builder.environment()
+          env.put("DOTNETBACKEND_PORT", dotnetBackendPortNumber.toString)
+
+          for ((key, value) <- Utils.getSystemProperties if key.startsWith("spark.")) {
+            env.put(key, value)
+            logInfo(s"Adding key=$key and value=$value to environment")
+          }
+          builder.redirectErrorStream(true) // Ugly but needed for stdout and stderr to synchronize
+          process = builder.start()
+
+          // Redirect stdin of JVM process to stdin of .NET process.
+          new RedirectThread(System.in, process.getOutputStream, "redirect JVM input").start()
+          // Redirect stdout and stderr of .NET process to System.out and to buffer
+          // if log direction is enabled. If not, redirect only to System.out.
+          new RedirectThread(
+            process.getInputStream,
+            stderrBuffer match {
+              case Some(buffer) => new TeeOutputStream(System.out, buffer)
+              case _ => System.out
+            },
+            "redirect .NET stdout and stderr").start()
+
+          process.waitFor()
+        } catch {
+          case t: Throwable =>
+            logThrowable(t)
+        } finally {
+          returnCode = closeDotnetProcess(process)
+          closeBackend(dotnetBackend)
+        }
+        if (returnCode != 0) {
+          if (stderrBuffer.isDefined) {
+            throw new DotNetUserAppException(returnCode, Some(stderrBuffer.get.toString))
+          } else {
+            throw new SparkUserAppException(returnCode)
+          }
+        } else {
+          logInfo(s".NET application exited successfully")
+        }
+        // TODO: The following is causing the following error:
+        // INFO ApplicationMaster: Final app status: FAILED, exitCode: 16,
+        // (reason: Shutdown hook called before final status was reported.)
+        // DotnetUtils.exit(returnCode)
+      } else {
+        // scalastyle:off println
+        println("***********************************************************************")
+        println("* .NET Backend running debug mode. Press enter to exit *")
+        println("***********************************************************************")
+        // scalastyle:on println
+
+        StdIn.readLine()
+        closeBackend(dotnetBackend)
+        DotnetUtils.exit(0)
+      }
+    } else {
+      logError(s"DotnetBackend did not initialize in $backendTimeout seconds")
+      DotnetUtils.exit(-1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // When the executable is downloaded as part of zip file, check if the file exists
+  // after zip file is unzipped under the given dir. Once it is found, change the
+  // permission to executable (only for Unix systems, since the zip file may have been
+  // created under Windows. Finally, the absolute path for the executable is returned.
+  private def resolveDotnetExecutable(dir: File, dotnetExecutable: String): String = {
+    val path = Paths.get(dir.getAbsolutePath, dotnetExecutable)
+    val resolvedExecutable = if (Files.isRegularFile(path)) {
+      path.toAbsolutePath.toString
+    } else {
+      Files
+        .walk(FileSystems.getDefault.getPath(dir.getAbsolutePath))
+        .iterator()
+        .asScala
+        .find(path => Files.isRegularFile(path) && path.getFileName.toString == dotnetExecutable) match {
+        case Some(path) => path.toAbsolutePath.toString
+        case None =>
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+            s"Failed to find $dotnetExecutable under ${dir.getAbsolutePath}")
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (DotnetUtils.supportPosix) {
+      Files.setPosixFilePermissions(
+        Paths.get(resolvedExecutable),
+        PosixFilePermissions.fromString("rwxr-xr-x"))
+    }
+
+    resolvedExecutable
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Download HDFS file into the supplied directory and return its local path.
+   * Will throw an exception if there are errors during downloading.
+   */
+  private def downloadDriverFile(hdfsFilePath: String, driverDir: String): File = {
+    val sparkConf = new SparkConf()
+    val filePath = new Path(hdfsFilePath)
+
+    val hadoopConf = SparkHadoopUtil.get.newConfiguration(sparkConf)
+    val jarFileName = filePath.getName
+    val localFile = new File(driverDir, jarFileName)
+
+    if (!localFile.exists()) { // May already exist if running multiple workers on one node
+      logInfo(s"Copying user file $filePath to $driverDir")
+      DotnetUtils.fetchFileWithbackwardCompatibility(
+        hdfsFilePath,
+        new File(driverDir),
+        sparkConf,
+        hadoopConf,
+        System.currentTimeMillis(),
+        useCache = false)
+    }
+
+    if (!localFile.exists()) {
+      throw new Exception(s"Did not see expected $jarFileName in $driverDir")
+    }
+
+    localFile
+  }
+
+  private def closeBackend(dotnetBackend: DotnetBackend): Unit = {
+    logInfo("Closing DotnetBackend")
+    dotnetBackend.close()
+  }
+
+  private def closeDotnetProcess(dotnetProcess: Process): Int = {
+    if (dotnetProcess == null) {
+      return -1
+    } else if (!dotnetProcess.isAlive) {
+      return dotnetProcess.exitValue()
+    }
+
+    // Try to (gracefully on Linux) kill the process and resort to force if interrupted
+    var returnCode = -1
+    logInfo("Closing .NET process")
+    try {
+      dotnetProcess.destroy()
+      returnCode = dotnetProcess.waitFor()
+    } catch {
+      case _: InterruptedException =>
+        logInfo(
+          "Thread interrupted while waiting for graceful close. Forcefully closing .NET process")
+        returnCode = dotnetProcess.destroyForcibly().waitFor()
+      case t: Throwable =>
+        logThrowable(t)
+    }
+
+    returnCode
+  }
+
+  private def initializeSettings(args: Array[String]): (Boolean, Int) = {
+    val runInDebugMode = (args.length == 1 || args.length == 2) && args(0).equalsIgnoreCase(
+      "debug")
+    var portNumber = 0
+    if (runInDebugMode) {
+      if (args.length == 1) {
+        portNumber = DEBUG_PORT
+      } else if (args.length == 2) {
+        portNumber = Integer.parseInt(args(1))
+      }
+    }
+
+    (runInDebugMode, portNumber)
+  }
+
+  private def logThrowable(throwable: Throwable): Unit =
+    logError(s"${throwable.getMessage} \n ${throwable.getStackTrace.mkString("\n")}")
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/config/dotnet/Dotnet.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/config/dotnet/Dotnet.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18ba4c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/config/dotnet/Dotnet.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.internal.config.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.internal.config.ConfigBuilder
+
+private[spark] object Dotnet {
+  val DOTNET_NUM_BACKEND_THREADS = ConfigBuilder("spark.dotnet.numDotnetBackendThreads").intConf
+    .createWithDefault(10)
+
+  val DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK =
+    ConfigBuilder("spark.dotnet.ignoreSparkPatchVersionCheck").booleanConf
+      .createWithDefault(false)
+
+  val ERROR_REDIRECITON_ENABLED =
+    ConfigBuilder("spark.nonjvm.error.forwarding.enabled").booleanConf
+      .createWithDefault(false)
+
+  val ERROR_BUFFER_SIZE =
+    ConfigBuilder("spark.nonjvm.error.buffer.size")
+      .intConf
+      .checkValue(_ >= 0, "The error buffer size must not be negative")
+      .createWithDefault(10240)
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/api/dotnet/MLUtils.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/api/dotnet/MLUtils.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e3c3e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/api/dotnet/MLUtils.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.mllib.api.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.ml._
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
+
+/** MLUtils object that hosts helper functions
+  * related to ML usage
+  */
+object MLUtils {
+
+  /** A helper function to let pipeline accept java.util.ArrayList
+    * format stages in scala code
+    * @param pipeline - The pipeline to be set stages
+    * @param value - A java.util.ArrayList of PipelineStages to be set as stages
+    * @return The pipeline
+    */
+  def setPipelineStages(pipeline: Pipeline, value: java.util.ArrayList[_ <: PipelineStage]): Pipeline =
+    pipeline.setStages(value.asScala.toArray)
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/DotnetForeachBatch.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/DotnetForeachBatch.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d06d430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/DotnetForeachBatch.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.CallbackClient
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+import org.apache.spark.sql.{DataFrame, Row}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.streaming.DataStreamWriter
+
+class DotnetForeachBatchFunction(callbackClient: CallbackClient, callbackId: Int) extends Logging {
+  def call(batchDF: DataFrame, batchId: Long): Unit =
+    callbackClient.send(
+      callbackId,
+      (dos, serDe) => {
+        serDe.writeJObj(dos, batchDF)
+        serDe.writeLong(dos, batchId)
+      })
+}
+
+object DotnetForeachBatchHelper {
+  def callForeachBatch(client: Option[CallbackClient], dsw: DataStreamWriter[Row], callbackId: Int): Unit = {
+    val dotnetForeachFunc = client match {
+      case Some(value) => new DotnetForeachBatchFunction(value, callbackId)
+      case None => throw new Exception("CallbackClient is null.")
+    }
+
+    dsw.foreachBatch(dotnetForeachFunc.call _)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/SQLUtils.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/SQLUtils.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31dcd061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/api/dotnet/SQLUtils.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet
+
+import java.util.{List => JList, Map => JMap}
+
+import org.apache.spark.api.python.{PythonAccumulatorV2, PythonBroadcast, PythonFunction, SimplePythonFunction}
+import org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast
+
+object SQLUtils {
+
+  /**
+   * Exposes createPythonFunction to the .NET client to enable registering UDFs.
+   */
+  def createPythonFunction(
+      command: Array[Byte],
+      envVars: JMap[String, String],
+      pythonIncludes: JList[String],
+      pythonExec: String,
+      pythonVersion: String,
+      broadcastVars: JList[Broadcast[PythonBroadcast]],
+      accumulator: PythonAccumulatorV2): PythonFunction = {
+    // From 3.4.0 use SimplePythonFunction. https://github.com/apache/spark/commit/18ff15729268def5ee1bdf5dfcb766bd1d699684
+    SimplePythonFunction(
+      command,
+      envVars,
+      pythonIncludes,
+      pythonExec,
+      pythonVersion,
+      broadcastVars,
+      accumulator)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/Utils.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/Utils.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4db64372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/Utils.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.util.dotnet
+
+import java.io._
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission._
+import java.nio.file.{FileSystems, Files}
+import java.util.{Timer, TimerTask}
+import org.apache.spark.SparkConf
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration
+import org.apache.spark.util.Utils
+import java.io.File
+import java.lang.NoSuchMethodException
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.zip.{ZipArchiveEntry, ZipArchiveOutputStream, ZipFile}
+import org.apache.commons.io.{FileUtils, IOUtils}
+import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
+import org.apache.spark.internal.config.dotnet.Dotnet.DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+import scala.collection.Set
+
+/**
+ * Utility methods.
+ */
+object Utils extends Logging {
+  private val posixFilePermissions = Array(
+    OWNER_READ,
+    OWNER_WRITE,
+    OWNER_EXECUTE,
+    GROUP_READ,
+    GROUP_WRITE,
+    GROUP_EXECUTE,
+    OTHERS_READ,
+    OTHERS_WRITE,
+    OTHERS_EXECUTE)
+
+  val supportPosix: Boolean =
+    FileSystems.getDefault.supportedFileAttributeViews().contains("posix")
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a backward-compatible implementation of the `fetchFile` method 
+     * from Apache Spark's `org.apache.spark.util.Utils` class.
+     * 
+     * This method handles differences in method signatures between Spark versions,
+     * specifically the inclusion or absence of a `SecurityManager` parameter. It uses
+     * reflection to dynamically resolve and invoke the correct version of `fetchFile`.
+     *
+     * @param url The source URL of the file to be fetched.
+     * @param targetDir The directory where the fetched file will be saved.
+     * @param conf The Spark configuration object used to determine runtime settings.
+     * @param hadoopConf Hadoop configuration settings for file access.
+     * @param timestamp A timestamp indicating the cache validity of the fetched file.
+     * @param useCache Whether to use Spark's caching mechanism to reuse previously downloaded files.
+     * @param shouldUntar Whether to untar the downloaded file if it is a tarball. Defaults to `true`.
+     * 
+     * @return A `File` object pointing to the fetched and stored file.
+     * 
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If neither method signature is found.
+     * @throws Throwable If an error occurs during reflection or method invocation.
+     *
+     * Note:
+     * - This method was introduced as a fix for DataBricks-specific file copying issues 
+     *   and was referenced in PR #1048.
+     * - Reflection is used to ensure compatibility across Spark environments.
+     */
+    def fetchFileWithbackwardCompatibility(
+                                      url: String,
+                                      targetDir: File,
+                                      conf: SparkConf,
+                                      hadoopConf: Configuration,
+                                      timestamp: Long,
+                                      useCache: Boolean,
+                                      shouldUntar: Boolean = true): File = {
+
+        // Spark 4.x removed SecurityManager from Utils.fetchFile — call directly without reflection.
+        org.apache.spark.util.Utils.fetchFile(
+            url,
+            targetDir,
+            conf,
+            hadoopConf,
+            timestamp,
+            useCache,
+            shouldUntar)
+    }
+
+  /**
+   * Compress all files under given directory into one zip file and drop it to the target directory
+   *
+   * @param sourceDir source directory to zip
+   * @param targetZipFile target zip file
+   */
+  def zip(sourceDir: File, targetZipFile: File): Unit = {
+    var fos: FileOutputStream = null
+    var zos: ZipArchiveOutputStream = null
+    try {
+      fos = new FileOutputStream(targetZipFile)
+      zos = new ZipArchiveOutputStream(fos)
+
+      val sourcePath = sourceDir.toPath
+      FileUtils.listFiles(sourceDir, null, true).asScala.foreach { file =>
+        var in: FileInputStream = null
+        try {
+          val path = file.toPath
+          val entry = new ZipArchiveEntry(sourcePath.relativize(path).toString)
+          if (supportPosix) {
+            entry.setUnixMode(
+              permissionsToMode(Files.getPosixFilePermissions(path).asScala)
+                | (if (entry.getName.endsWith(".exe")) 0x1ED else 0x1A4))
+          } else if (entry.getName.endsWith(".exe")) {
+            entry.setUnixMode(0x1ED) // 755
+          } else {
+            entry.setUnixMode(0x1A4) // 644
+          }
+          zos.putArchiveEntry(entry)
+
+          in = new FileInputStream(file)
+          IOUtils.copy(in, zos)
+          zos.closeArchiveEntry()
+        } finally {
+          IOUtils.closeQuietly(in)
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      IOUtils.closeQuietly(zos)
+      IOUtils.closeQuietly(fos)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unzip a file to the given directory
+   *
+   * @param file file to be unzipped
+   * @param targetDir target directory
+   */
+  def unzip(file: File, targetDir: File): Unit = {
+    var zipFile: ZipFile = null
+    try {
+      targetDir.mkdirs()
+      zipFile = new ZipFile(file)
+      zipFile.getEntries.asScala.foreach { entry =>
+        val targetFile = new File(targetDir, entry.getName)
+
+        if (targetFile.exists()) {
+          logWarning(
+            s"Target file/directory $targetFile already exists. Skip it for now. " +
+              s"Make sure this is expected.")
+        } else {
+          if (entry.isDirectory) {
+            targetFile.mkdirs()
+          } else {
+            targetFile.getParentFile.mkdirs()
+            val input = zipFile.getInputStream(entry)
+            val output = new FileOutputStream(targetFile)
+            IOUtils.copy(input, output)
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(input)
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(output)
+            if (supportPosix) {
+              val permissions = modeToPermissions(entry.getUnixMode)
+              // When run in Unix system, permissions will be empty, thus skip
+              // setting the empty permissions (which will empty the previous permissions).
+              if (permissions.nonEmpty) {
+                Files.setPosixFilePermissions(targetFile.toPath, permissions.asJava)
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      case e: Exception => logError("exception caught during decompression:" + e)
+    } finally {
+      ZipFile.closeQuietly(zipFile)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Exits the JVM, trying to do it nicely, otherwise doing it nastily.
+   *
+   * @param status  the exit status, zero for OK, non-zero for error
+   * @param maxDelayMillis  the maximum delay in milliseconds
+   */
+  def exit(status: Int, maxDelayMillis: Long) {
+    try {
+      logInfo(s"Utils.exit() with status: $status, maxDelayMillis: $maxDelayMillis")
+
+      // setup a timer, so if nice exit fails, the nasty exit happens
+      val timer = new Timer()
+      timer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
+
+        override def run() {
+          Runtime.getRuntime.halt(status)
+        }
+      }, maxDelayMillis)
+      // try to exit nicely
+      System.exit(status);
+    } catch {
+      // exit nastily if we have a problem
+      case _: Throwable => Runtime.getRuntime.halt(status)
+    } finally {
+      // should never get here
+      Runtime.getRuntime.halt(status)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Exits the JVM, trying to do it nicely, wait 1 second
+   *
+   * @param status  the exit status, zero for OK, non-zero for error
+   */
+  def exit(status: Int): Unit = {
+    exit(status, 1000)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize the Spark version by taking the first three numbers.
+   * For example:
+   * x.y.z => x.y.z
+   * x.y.z.xxx.yyy => x.y.z
+   * x.y => x.y
+   *
+   * @param version the Spark version to normalize
+   * @return Normalized Spark version.
+   */
+  def normalizeSparkVersion(version: String): String = {
+    version
+      .split('.')
+      .take(3)
+      .zipWithIndex
+      .map({
+        case (element, index) => {
+          index match {
+            case 2 => element.split("\\D+").lift(0).getOrElse("")
+            case _ => element
+          }
+        }
+      })
+      .mkString(".")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates the normalized spark version by verifying:
+   *   - Spark version starts with sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix.
+   *   - If ignoreSparkPatchVersion is
+   *     - true: valid
+   *     - false: check if the spark version is in supportedSparkVersions.
+   * @param ignoreSparkPatchVersion Ignore spark patch version.
+   * @param sparkVersion The spark version.
+   * @param normalizedSparkVersion: The normalized spark version.
+   * @param supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix The spark major and minor version to validate against.
+   * @param supportedSparkVersions The set of supported spark versions.
+   */
+  def validateSparkVersions(
+      ignoreSparkPatchVersion: Boolean,
+      sparkVersion: String,
+      normalizedSparkVersion: String,
+      supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix: String,
+      supportedSparkVersions: Set[String]): Unit = {
+    if (!normalizedSparkVersion.startsWith(s"$supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix.")) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        s"Unsupported spark version used: '$sparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Normalized spark version used: '$normalizedSparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Supported spark major.minor version: '$supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix'.")
+    } else if (ignoreSparkPatchVersion) {
+      logWarning(
+        s"Ignoring spark patch version. Spark version used: '$sparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Normalized spark version used: '$normalizedSparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Spark major.minor prefix used: '$supportedSparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix'.")
+    } else if (!supportedSparkVersions(normalizedSparkVersion)) {
+      val supportedVersions = supportedSparkVersions.toSeq.sorted.mkString(", ")
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        s"Unsupported spark version used: '$sparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Normalized spark version used: '$normalizedSparkVersion'. " +
+          s"Supported versions: '$supportedVersions'." +
+          "Patch version can be ignored, use setting 'spark.dotnet.ignoreSparkPatchVersionCheck'"  )
+    }
+  }
+
+  private[spark] def listZipFileEntries(file: File): Array[String] = {
+    var zipFile: ZipFile = null
+    try {
+      zipFile = new ZipFile(file)
+      zipFile.getEntries.asScala.map(_.getName).toArray
+    } finally {
+      ZipFile.closeQuietly(zipFile)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private[this] def permissionsToMode(permissions: Set[PosixFilePermission]): Int = {
+    posixFilePermissions.foldLeft(0) { (mode, perm) =>
+      (mode << 1) | (if (permissions.contains(perm)) 1 else 0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private[this] def modeToPermissions(mode: Int): Set[PosixFilePermission] = {
+    posixFilePermissions.zipWithIndex
+      .filter { case (_, i) => (mode & (0x100 >>> i)) != 0 }
+      .map(_._1)
+      .toSet
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandlerTest.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandlerTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7088537e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendHandlerTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import Extensions._
+import org.junit.Assert._
+import org.junit.{After, Before, Test}
+
+import java.io.{ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+
+@Test
+class DotnetBackendHandlerTest {
+  private var backend: DotnetBackend = _
+  private var tracker: JVMObjectTracker = _
+  private var handler: DotnetBackendHandler = _
+
+  @Before
+  def before(): Unit = {
+    backend = new DotnetBackend
+    tracker = new JVMObjectTracker
+    handler = new DotnetBackendHandler(backend, tracker)
+  }
+
+  @After
+  def after(): Unit = {
+    backend.close()
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldTrackCallbackClientWhenDotnetProcessConnected(): Unit = {
+    val message = givenMessage(m => {
+      val serDe = new SerDe(null)
+      m.writeBoolean(true) // static method
+      serDe.writeInt(m, 1) // processId
+      serDe.writeInt(m, 1) // threadId
+      serDe.writeString(m, "DotnetHandler") // class name
+      serDe.writeString(m, "connectCallback") // command (method) name
+      m.writeInt(2) // number of arguments
+      m.writeByte('c') // 1st argument type (string)
+      serDe.writeString(m, "127.0.0.1") // 1st argument value (host)
+      m.writeByte('i') // 2nd argument type (integer)
+      m.writeInt(0) // 2nd argument value (port)
+    })
+
+    val payload = handler.handleBackendRequest(message)
+    val reply = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(payload))
+
+    assertEquals(
+      "status code must be successful.", 0, reply.readInt())
+    assertEquals('j', reply.readByte())
+    assertEquals(1, reply.readInt())
+    val trackingId = new String(reply.readNBytes(1), "UTF-8")
+    assertEquals("1", trackingId)
+    val client = tracker.get(trackingId).get.asInstanceOf[Option[CallbackClient]].orNull
+    assertEquals(classOf[CallbackClient], client.getClass)
+  }
+
+  private def givenMessage(func: DataOutputStream => Unit): Array[Byte] = {
+    val buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
+    func(new DataOutputStream(buffer))
+    buffer.toByteArray
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendTest.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..445486bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/DotnetBackendTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import org.junit.Assert._
+import org.junit.{After, Before, Test}
+
+import java.net.InetAddress
+
+@Test
+class DotnetBackendTest {
+  private var backend: DotnetBackend = _
+
+  @Before
+  def before(): Unit = {
+    backend = new DotnetBackend
+  }
+
+  @After
+  def after(): Unit = {
+    backend.close()
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldNotResetCallbackClient(): Unit = {
+    // Specifying port = 0 to select port dynamically.
+    backend.setCallbackClient(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress.toString, port = 0)
+
+    assertTrue(backend.callbackClient.isDefined)
+    assertThrows(classOf[Exception], () => {
+      backend.setCallbackClient(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress.toString, port = 0)
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/Extensions.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/Extensions.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6904403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/Extensions.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import java.io.DataInputStream
+
+private[dotnet] object Extensions {
+  implicit class DataInputStreamExt(stream: DataInputStream) {
+    def readNBytes(n: Int): Array[Byte] = {
+      val buf = new Array[Byte](n)
+      stream.readFully(buf)
+      buf
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTrackerTest.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTrackerTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43ae7900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/JVMObjectTrackerTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import org.junit.Test
+
+@Test
+class JVMObjectTrackerTest {
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReleaseAllReferences(): Unit = {
+    val tracker = new JVMObjectTracker
+    val firstId = tracker.put(new Object)
+    val secondId = tracker.put(new Object)
+    val thirdId = tracker.put(new Object)
+
+    tracker.clear()
+
+    assert(tracker.get(firstId).isEmpty)
+    assert(tracker.get(secondId).isEmpty)
+    assert(tracker.get(thirdId).isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldResetCounter(): Unit = {
+    val tracker = new JVMObjectTracker
+    val firstId = tracker.put(new Object)
+    val secondId = tracker.put(new Object)
+
+    tracker.clear()
+
+    val thirdId = tracker.put(new Object)
+
+    assert(firstId.equals("1"))
+    assert(secondId.equals("2"))
+    assert(thirdId.equals("1"))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDeTest.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDeTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6854035a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/api/dotnet/SerDeTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.api.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.Extensions._
+import org.apache.spark.sql.Row
+import org.junit.Assert._
+import org.junit.{Before, Test}
+
+import java.io.{ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.sql.Date
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters._
+
+@Test
+class SerDeTest {
+  private var serDe: SerDe = _
+  private var tracker: JVMObjectTracker = _
+
+  @Before
+  def before(): Unit = {
+    tracker = new JVMObjectTracker
+    serDe = new SerDe(tracker)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadNull(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('n')
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(null, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldThrowForUnsupportedTypes(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('_')
+    })
+
+    assertThrows(classOf[IllegalArgumentException], () => {
+      serDe.readObject(input)
+    })
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadInteger(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('i')
+      in.writeInt(42)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(42, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadLong(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('g')
+      in.writeLong(42)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(42L, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadDouble(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('d')
+      in.writeDouble(42.42)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(42.42, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadBoolean(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('b')
+      in.writeBoolean(true)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(true, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadString(): Unit = {
+    val payload = "Spark Dotnet"
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('c')
+      in.writeInt(payload.getBytes("UTF-8").length)
+      in.write(payload.getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(payload, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadMap(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('e') // map type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(3) // size
+      in.writeByte('i') // key type
+      in.writeInt(3) // number of keys
+      in.writeInt(11) // first key
+      in.writeInt(22) // second key
+      in.writeInt(33) // third key
+      in.writeInt(3) // number of values
+      in.writeByte('b') // first value type
+      in.writeBoolean(true) // first value
+      in.writeByte('d') // second value type
+      in.writeDouble(42.42) // second value
+      in.writeByte('n') // third type & value
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(
+      mapAsJavaMap(Map(
+        11 -> true,
+        22 -> 42.42,
+        33 -> null)),
+      serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadEmptyMap(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('e') // map type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(0) // size
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(mapAsJavaMap(Map()), serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadBytesArray(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('r') // byte array type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(3) // length
+      in.write(Array[Byte](1, 2, 3)) // payload
+    })
+
+    assertArrayEquals(Array[Byte](1, 2, 3), serDe.readObject(input).asInstanceOf[Array[Byte]])
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadEmptyBytesArray(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('r') // byte array type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(0) // length
+    })
+
+    assertArrayEquals(Array[Byte](), serDe.readObject(input).asInstanceOf[Array[Byte]])
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadEmptyList(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('l') // type descriptor
+      in.writeByte('i') // element type
+      in.writeInt(0) // length
+    })
+
+    assertArrayEquals(Array[Int](), serDe.readObject(input).asInstanceOf[Array[Int]])
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadList(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('l') // type descriptor
+      in.writeByte('b') // element type
+      in.writeInt(3) // length
+      in.writeBoolean(true)
+      in.writeBoolean(false)
+      in.writeBoolean(true)
+    })
+
+    assertArrayEquals(Array(true, false, true), serDe.readObject(input).asInstanceOf[Array[Boolean]])
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldThrowWhenReadingListWithUnsupportedType(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('l') // type descriptor
+      in.writeByte('_') // unsupported element type
+    })
+
+    assertThrows(classOf[IllegalArgumentException], () => {
+      serDe.readObject(input)
+    })
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadDate(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      val date = "2020-12-31"
+      in.writeByte('D') // type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(date.getBytes("UTF-8").length) // date string size
+      in.write(date.getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(Date.valueOf("2020-12-31"), serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadObject(): Unit = {
+    val trackingObject = new Object
+    tracker.put(trackingObject)
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      val objectIndex = "1"
+      in.writeByte('j') // type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(objectIndex.getBytes("UTF-8").length) // size
+      in.write(objectIndex.getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    })
+
+    assertSame(trackingObject, serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldThrowWhenReadingNonTrackingObject(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      val objectIndex = "42"
+      in.writeByte('j') // type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(objectIndex.getBytes("UTF-8").length) // size
+      in.write(objectIndex.getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    })
+
+    assertThrows(classOf[NoSuchElementException], () => {
+      serDe.readObject(input)
+    })
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadSparkRows(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('R') // type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(2) // number of rows
+      in.writeInt(1) // number of elements in 1st row
+      in.writeByte('i') // type of 1st element in 1st row
+      in.writeInt(11)
+      in.writeInt(3) // number of elements in 2st row
+      in.writeByte('b') // type of 1st element in 2nd row
+      in.writeBoolean(true)
+      in.writeByte('d') // type of 2nd element in 2nd row
+      in.writeDouble(42.24)
+      in.writeByte('g') // type of 3nd element in 2nd row
+      in.writeLong(99)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(
+      seqAsJavaList(Seq(
+        Row.fromSeq(Seq(11)),
+        Row.fromSeq(Seq(true, 42.24, 99)))),
+      serDe.readObject(input))
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldReadArrayOfObjects(): Unit = {
+    val input = givenInput(in => {
+      in.writeByte('O') // type descriptor
+      in.writeInt(2) // number of elements
+      in.writeByte('i') // type of 1st element
+      in.writeInt(42)
+      in.writeByte('b') // type of 2nd element
+      in.writeBoolean(true)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(Seq(42, true), serDe.readObject(input).asInstanceOf[Seq[Any]])
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWriteNull(): Unit = {
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, null)
+      serDe.writeObject(out, scala.runtime.BoxedUnit.UNIT)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'n')
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'n')
+    assertEndOfStream(in)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWriteString(): Unit = {
+    val sparkDotnet = "Spark Dotnet"
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, sparkDotnet)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'c') // object type
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), sparkDotnet.length) // length
+    assertArrayEquals(in.readNBytes(sparkDotnet.length), sparkDotnet.getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    assertEndOfStream(in)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWritePrimitiveTypes(): Unit = {
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, 42.24f.asInstanceOf[Object])
+      serDe.writeObject(out, 42L.asInstanceOf[Object])
+      serDe.writeObject(out, 42.asInstanceOf[Object])
+      serDe.writeObject(out, true.asInstanceOf[Object])
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'd')
+    assertEquals(in.readDouble(), 42.24F, 0.000001)
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'g')
+    assertEquals(in.readLong(), 42L)
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'i')
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 42)
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'b')
+    assertEquals(in.readBoolean(), true)
+    assertEndOfStream(in)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWriteDate(): Unit = {
+    val date = "2020-12-31"
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, Date.valueOf(date))
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'D') // type
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 10) // size
+    assertArrayEquals(in.readNBytes(10), date.getBytes("UTF-8")) // content
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWriteCustomObjects(): Unit = {
+    val customObject = new Object
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, customObject)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'j')
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 1)
+    assertArrayEquals(in.readNBytes(1), "1".getBytes("UTF-8"))
+    assertSame(tracker.get("1").get, customObject)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldWriteArrayOfCustomObjects(): Unit = {
+    val payload = Array(new Object, new Object)
+    val in = whenOutput(out => {
+      serDe.writeObject(out, payload)
+    })
+
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'l') // array type
+    assertEquals(in.readByte(), 'j') // type of element in array
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 2) // array length
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 1) // size of 1st element's identifiers
+    assertArrayEquals(in.readNBytes(1), "1".getBytes("UTF-8")) // identifier of 1st element
+    assertEquals(in.readInt(), 1) // size of 2nd element's identifier
+    assertArrayEquals(in.readNBytes(1), "2".getBytes("UTF-8")) // identifier of 2nd element
+    assertSame(tracker.get("1").get, payload(0))
+    assertSame(tracker.get("2").get, payload(1))
+  }
+
+  private def givenInput(func: DataOutputStream => Unit): DataInputStream = {
+    val buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
+    val out = new DataOutputStream(buffer)
+    func(out)
+    new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(buffer.toByteArray))
+  }
+
+  private def whenOutput = givenInput _
+
+  private def assertEndOfStream (in: DataInputStream): Unit = {
+    assertEquals(-1, in.read())
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/UtilsTest.scala b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/UtilsTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..736aa20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/util/dotnet/UtilsTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+ * The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+ * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.util.dotnet
+
+import org.apache.spark.SparkConf
+import org.apache.spark.internal.config.dotnet.Dotnet.DOTNET_IGNORE_SPARK_PATCH_VERSION_CHECK
+import org.junit.Assert.{assertEquals, assertThrows}
+import org.junit.Test
+
+@Test
+class UtilsTest {
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldIgnorePatchVersion(): Unit = {
+    val sparkVersion = "3.5.1"
+    val sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix = "3.5"
+    val supportedSparkVersions = Set[String]("3.5.0")
+
+    Utils.validateSparkVersions(
+      true,
+      sparkVersion,
+      Utils.normalizeSparkVersion(sparkVersion),
+      sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix,
+      supportedSparkVersions)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldThrowForUnsupportedVersion(): Unit = {
+    val sparkVersion = "3.5.1"
+    val normalizedSparkVersion = Utils.normalizeSparkVersion(sparkVersion)
+    val sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix = "3.5"
+    val supportedSparkVersions = Set[String]("3.5.0")
+
+    val exception = assertThrows(
+      classOf[IllegalArgumentException],
+      () => {
+        Utils.validateSparkVersions(
+          false,
+          sparkVersion,
+          normalizedSparkVersion,
+          sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix,
+          supportedSparkVersions)
+      })
+
+    assertEquals(
+      s"Unsupported spark version used: '$sparkVersion'. " +
+        s"Normalized spark version used: '$normalizedSparkVersion'. " +
+        s"Supported versions: '${supportedSparkVersions.toSeq.sorted.mkString(", ")}'." +
+        "Patch version can be ignored, use setting 'spark.dotnet.ignoreSparkPatchVersionCheck'",
+
+      exception.getMessage)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def shouldThrowForUnsupportedMajorMinorVersion(): Unit = {
+    val sparkVersion = "3.3.0"
+    val normalizedSparkVersion = Utils.normalizeSparkVersion(sparkVersion)
+    val sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix = "3.5"
+    val supportedSparkVersions = Set[String]("3.5.0")
+
+    val exception = assertThrows(
+      classOf[IllegalArgumentException],
+      () => {
+        Utils.validateSparkVersions(
+          false,
+          sparkVersion,
+          normalizedSparkVersion,
+          sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix,
+          supportedSparkVersions)
+      })
+
+    assertEquals(
+      s"Unsupported spark version used: '$sparkVersion'. " +
+        s"Normalized spark version used: '$normalizedSparkVersion'. " +
+        s"Supported spark major.minor version: '$sparkMajorMinorVersionPrefix'.",
+      exception.getMessage)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Attributes.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Attributes.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5e2e2d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Attributes.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Base class for custom attributes that involve the Spark version.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class VersionAttribute : Attribute
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for VersionAttribute class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="version">Spark version</param>
+        protected VersionAttribute(string version)
+        {
+            Version = new Version(version);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the Spark version.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Version Version { get; }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom attribute to denote the Spark version in which an API is introduced.
+    /// </summary>
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
+    public sealed class SinceAttribute : VersionAttribute
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for SinceAttribute class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="version">Spark version</param>
+        public SinceAttribute(string version)
+            : base(version)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom attribute to denote the Spark version in which an API is removed.
+    /// </summary>
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
+    public sealed class RemovedAttribute : VersionAttribute
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for RemovedAttribute class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="version">Spark version</param>
+        public RemovedAttribute(string version)
+            : base(version)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom attribute to denote the Spark version in which an API is deprecated.
+    /// </summary>
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
+    public sealed class DeprecatedAttribute : VersionAttribute
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for DeprecatedAttribute class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="version">Spark version</param>
+        public DeprecatedAttribute(string version)
+            : base(version)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom attribute to denote that a class is a Udf Wrapper.
+    /// </summary>
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
+    internal sealed class UdfWrapperAttribute : Attribute
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Broadcast.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Broadcast.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cacb35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Broadcast.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using MessagePack;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A broadcast variable. Broadcast variables allow the programmer to keep a read-only variable
+    /// cached on each machine rather than shipping a copy of it with tasks. They can be used, for
+    /// example, to give every node a copy of a large input dataset in an efficient manner. Spark
+    /// also attempts to distribute broadcast variables using efficient broadcast algorithms to
+    /// reduce communication cost.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public sealed class Broadcast<T>
+        : IMessagePackSerializationCallbackReceiver,
+            IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly string _path;
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly JvmObjectReference _jvmObject;
+
+        private readonly long _bid;
+
+        internal Broadcast(SparkContext sc, T value)
+        {
+            _path = CreateTempFilePath(sc.GetConf());
+            _jvmObject = CreateBroadcast(sc, value);
+            _bid = (long)_jvmObject.Invoke("id");
+        }
+
+        // Default constructor, needed for deserialization
+        internal Broadcast()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference => _jvmObject;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the broadcasted value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The broadcasted value</returns>
+        public T Value()
+        {
+            return (T)BroadcastRegistry.Get(_bid);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asynchronously delete cached copies of this broadcast on the executors.
+        /// If the broadcast is used after this is called, it will need to be re-sent to each
+        /// executor.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unpersist()
+        {
+            _jvmObject.Invoke("unpersist");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Delete cached copies of this broadcast on the executors. If the broadcast is used after
+        /// this is called, it will need to be re-sent to each executor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="blocking">Whether to block until unpersisting has completed</param>
+        public void Unpersist(bool blocking)
+        {
+            _jvmObject.Invoke("unpersist", blocking);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Destroy all data and metadata related to this broadcast variable. Use this with
+        /// caution; once a broadcast variable has been destroyed, it cannot be used again.
+        /// This method blocks until destroy has completed.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Destroy()
+        {
+            _jvmObject.Invoke("destroy");
+            File.Delete(_path);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function that creates a temporary directory inside the given directory and returns the
+        /// absolute filepath of temporary file name in that directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conf">SparkConf object</param>
+        /// <returns>Absolute filepath of the created random file</returns>
+        private string CreateTempFilePath(SparkConf conf)
+        {
+            var localDir = (string)conf.Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.util.Utils",
+                "getLocalDir",
+                conf);
+            string dir = Path.Combine(localDir, "sparkdotnet");
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
+            return Path.Combine(dir, Path.GetRandomFileName());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function to create the Broadcast variable (org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sc">SparkContext object of type <see cref="SparkContext"/></param>
+        /// <param name="value">Broadcast value of type object</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns broadcast variable of type <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/></returns>
+        private JvmObjectReference CreateBroadcast(SparkContext sc, T value)
+        {
+            var javaSparkContext = (JvmObjectReference)sc.Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext",
+                "fromSparkContext",
+                sc);
+
+            Version version = SparkEnvironment.SparkVersion;
+            return (version.Major, version.Minor) switch
+            {
+                (2, 4) => CreateBroadcast_V2_4_X(javaSparkContext, sc, value),
+                (3, _) => CreateBroadcast_V2_4_X(javaSparkContext, sc, value),
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Spark {version} not supported.")
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calls the necessary Spark functions to create org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast
+        /// object for Spark versions 2.4.0 and above, and returns the JVMObjectReference object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="javaSparkContext">Java Spark context object</param>
+        /// <param name="sc">SparkContext object</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Broadcast value of type object</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns broadcast variable of type <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/></returns>
+        private JvmObjectReference CreateBroadcast_V2_4_X(
+            JvmObjectReference javaSparkContext,
+            SparkContext sc,
+            object value)
+        {
+            // Using SparkConf.Get() and passing default value of 'false' instead of  using 
+            // PythonUtils.getEncryptionEnabled as the latter is a changing API wrt different
+            // Spark versions.
+            bool encryptionEnabled = bool.Parse(
+                sc.GetConf().Get("spark.io.encryption.enabled", "false"));
+            JvmObjectReference _pythonBroadcast;
+
+            // Spark in Databricks is different from OSS Spark and requires to pass the SparkContext object to setupBroadcast.
+            if (ConfigurationService.IsDatabricks)
+            {
+                _pythonBroadcast = (JvmObjectReference)javaSparkContext.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.api.python.PythonRDD",
+                    "setupBroadcast",
+                    javaSparkContext,
+                    _path);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _pythonBroadcast = (JvmObjectReference)javaSparkContext.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.api.python.PythonRDD",
+                    "setupBroadcast",
+                    _path);
+            }
+
+            if (encryptionEnabled)
+            {
+                var pair = (JvmObjectReference[])_pythonBroadcast.Invoke("setupEncryptionServer");
+
+                using (ISocketWrapper socket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket())
+                {
+                    socket.Connect(
+                        IPAddress.Loopback,
+                        (int)pair[0].Invoke("intValue"), // port number
+                        (string)pair[1].Invoke("toString")); // secret
+                    WriteToStream(value, socket.OutputStream);
+                }
+                _pythonBroadcast.Invoke("waitTillDataReceived");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                WriteToFile(value);
+            }
+
+            return (JvmObjectReference)javaSparkContext.Invoke("broadcast", _pythonBroadcast);
+        }
+
+        /// TODO: This is not performant in the case of Broadcast encryption as it writes to stream
+        /// only after serializing the whole value, instead of serializing and writing in chunks
+        /// like Python.
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function to write the broadcast value into the stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Broadcast value to be written to the stream</param>
+        /// <param name="stream">Stream to write value to</param>
+        private void WriteToStream(object value, Stream stream)
+        {
+            using var ms = new MemoryStream();
+            Dump(value, ms);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, ms.Length);
+            ms.WriteTo(stream);
+            // -1 length indicates to the receiving end that we're done.
+            SerDe.Write(stream, -1);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function that creates a file in _path to store the broadcast value in the given path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Broadcast value to be written to the file</param>
+        private void WriteToFile(object value)
+        {
+            using FileStream f = File.Create(_path);
+            Dump(value, f);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function that serializes and stores the object passed to the given Stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Serializable object</param>
+        /// <param name="stream">Stream to which the object is serialized</param>
+        private void Dump(object value, Stream stream) =>
+            BinarySerDe.Serialize(stream, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serialization callback function that adds to the JvmBroadcastRegistry when the
+        /// Broadcast variable object is being serialized.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void OnBeforeSerialize()
+        {
+            JvmBroadcastRegistry.Add(_jvmObject);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserialization callback function
+        /// </summary>
+        public void OnAfterDeserialize()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Global registry to store the object value of all active broadcast variables from
+    /// the workers. This registry is only used on the worker side when Broadcast.Value() is called
+    /// through a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class BroadcastRegistry
+    {
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<long, object> s_registry =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<long, object>();
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(BroadcastRegistry));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function to add the value of the broadcast variable to s_registry.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bid">Id of the Broadcast variable object to add</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the Broadcast variable</param>
+        internal static void Add(long bid, object value)
+        {
+            bool result = s_registry.TryAdd(bid, value);
+            if (!result)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogInfo($"Broadcast {bid} already exists in the registry.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Function to remove the Broadcast variable from s_registry.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bid">Id of the Broadcast variable object to remove</param>
+        internal static void Remove(long bid)
+        {
+            if (!s_registry.TryRemove(bid, out _))
+            {
+                s_logger.LogWarn($"Trying to remove a broadcast {bid} that does not exist.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the Broadcast variable object of given Id.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bid">Id of the Broadcast variable object</param>
+        /// <returns>Value of the Broadcast variable with given Id</returns>
+        internal static object Get(long bid) => s_registry[bid];
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the JVMObjectReference object of type org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast for all
+    /// active broadcast variables that are sent to the workers through the CreatePythonFunction.
+    /// This registry is only used on the driver side.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class JvmBroadcastRegistry
+    {
+        private static ThreadLocal<List<JvmObjectReference>> s_jvmBroadcastVariables = 
+            new ThreadLocal<List<JvmObjectReference>>(() => new List<JvmObjectReference>());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a JVMObjectReference object of type <see cref="Broadcast{T}"/> to the list.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="broadcastJvmObject">JVMObjectReference of the Broadcast variable</param>
+        internal static void Add(JvmObjectReference broadcastJvmObject) =>
+            s_jvmBroadcastVariables.Value.Add(broadcastJvmObject);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears s_jvmBroadcastVariables of all the JVMObjectReference objects of type
+        /// <see cref="Broadcast{T}"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static void Clear() => s_jvmBroadcastVariables.Value.Clear();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the static member s_jvmBroadcastVariables.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A list of all broadcast objects of type <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/></returns>
+        internal static List<JvmObjectReference> GetAll() => s_jvmBroadcastVariables.Value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Constants.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Constants.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f148e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Constants.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    internal class Constants
+    {
+        internal const string RunningREPLEnvVar = "DOTNET_SPARK_RUNNING_REPL";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Flowthru.Spark.csproj b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Flowthru.Spark.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fac7c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Flowthru.Spark.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <RootNamespace>Flowthru.Spark</RootNamespace>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+    <!-- NU5104: stable release with prerelease dependency (MessagePack 3.x prerelease) -->
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);NU5104</NoWarn>
+    <Description>Flowthru fork of .NET for Apache Spark — driver-only JVM bridge and DataFrame API</Description>
+    <PackageTags>flowthru;spark;apache-spark;dataframe</PackageTags>
+    <PackageId>Flowthru.Spark</PackageId>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Flowthru.Tests.Spark" />
+    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Flowthru.Extensions.Spark" />
+    <!-- Moq dynamic proxy assembly needs access for mocking internals in tests (no key: Flowthru.Spark is not strong-named) -->
+    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="DynamicProxyGenAssembly2" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Apache.Arrow" Version="14.0.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="MessagePack" Version="3.0.214-rc.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Data.Analysis" Version="0.21.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="13.0.3" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Razorvine.Pickle" Version="1.5.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Razorvine.Pyrolite" Version="5.1.0" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <None Include="../../../LICENSE" Pack="true" PackagePath="/" />
+    <None Include="LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK" Pack="true" PackagePath="/" />
+    <None Include="../../../THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES" Pack="true" PackagePath="/" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- JVM bridge JAR: built by Flowthru.Spark.Jvm NX target, lives in dist/.
+       PackageCopyToOutput=true ensures it flows through transitive ProjectReferences
+       into consuming project output directories (tests, examples, etc.). -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Content Include="../../../dist/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark.Jvm/flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar"
+             CopyToOutputDirectory="PreserveNewest"
+             PackageCopyToOutput="true"
+             Pack="true"
+             PackagePath="contentFiles/any/any/flowthru-spark-4-1_2.13-2.3.1.jar" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Conf/Configuration.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Conf/Configuration.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16aa62c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Conf/Configuration.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Hadoop.Conf
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides access to configuration parameters.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Configuration : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Configuration(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Fs/FileSystem.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Fs/FileSystem.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30325743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Hadoop/Fs/FileSystem.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Hadoop.Conf;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Hadoop.Fs
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A fairly generic filesystem. It may be implemented as a distributed filesystem, or as a "local" one
+    /// that reflects the locally-connected disk. The local version exists for small Hadoop instances and for
+    /// testing.
+    /// 
+    /// All user code that may potentially use the Hadoop Distributed File System should be written to use a
+    /// FileSystem object. The Hadoop DFS is a multi-machine system that appears as a single disk. It's
+    /// useful because of its fault tolerance and potentially very large capacity.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class FileSystem : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal FileSystem(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the configured <see cref="FileSystem"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conf">The configuration to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The FileSystem.</returns>
+        public static FileSystem Get(Configuration conf) =>
+            new FileSystem((JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem",
+                "get",
+                conf));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Delete a file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to delete.</param>
+        /// <param name="recursive">If path is a directory and set to true, the directory is deleted else
+        /// throws an exception. In case of a file the recursive can be set to either true or false.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if delete is successful else false.</returns>
+        public bool Delete(string path, bool recursive = true)
+        {
+            JvmObjectReference pathObject =
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor("org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path", path);
+
+            return (bool)Reference.Invoke("delete", pathObject, recursive);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if a path exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Source path</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the path exists else false.</returns>
+        public bool Exists(string path)
+        {
+            JvmObjectReference pathObject =
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor("org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path", path);
+
+            return (bool)Reference.Invoke("exists", pathObject);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() => Reference.Invoke("close");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/ArrayExtensions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/ArrayExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9148127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/ArrayExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util;
+
+namespace System
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ArrayExtensions host custom extension methods for the
+    /// dotnet base class array T[].
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class ArrayExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A custom extension method that helps transform from dotnet
+        /// array of type T to java.util.ArrayList.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">an array instance</param>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">elements type of param array</typeparam>
+        /// <returns><see cref="ArrayList"/></returns>
+        internal static ArrayList ToJavaArrayList<T>(this T[] array)
+        {
+            var arrayList = new ArrayList(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge);
+            foreach (T item in array)
+            {
+                arrayList.Add(item);
+            }
+            return arrayList;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/DictionaryExtensions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/DictionaryExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f1645a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Dotnet/DictionaryExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util;
+
+namespace System.Collections.Generic
+{
+    public static class Dictionary
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A custom extension method that helps transform from dotnet
+        /// Dictionary&lt;string, string&gt; to java.util.HashMap.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dictionary">a Dictionary instance</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="HashMap"/></returns>
+        internal static HashMap ToJavaHashMap(this Dictionary<string, string> dictionary)
+        {
+            var hashMap = new HashMap(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge);
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> item in dictionary)
+            {
+                hashMap.Put(item.Key, item.Value);
+            }
+            return hashMap;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A custom extension method that helps transform from dotnet
+        /// Dictionary&lt;string, object&gt; to java.util.HashMap.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dictionary">a Dictionary instance</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="HashMap"/></returns>
+        internal static HashMap ToJavaHashMap(this Dictionary<string, object> dictionary)
+        {
+            var hashMap = new HashMap(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge);
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<string, object> item in dictionary)
+            {
+                hashMap.Put(item.Key, item.Value);
+            }
+            return hashMap;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/ArrayList.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/ArrayList.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf252fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/ArrayList.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ArrayList class represents a <c>java.util.ArrayList</c> object.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ArrayList : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <c>java.util.ArrayList</c> JVM object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        internal ArrayList(IJvmBridge jvm)
+        {
+            Reference = jvm.CallConstructor("java.util.ArrayList");
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        internal void Add(object element)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("add", element);
+        }
+
+        internal void AddAll(IEnumerable<object> collection)
+        {
+            foreach (object elem in collection)
+            {
+                Add(elem);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/HashMap.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/HashMap.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6441eb25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/HashMap.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// HashMap class represents a <c>java.util.HashMap</c> object.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class HashMap : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <c>java.util.HashMap</c> JVM object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        internal HashMap(IJvmBridge jvm) =>
+            Reference = jvm.CallConstructor("java.util.HashMap");
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. 
+        /// If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old value is replaced.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">key with which the specified value is to be associated</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value to be associated with the specified key</param>
+        internal void Put(object key, object value) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("put", key, value);
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, 
+        /// or null if this map contains no mapping for the key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">value whose presence in this map is to be tested</param>
+        /// <return>value associated with the specified key</return>
+        internal object Get(object key) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("get", key);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The HashMap key</param>
+        /// <return>true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value</return>
+        internal bool ContainsValue(object value) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("containsValue", value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of the keys contained in this map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <return>An array of object hosting the keys contained in the map</return>
+        internal object[] Keys()
+        {
+            var jvmObject = (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("keySet");
+            var result = (object[])jvmObject.Invoke("toArray");
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Hashtable.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Hashtable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8c8e4a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Hashtable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Hashtable class represents a <c>java.util.Hashtable</c> object.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class Hashtable : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <c>java.util.Hashtable</c> JVM object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        internal Hashtable(IJvmBridge jvm) =>
+            Reference = jvm.CallConstructor("java.util.Hashtable");
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maps the specified key to the specified value in this Hashtable.
+        /// Neither the key nor the value can be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">The Hashtable key</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value</param>
+        internal void Put(object key, object value) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("put", key, value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Properties.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Properties.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e727d5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Java/Util/Properties.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Properties class represents a <c>java.util.Properties</c> object.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class Properties : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <c>java.util.Properties</c> JVM object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        internal Properties(IJvmBridge jvm) =>
+            Reference = jvm.CallConstructor("java.util.Properties");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <c>java.util.Properties</c> JVM object and populate the entries
+        /// using <paramref name="properties"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        /// <param name="properties">Dictionary used to populate the
+        /// <c>java.util.Properties</c> JVM object</param>
+        internal Properties(IJvmBridge jvm, Dictionary<string, string> properties) : this(jvm)
+        {
+            if (Reference != null)
+            {
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> property in properties)
+                {
+                    Reference.Invoke(
+                        "setProperty",
+                        property.Key,
+                        property.Value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Option.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Option.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..540b7015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Option.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Scala
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Exposes subset of scala.Option[T] APIs.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class Option : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Option(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the option is None, false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>true if the option is None, false otherwise</returns>
+        internal bool IsEmpty() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isEmpty");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the option is an instance of Some, false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>true if the option is an instance of Some, false otherwise</returns>
+        internal bool IsDefined() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isDefined");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the option's value as object type if the option is nonempty,
+        /// otherwise throws an exception on JVM side.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>object that this Option is referencing to</returns>
+        internal object Get() => Reference.Invoke("get");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the option's value if it is nonempty, or `null` if it is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>object that this Option is referencing to</returns>
+        internal object OrNull() => IsDefined() ? Get() : null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Seq.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Seq.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d83e03ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Internal/Scala/Seq.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Scala
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Limited read-only implementation of Scala Seq[T] so that Seq objects can be read
+    /// into POCO collection types such as List.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
+    internal sealed class Seq<T> : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider, IEnumerable<T>
+    {
+        internal Seq(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
+
+        public int Size => (int)Reference.Invoke("size");
+
+        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < Size; ++i)
+            {
+                yield return Apply(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public T Apply(int index) => (T)Reference.Invoke("apply", index);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackConnection.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackConnection.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ca008f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackConnection.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// CallbackConnection is used to process the callback communication between
+    /// Dotnet and the JVM. It uses a TCP socket to communicate with the JVM side
+    /// and the socket is expected to be reused.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class CallbackConnection
+    {
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(CallbackConnection));
+
+        private readonly ISocketWrapper _socket;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Keeps track of all <see cref="ICallbackHandler"/>s by its Id. This is accessed
+        /// by the <see cref="CallbackServer"/> and the <see cref="CallbackConnection"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler> _callbackHandlers;
+
+        private volatile bool _isRunning = false;
+
+        private int _numCallbacksRun = 0;
+
+        internal CallbackConnection(
+            long connectionId,
+            ISocketWrapper socket,
+            ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler> callbackHandlers)
+        {
+            ConnectionId = connectionId;
+            _socket = socket;
+            _callbackHandlers = callbackHandlers;
+
+            s_logger.LogInfo(
+                $"[{ConnectionId}] Connected with RemoteEndPoint: {socket.RemoteEndPoint}");
+        }
+
+        internal enum ConnectionStatus
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Connection is normal.
+            /// </summary>
+            OK,
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Socket is closed by the JVM.
+            /// </summary>
+            SOCKET_CLOSED,
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Request to close connection.
+            /// </summary>
+            REQUEST_CLOSE
+        }
+
+        internal long ConnectionId { get; }
+
+        internal bool IsRunning => _isRunning;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Run and start processing the callback connection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="token">Cancellation token used to stop the connection.</param>
+        internal void Run(CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            _isRunning = true;
+            Stream inputStream = _socket.InputStream;
+            Stream outputStream = _socket.OutputStream;
+
+            token.Register(() => Stop());
+
+            try
+            {
+                while (_isRunning)
+                {
+                    ConnectionStatus connectionStatus =
+                        ProcessStream(inputStream, outputStream, out bool readComplete);
+
+                    if (connectionStatus == ConnectionStatus.OK)
+                    {
+                        outputStream.Flush();
+
+                        ++_numCallbacksRun;
+
+                        // If the socket is not read through completely, then it cannot be reused.
+                        if (!readComplete)
+                        {
+                            _isRunning = false;
+
+                            // Wait for server to complete to avoid 'connection reset' exception.
+                            s_logger.LogInfo(
+                                $"[{ConnectionId}] Sleep 500 millisecond to close socket.");
+                            Thread.Sleep(500);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (connectionStatus == ConnectionStatus.REQUEST_CLOSE)
+                    {
+                        _isRunning = false;
+                        s_logger.LogInfo(
+                            $"[{ConnectionId}] Request to close connection received.");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _isRunning = false;
+                        s_logger.LogWarn($"[{ConnectionId}] Socket is closed by JVM.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                _isRunning = false;
+                s_logger.LogError($"[{ConnectionId}] Exiting with exception: {e}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    _socket.Dispose();
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    s_logger.LogWarn($"[{ConnectionId}] Exception while closing socket {e}");
+                }
+
+                s_logger.LogInfo(
+                    $"[{ConnectionId}] Finished running {_numCallbacksRun} callback(s).");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Stop()
+        {
+            _isRunning = false;
+            s_logger.LogInfo($"[{ConnectionId}] Stopping CallbackConnection.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Process the input and output streams.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="inputStream">The input stream.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputStream">The output stream.</param>
+        /// <param name="readComplete">True if stream is read completely, false otherwise.</param>
+        /// <returns>The connection status.</returns>
+        private ConnectionStatus ProcessStream(
+            Stream inputStream,
+            Stream outputStream,
+            out bool readComplete)
+        {
+            readComplete = false;
+
+            try
+            {
+                byte[] requestFlagBytes = SerDe.ReadBytes(inputStream, sizeof(int));
+                // For socket stream, read on the stream returns 0, which
+                // SerDe.ReadBytes() returns as null to denote the stream is closed.
+                if (requestFlagBytes == null)
+                {
+                    return ConnectionStatus.SOCKET_CLOSED;
+                }
+
+                // Check value of the initial request. Expected values are:
+                // - CallbackFlags.CLOSE
+                // - CallbackFlags.CALLBACK
+                int requestFlag = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32BigEndian(requestFlagBytes);
+                if (requestFlag == (int)CallbackFlags.CLOSE) {
+                    return ConnectionStatus.REQUEST_CLOSE;
+                }
+                else if (requestFlag != (int)CallbackFlags.CALLBACK)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception(
+                        string.Format(
+                            "Unexpected callback flag received. Expected: {0}, Received: {1}.",
+                            CallbackFlags.CALLBACK,
+                            requestFlag));
+                }
+
+                // Use callback id to get the registered handler.
+                int callbackId = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+                if (!_callbackHandlers.TryGetValue(
+                        callbackId,
+                        out ICallbackHandler callbackHandler))
+                {
+                    throw new Exception($"Unregistered callback id: {callbackId}");
+                }
+
+                s_logger.LogInfo(
+                    string.Format(
+                        "[{0}] Received request for callback id: {1}, callback handler: {2}",
+                        ConnectionId,
+                        callbackId,
+                        callbackHandler));
+
+                // Save contents of callback handler data to be used later.
+                using var callbackDataStream =
+                    new MemoryStream(SerDe.ReadBytes(inputStream, SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream)));
+
+                // Check the end of stream.
+                int endOfStream = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+                if (endOfStream == (int)CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM)
+                {
+                    s_logger.LogDebug($"[{ConnectionId}] Received END_OF_STREAM signal.");
+
+                    // Run callback handler.
+                    callbackHandler.Run(callbackDataStream);
+
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM);
+                    readComplete = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // This may happen when the input data is not read completely.
+                    s_logger.LogWarn(
+                        $"[{ConnectionId}] Unexpected end of stream: {endOfStream}.");
+
+                    // Write flag to indicate the connection should be closed.
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackFlags.CLOSE);
+                }
+
+                return ConnectionStatus.OK;
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogError($"[{ConnectionId}] ProcessStream() failed with exception: {e}");
+
+                try
+                {
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackFlags.DOTNET_EXCEPTION_THROWN);
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, e.ToString());
+                }
+                catch (IOException)
+                {
+                    // JVM closed the socket.
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    s_logger.LogError(
+                        $"[{ConnectionId}] Writing exception to stream failed with exception: {ex}");
+                }
+
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enums with which the Dotnet CallbackConnection communicates with
+    /// the JVM CallbackConnection.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum CallbackFlags : int
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate connection should be closed.
+        /// </summary>
+        CLOSE = -1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indiciate callback should be called.
+        /// </summary>
+        CALLBACK = -2,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate an exception thrown from dotnet.
+        /// </summary>
+        DOTNET_EXCEPTION_THROWN = -3,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate end of stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        END_OF_STREAM = -4
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackServer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackServer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25ecc94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/CallbackServer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// CallbackServer services callback requests from the JVM.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class CallbackServer
+    {
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(CallbackServer));
+
+        private readonly IJvmBridge _jvm;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Keeps track of all <see cref="ICallbackHandler"/>s by its Id. This is accessed
+        /// by the <see cref="CallbackServer"/> and the <see cref="CallbackConnection"/>
+        /// running in the worker threads.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler> _callbackHandlers =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Keeps track of all <see cref="CallbackConnection"/> objects identified by its
+        /// <see cref="CallbackConnection.ConnectionId"/>. The main thread creates a
+        /// <see cref="CallbackConnection"/> each time it receives a new socket connection
+        /// from the JVM side and inserts it into <see cref="_connections"/>. Each worker
+        /// thread calls <see cref="CallbackConnection.Run"/> and removes the connection
+        /// once this call is finished. <see cref="CallbackConnection.Run"/> will not return
+        /// unless the <see cref="CallbackConnection"/> needs to be closed.
+        /// Also, <see cref="_connections"/> is used to bound the number of worker threads
+        /// since it gives you the total number of active <see cref="CallbackConnection"/>s.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<long, CallbackConnection> _connections =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<long, CallbackConnection>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Each worker thread picks up a CallbackConnection from _waitingConnections
+        /// and runs it.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly BlockingCollection<CallbackConnection> _waitingConnections =
+            new BlockingCollection<CallbackConnection>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A <see cref="CancellationTokenSource"/> used to notify threads that operations
+        /// should be canceled.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly CancellationTokenSource _tokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Counter used to generate a unique id when registering a <see cref="ICallbackHandler"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private int _callbackCounter = 0;
+
+        private bool _isRunning = false;
+
+        private ISocketWrapper _listener;
+        
+        private JvmObjectReference _jvmCallbackClient;
+
+        internal int CurrentNumConnections => _connections.Count;
+
+        internal JvmObjectReference JvmCallbackClient
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (_jvmCallbackClient is null)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Please make sure that CallbackServer was started before accessing JvmCallbackClient.");
+                }
+
+                return _jvmCallbackClient;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal CallbackServer(IJvmBridge jvm, bool run = true)
+        {
+            AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ProcessExit += (s, e) => Shutdown();
+            _jvm = jvm;
+
+            if (run)
+            {
+                Run();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Produce a unique id and register a <see cref="ICallbackHandler"/> with it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="callbackHandler">The handler to register.</param>
+        /// <returns>A unique id associated with the handler.</returns>
+        internal int RegisterCallback(ICallbackHandler callbackHandler)
+        {
+            int callbackId = Interlocked.Increment(ref _callbackCounter);
+            _callbackHandlers[callbackId] = callbackHandler;
+
+            return callbackId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Runs the callback server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="listener">The listening socket.</param>
+        internal void Run(ISocketWrapper listener)
+        {
+            if (_isRunning)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogWarn("CallbackServer is already running.");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            s_logger.LogInfo($"Starting CallbackServer.");
+            _isRunning = true;
+
+            try
+            {
+                _listener = listener;
+                _listener.Listen();
+
+                // Communicate with the JVM the callback server's address and port.
+                var localEndPoint = (IPEndPoint)_listener.LocalEndPoint;
+                _jvmCallbackClient = (JvmObjectReference)_jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "DotnetHandler",
+                    "connectCallback",
+                    localEndPoint.Address.ToString(),
+                    localEndPoint.Port);
+
+                s_logger.LogInfo($"Started CallbackServer on {localEndPoint}");
+
+                // Start accepting connections from JVM.
+                new Thread(() => StartServer(_listener))
+                {
+                    IsBackground = true
+                }.Start();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogError($"CallbackServer exiting with exception: {e}");
+                Shutdown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Runs the callback server.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void Run()
+        {
+            Run(SocketFactory.CreateSocket());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts listening to any connection from JVM.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="listener"></param>
+        private void StartServer(ISocketWrapper listener)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                long connectionId = 1;
+                int numWorkerThreads = 0;
+
+                while (_isRunning)
+                {
+                    ISocketWrapper socket = listener.Accept();
+                    var connection =
+                        new CallbackConnection(connectionId, socket, _callbackHandlers);
+
+                    _waitingConnections.Add(connection);
+                    _connections[connectionId] = connection;
+                    ++connectionId;
+
+                    int numConnections = CurrentNumConnections;
+
+                    // Start worker thread until there are at least as many worker threads
+                    // as there are CallbackConnections. CallbackConnections are expected
+                    // to stay open and reuse the socket to service repeated callback
+                    // requests. However, if there is an issue with a connection, then
+                    // CallbackConnection.Run will return, freeing up extra worker threads
+                    // to service any _waitingConnections.
+                    //
+                    // For example, 
+                    // Assume there were 5 worker threads, each servicing a CallbackConnection
+                    // (5 total healthy connections). If 2 CallbackConnection sockets closed
+                    // unexpectedly, then there would be 5 worker threads and 3 healthy
+                    // connections. If a new connection request arrived, then the
+                    // CallbackConnection would be added to the _waitingConnections collection
+                    // and no new worker threads would be started (2 worker threads are already
+                    // waiting to take CallbackConnections from _waitingConnections).
+                    while (numWorkerThreads < numConnections)
+                    {
+                        new Thread(RunWorkerThread)
+                        {
+                            IsBackground = true
+                        }.Start();
+                        ++numWorkerThreads;
+                    }
+
+                    s_logger.LogInfo(
+                        $"Pool snapshot: [NumThreads:{numWorkerThreads}], " +
+                        $"[NumConnections:{numConnections}]");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogError($"StartServer() exits with exception: {e}");
+                Shutdown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// <see cref="RunWorkerThread"/> is called for each worker thread when it starts.
+        /// <see cref="RunWorkerThread"/> doesn't return (except for the error cases), and
+        /// keeps pulling from <see cref="_waitingConnections"/> and runs the retrieved
+        /// <see cref="CallbackConnection"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RunWorkerThread()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                while (_isRunning)
+                {
+                    if (_waitingConnections.TryTake(
+                        out CallbackConnection connection,
+                        Timeout.Infinite))
+                    {
+                        // The connection will only return when the connection is closing
+                        // (via CancellationToken) or there are error cases.
+                        connection.Run(_tokenSource.Token);
+
+                        // Assume the connection is in a bad state, and do not reuse it.
+                        // Remove it from _connections list to prevent the server thread from
+                        // creating more threads than needed.
+                        _connections.TryRemove(connection.ConnectionId, out CallbackConnection _);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogError($"RunWorkerThread() exits with an exception: {e}");
+                Shutdown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shuts down the <see cref="CallbackServer"/> by canceling any running threads
+        /// and disposing of resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void Shutdown()
+        {
+            s_logger.LogInfo("Shutting down CallbackServer");
+
+            _tokenSource.Cancel();
+            _waitingConnections.Dispose();
+            _connections.Clear();
+            _callbackHandlers.Clear();
+            _listener?.Dispose();
+            _isRunning = false;
+
+            _jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod("DotnetHandler", "closeCallback");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ForeachBatchCallbackHandler.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ForeachBatchCallbackHandler.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..742deccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ForeachBatchCallbackHandler.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="DataStreamWriter.ForeachBatch(Action{DataFrame, long})"/> callback handler.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ForeachBatchCallbackHandler : ICallbackHandler
+    {
+        private readonly IJvmBridge _jvm;
+
+        private readonly Action<DataFrame, long> _func;
+
+        internal ForeachBatchCallbackHandler(IJvmBridge jvm, Action<DataFrame, long> func)
+        {
+            _jvm = jvm;
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        public void Run(Stream inputStream)
+        {
+            var batchDf =
+                new DataFrame(new JvmObjectReference(SerDe.ReadString(inputStream), _jvm));
+            long batchId = SerDe.ReadInt64(inputStream);
+
+            _func(batchDf, batchId);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ICallbackHandler.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ICallbackHandler.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2bae9df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/ICallbackHandler.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for handling callbacks between the JVM and Dotnet.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface ICallbackHandler
+    {
+        void Run(Stream inputStream);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridge.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridge.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e19f4c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridge.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface of the bridge between JVM and CLR.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+    /// support and should be used with caution.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public interface IJvmBridge : IDisposable
+    {
+        // Each method has three overloads: one argument,
+        // two arguments, and a params array of arguments.
+        // This covers the bulk of the call sites, avoiding
+        // params array allocations for the most common uses,
+        // which involve one, two, and zero arguments (the latter
+        // is covered by the compiler using Array.Empty with
+        // the params array overload).
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call java class constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">Parameter for the constructor.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> of the constructed class.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(
+            string className,
+            object arg0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call java class constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">First parameter for the constructor.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg1">Second parameter for the constructor.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> of the constructed class.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(
+            string className,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call java class constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="args">Parameters for the constructor.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> of the constructed class.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(
+            string className,
+            params object[] args);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call static java method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">Parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallStaticJavaMethod(
+            string className,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call static java method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">First parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg1">Second parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallStaticJavaMethod(
+            string className,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call static java method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="className">The class name.</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="args">Parameters for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallStaticJavaMethod(
+            string className,
+            string methodName,
+            params object[] args);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that <paramref name="jvmObject"/> references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">
+        /// The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> on which to invoke the method.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">Parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that <paramref name="jvmObject"/> references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">
+        /// The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> on which to invoke the method.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg0">First parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg1">Second parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that <paramref name="jvmObject"/> references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">
+        /// The <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> on which to invoke the method.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke.</param>
+        /// <param name="args">Parameters for the method.</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            params object[] args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridgeFactory.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridgeFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7668d0fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/IJvmBridgeFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    internal interface IJvmBridgeFactory
+    {
+        IJvmBridge Create(int portNumber);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JsonSerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JsonSerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa110906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JsonSerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Json.NET Serialization/Deserialization helper class.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class JsonSerDe
+    {
+        /// Note: Scala side uses JSortedObject when parsing JSON, so the properties
+        /// in JObject need to be sorted.
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extension method to sort items in a JSON object by keys.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jObject"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static JObject SortProperties(this JObject jObject)
+        {
+            var sortedJObject = new JObject();
+            foreach (JProperty property in jObject.Properties().OrderBy(p => p.Name))
+            {
+                if (property.Value is JObject elem)
+                {
+                    sortedJObject.Add(property.Name, elem.SortProperties());
+                }
+                else if (property.Value is JArray arrayElem)
+                {
+                    sortedJObject.Add(property.Name, arrayElem.SortProperties());
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sortedJObject.Add(property.Name, property.Value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return sortedJObject;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extend method to sort items in a JSON array by keys.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static JArray SortProperties(this JArray jArray)
+        {
+            if (jArray.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return jArray;
+            }
+
+            var sortedJArray = new JArray();
+            foreach (JToken item in jArray)
+            {
+                if (item is JObject elem)
+                {
+                    sortedJArray.Add(elem.SortProperties());
+                }
+                else if (item is JArray arrayElem)
+                {
+                    sortedJArray.Add(arrayElem.SortProperties());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return sortedJArray;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridge.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridge.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95832bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridge.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Implementation of thread safe IPC bridge between JVM and CLR
+    /// Using a concurrent socket connection queue (lightweight synchronization mechanism)
+    /// supporting async JVM calls like StreamingContext.AwaitTermination()
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class JvmBridge : IJvmBridge
+    {
+        // TODO: On .NET Core 2.1, Span<object> could be used with a stack-based
+        // two-object struct rather than having these thread-static arrays.
+
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static object[] s_oneArgArray;
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static object[] s_twoArgArray;
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static MemoryStream s_payloadMemoryStream;
+
+        private const int SocketBufferThreshold = 3;
+        private const int ThreadIdForRepl = 1;
+
+        private readonly int _processId = Process.GetCurrentProcess().Id;
+        private readonly SemaphoreSlim _socketSemaphore;
+        private readonly ConcurrentQueue<ISocketWrapper> _sockets =
+            new ConcurrentQueue<ISocketWrapper>();
+        private readonly ILoggerService _logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(JvmBridge));
+        private readonly int _portNumber;
+        private readonly JvmThreadPoolGC _jvmThreadPoolGC;
+        private readonly bool _isRunningRepl;
+
+        internal JvmBridge(int portNumber)
+        {
+            if (portNumber == 0)
+            {
+                throw new Exception("Port number is not set.");
+            }
+
+            _portNumber = portNumber;
+            _logger.LogInfo($"JvMBridge port is {portNumber}");
+
+            _jvmThreadPoolGC = new JvmThreadPoolGC(
+                _logger, this, SparkEnvironment.ConfigurationService.JvmThreadGCInterval, _processId);
+
+            _isRunningRepl = SparkEnvironment.ConfigurationService.IsRunningRepl();
+
+            int numBackendThreads = SparkEnvironment.ConfigurationService.GetNumBackendThreads();
+            int maxNumSockets = numBackendThreads;
+            if (numBackendThreads >= (2 * SocketBufferThreshold))
+            {
+                // Set the max number of concurrent sockets to be less than the number of
+                // JVM backend threads to allow some buffer.
+                maxNumSockets -= SocketBufferThreshold;
+            }
+            _logger.LogInfo($"The number of JVM backend thread is set to {numBackendThreads}. " +
+                $"The max number of concurrent sockets in JvmBridge is set to {maxNumSockets}.");
+            _socketSemaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(maxNumSockets, maxNumSockets);
+        }
+
+        private ISocketWrapper GetConnection()
+        {
+            if (!_sockets.TryDequeue(out ISocketWrapper socket))
+            {
+                socket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+                socket.Connect(IPAddress.Loopback, _portNumber);
+            }
+
+            return socket;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(string className, object arg0) =>
+            (JvmObjectReference)CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, "<init>", arg0);
+
+        public JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(string className, object arg0, object arg1) =>
+            (JvmObjectReference)CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, "<init>", arg0, arg1);
+
+        public JvmObjectReference CallConstructor(string className, object[] args) =>
+            (JvmObjectReference)CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, "<init>", args);
+
+        public object CallStaticJavaMethod(string className, string methodName, object arg0) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, methodName, arg0);
+
+        public object CallStaticJavaMethod(
+            string className,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, methodName, arg0, arg1);
+
+        public object CallStaticJavaMethod(string className, string methodName, object[] args) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: true, className, methodName, args);
+
+        public object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: false, jvmObject, methodName, arg0);
+
+        public object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: false, jvmObject, methodName, arg0, arg1);
+
+        public object CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            string methodName,
+            object[] args) =>
+            CallJavaMethod(isStatic: false, jvmObject, methodName, args);
+
+        private object CallJavaMethod(
+            bool isStatic,
+            object classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0)
+        {
+            object[] oneArgArray = s_oneArgArray ??= new object[1];
+            oneArgArray[0] = arg0;
+
+            try
+            {
+                return CallJavaMethod(
+                    isStatic,
+                    classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+                    methodName,
+                    oneArgArray);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                oneArgArray[0] = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private object CallJavaMethod(
+            bool isStatic,
+            object classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1)
+        {
+            object[] twoArgArray = s_twoArgArray ??= new object[2];
+            twoArgArray[0] = arg0;
+            twoArgArray[1] = arg1;
+
+            try
+            {
+                return CallJavaMethod(
+                    isStatic,
+                    classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+                    methodName,
+                    twoArgArray);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                twoArgArray[1] = null;
+                twoArgArray[0] = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private object CallJavaMethod(
+            bool isStatic,
+            object classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+            string methodName,
+            object[] args)
+        {
+            object returnValue = null;
+            ISocketWrapper socket = null;
+
+            try
+            {
+                // Limit the number of connections to the JVM backend. Netty is configured
+                // to use a set number of threads to process incoming connections. Each
+                // new connection is delegated to these threads in a round robin fashion.
+                // A deadlock can occur on the JVM if a new connection is scheduled on a
+                // blocked thread.
+                _socketSemaphore.Wait();
+
+                // dotnet-interactive does not have a dedicated thread to process
+                // code submissions and each code submission can be processed in different
+                // threads. DotnetHandler uses the CLR thread id to ensure that the same
+                // JVM thread is used to handle the request, which means that code submitted
+                // through dotnet-interactive may be executed in different JVM threads. To
+                // mitigate this, when running in the REPL, submit requests to the DotnetHandler
+                // using the same thread id. This mitigation has some limitations in multithreaded
+                // scenarios. If a JVM method is blocking and needs a JVM method call issued by a
+                // separate thread to unblock it, then this scenario is not supported.
+                //
+                // ie, `StreamingQuery.AwaitTermination()` is a blocking call and requires
+                // `StreamingQuery.Stop()` to be called to unblock it. However, the `Stop`
+                // call will never run because DotnetHandler will assign the method call to
+                // run on the same thread that `AwaitTermination` is running on.
+                Thread thread = _isRunningRepl ? null : Thread.CurrentThread;
+                int threadId = thread == null ? ThreadIdForRepl : thread.ManagedThreadId;
+                MemoryStream payloadMemoryStream = s_payloadMemoryStream ??= new MemoryStream();
+                payloadMemoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+                PayloadHelper.BuildPayload(
+                    payloadMemoryStream,
+                    isStatic,
+                    _processId,
+                    threadId,
+                    classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+                    methodName,
+                    args);
+
+                socket = GetConnection();
+
+                Stream outputStream = socket.OutputStream;
+                outputStream.Write(
+                    payloadMemoryStream.GetBuffer(),
+                    0,
+                    (int)payloadMemoryStream.Position);
+                outputStream.Flush();
+
+                if (thread != null)
+                {
+                    _jvmThreadPoolGC.TryAddThread(thread);
+                }
+
+                Stream inputStream = socket.InputStream;
+                int isMethodCallFailed = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+                if (isMethodCallFailed != 0)
+                {
+                    string jvmFullStackTrace = SerDe.ReadString(inputStream);
+                    string errorMessage = BuildErrorMessage(
+                        isStatic,
+                        classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+                        methodName,
+                        args);
+                    _logger.LogError(errorMessage);
+                    _logger.LogError(jvmFullStackTrace);
+                    throw new Exception(errorMessage, new JvmException(jvmFullStackTrace));
+                }
+
+                char typeAsChar = Convert.ToChar(inputStream.ReadByte());
+                switch (typeAsChar) // TODO: Add support for other types.
+                {
+                    case 'n':
+                        break;
+                    case 'j':
+                        returnValue = new JvmObjectReference(SerDe.ReadString(inputStream), this);
+                        break;
+                    case 'c':
+                        returnValue = SerDe.ReadString(inputStream);
+                        break;
+                    case 'i':
+                        returnValue = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+                        break;
+                    case 'g':
+                        returnValue = SerDe.ReadInt64(inputStream);
+                        break;
+                    case 'd':
+                        returnValue = SerDe.ReadDouble(inputStream);
+                        break;
+                    case 'b':
+                        returnValue = Convert.ToBoolean(inputStream.ReadByte());
+                        break;
+                    case 'l':
+                        returnValue = ReadCollection(inputStream);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        // Convert typeAsChar to UInt32 because the char may be non-printable.
+                        throw new NotSupportedException(
+                            string.Format(
+                                "Identifier for type 0x{0:X} not supported",
+                                Convert.ToUInt32(typeAsChar)));
+                }
+                _sockets.Enqueue(socket);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                _logger.LogException(e);
+
+                if (e.InnerException is JvmException)
+                {
+                    // DotnetBackendHandler caught JVM exception and passed back to dotnet.
+                    // We can reuse this connection.
+                    if (socket != null) // Safety check
+                    {
+                        _sockets.Enqueue(socket);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (e.InnerException is SocketException)
+                    {
+                        _logger.LogError(
+                            "Scala worker abandoned the connection, likely fatal crash on Java side. \n" +
+                            "Ensure Spark runs with sufficient memory.");
+                    }
+
+                    // In rare cases we may hit the Netty connection thread deadlock.
+                    // If max backend threads is 10 and we are currently using 10 active
+                    // connections (0 in the _sockets queue). When we hit this exception,
+                    // the socket?.Dispose() will not requeue this socket and we will release
+                    // the semaphore. Then in the next thread (assuming the other 9 connections
+                    // are still busy), a new connection will be made to the backend and this
+                    // connection may be scheduled on the blocked Netty thread.
+                    socket?.Dispose();
+                }
+
+                throw;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _socketSemaphore.Release();
+            }
+
+            return returnValue;
+        }
+
+        private string BuildErrorMessage(
+            bool isStatic,
+            object classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+            string methodName,
+            object[] args)
+        {
+            var errorMessage = new StringBuilder("JVM method execution failed: ");
+            const string ConstructorFormat = "Constructor failed for class '{0}'";
+            const string StaticMethodFormat = "Static method '{0}' failed for class '{1}'";
+            const string NonStaticMethodFormat = "Nonstatic method '{0}' failed for class '{1}'";
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (isStatic)
+                {
+                    if (methodName.Equals("<init>")) // "<init>" is hard-coded in DotnetBackend.
+                    {
+                        errorMessage.AppendFormat(
+                            ConstructorFormat,
+                            classNameOrJvmObjectReference);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        errorMessage.AppendFormat(
+                            StaticMethodFormat,
+                            methodName,
+                            classNameOrJvmObjectReference);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    errorMessage.AppendFormat(
+                        NonStaticMethodFormat,
+                        methodName,
+                        classNameOrJvmObjectReference);
+                }
+
+                if (args.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    errorMessage.Append(" when called with no arguments");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    errorMessage.AppendFormat(
+                        " when called with {0} arguments ({1})",
+                        args.Length,
+                        GetArgsAsString(args));
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                errorMessage.Append("Exception when converting building error message");
+            }
+
+            return errorMessage.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private string GetArgsAsString(IEnumerable<object> args)
+        {
+            var argsString = new StringBuilder();
+
+            try
+            {
+                int index = 1;
+                foreach (object arg in args)
+                {
+                    string argValue = "null";
+                    string argType = "null";
+                    if (arg != null)
+                    {
+                        argValue = arg.ToString();
+                        argType = arg.GetType().Name;
+                    }
+
+                    argsString.AppendFormat(
+                        "[Index={0}, Type={1}, Value={2}], ",
+                        index++,
+                        argType,
+                        argValue);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                argsString.Append("Exception when converting parameters to string");
+            }
+
+            return argsString.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private object ReadCollection(Stream s)
+        {
+            object returnValue;
+            char listItemTypeAsChar = Convert.ToChar(s.ReadByte());
+            int numOfItemsInList = SerDe.ReadInt32(s);
+            switch (listItemTypeAsChar)
+            {
+                case 'c':
+                    var strArray = new string[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        strArray[itemIndex] = SerDe.ReadString(s);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = strArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'i':
+                    var intArray = new int[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        intArray[itemIndex] = SerDe.ReadInt32(s);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = intArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'g':
+                    var longArray = new long[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        longArray[itemIndex] = SerDe.ReadInt64(s);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = longArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'd':
+                    var doubleArray = new double[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        doubleArray[itemIndex] = SerDe.ReadDouble(s);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = doubleArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'A':
+                    var doubleArrayArray = new double[numOfItemsInList][];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        doubleArrayArray[itemIndex] = ReadCollection(s) as double[];
+                    }
+                    returnValue = doubleArrayArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'b':
+                    var boolArray = new bool[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        boolArray[itemIndex] = Convert.ToBoolean(s.ReadByte());
+                    }
+                    returnValue = boolArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'r':
+                    var byteArrayArray = new byte[numOfItemsInList][];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        int byteArrayLen = SerDe.ReadInt32(s);
+                        byteArrayArray[itemIndex] = SerDe.ReadBytes(s, byteArrayLen);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = byteArrayArray;
+                    break;
+                case 'j':
+                    var jvmObjectReferenceArray = new JvmObjectReference[numOfItemsInList];
+                    for (int itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < numOfItemsInList; ++itemIndex)
+                    {
+                        string itemIdentifier = SerDe.ReadString(s);
+                        jvmObjectReferenceArray[itemIndex] =
+                            new JvmObjectReference(itemIdentifier, this);
+                    }
+                    returnValue = jvmObjectReferenceArray;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // convert listItemTypeAsChar to UInt32 because the char may be non-printable
+                    throw new NotSupportedException(
+                        string.Format("Identifier for list item type 0x{0:X} not supported",
+                            Convert.ToUInt32(listItemTypeAsChar)));
+            }
+            return returnValue;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _jvmThreadPoolGC.Dispose();
+            while (_sockets.TryDequeue(out ISocketWrapper socket))
+            {
+                if (socket != null)
+                {
+                    socket.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridgeFactory.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridgeFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59ef6dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmBridgeFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    internal class JvmBridgeFactory : IJvmBridgeFactory
+    {
+        public IJvmBridge Create(int portNumber)
+        {
+            return new JvmBridge(portNumber);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmObjectReference.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmObjectReference.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8033b8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmObjectReference.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// JvmObjectId represents the unique owner for a JVM object.
+    /// The reason for having another layer on top of string id is
+    /// so that JvmObjectReference can be copied.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class JvmObjectId
+    {
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(JvmObjectId));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for JvmObjectId class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">Unique identifier</param>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge object</param>
+        internal JvmObjectId(string id, IJvmBridge jvm)
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            Jvm = jvm;
+        }
+
+        ~JvmObjectId()
+        {
+            if (!Environment.HasShutdownStarted && (Id != null) && (Jvm != null))
+            {
+                ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => RemoveId());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An unique identifier for an object created on the JVM.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal string Id { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// JVM bridge object.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal IJvmBridge Jvm { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Implicit conversion to string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObjectId">JvmObjectId to convert from</param>
+        public static implicit operator string(JvmObjectId jvmObjectId) => jvmObjectId.Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string version of this object which is the unique id
+        /// of the JVM object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Id of the JVM object</returns>
+        public override string ToString() => Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object by comparing the id.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
+            ReferenceEquals(this, obj) ||
+            ((obj is JvmObjectId jvmObjectId) && Id.Equals(jvmObjectId.Id));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => Id.GetHashCode();
+
+        private void RemoveId()
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id != null);
+            Debug.Assert(Jvm != null);
+
+            // This function is registered in the finalizer. If the JVM side is launched
+            // in a debug mode, it is possible that the JVM process already exited
+            // when this function runs, resulting in an Exception thrown. In this case,
+            // the exception is swallowed and logged.
+            // In the normal case, there will be no broken connection since JVM launches
+            // the .NET process and waits for it to exit.
+            try
+            {
+                Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod("DotnetHandler", "rm", Id);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                s_logger.LogException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Implemented by objects that contain a <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/> wrapped by the object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        JvmObjectReference Reference { get; }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reference to object created in JVM.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+    /// support and should be used with caution.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public sealed class JvmObjectReference : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The time when this reference was created.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly DateTime _creationTime;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for the JvmObjectReference class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">Id for the JVM object</param>
+        /// <param name="jvm">IJvmBridge instance that created the JVM object</param>
+        internal JvmObjectReference(string id, IJvmBridge jvm)
+        {
+            if (id is null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("JvmReferenceId cannot be null.");
+            }
+
+            Id = new JvmObjectId(id, jvm);
+
+            _creationTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Other JvmObjectReference object to copy from.</param>
+        internal JvmObjectReference(JvmObjectReference other)
+        {
+            Id = other.Id;
+            _creationTime = other._creationTime;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An unique identifier for an object created on the JVM.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal JvmObjectId Id { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// IJvmBridge instance that created the JVM object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public IJvmBridge Jvm => Id.Jvm;
+
+        JvmObjectReference IJvmObjectReferenceProvider.Reference => this;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that this JvmObjectReference references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="arg0">Parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public object Invoke(string methodName, object arg0) =>
+            Jvm.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(this, methodName, arg0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that this JvmObjectReference references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="arg0">First parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <param name="arg1">Second parameter for the method.</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public object Invoke(string methodName, object arg0, object arg1) =>
+            Jvm.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(this, methodName, arg0, arg1);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method on the JVM object that this JvmObjectReference references to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Method name to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="args">Parameters for the method</param>
+        /// <returns>The returned object of the method call.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public object Invoke(string methodName, params object[] args)
+        {
+            return Jvm.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(this, methodName, args);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string version of this object which is the unique id
+        /// of the JVM object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Id of the JVM object</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return Id.ToString();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object by comparing the ids.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return
+                (obj is IJvmObjectReferenceProvider provider) &&
+                Id.Equals(provider.Reference.Id);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return base.GetHashCode();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the debug info on the JVM object that the current object refers to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The debug info of the JVM object</returns>
+        public string GetDebugInfo()
+        {
+            var classObject = (JvmObjectReference)Invoke("getClass");
+            var className = (string)classObject.Invoke("getName");
+
+            return $"Java object reference id={Id}, type name={className}, creation time (UTC)={_creationTime:o}";
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmThreadPoolGC.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmThreadPoolGC.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e36b5d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/JvmThreadPoolGC.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// In .NET for Apache Spark, we maintain a 1-to-1 mapping between .NET application threads
+    /// and corresponding JVM threads. When a .NET thread calls a Spark API, that call is executed
+    /// by its corresponding JVM thread. This functionality allows for multithreaded applications
+    /// with thread-local variables.
+    /// 
+    /// This class keeps track of the .NET application thread lifecycle. When a .NET application
+    /// thread is no longer alive, this class submits an rmThread command to the JVM backend to 
+    /// dispose of its corresponding JVM thread. All methods are thread-safe.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class JvmThreadPoolGC : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly ILoggerService _loggerService;
+        private readonly IJvmBridge _jvmBridge;
+        private readonly TimeSpan _threadGCInterval;
+        private readonly int _processId;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<int, Thread> _activeThreads;
+
+        private readonly object _activeThreadGCTimerLock;
+        private Timer _activeThreadGCTimer;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Construct the JvmThreadPoolGC.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="loggerService">Logger service.</param>
+        /// <param name="jvmBridge">The JvmBridge used to call JVM methods.</param>
+        /// <param name="threadGCInterval">The interval to GC finished threads.</param>
+        /// <param name="processId"> The ID of the process.</param>
+        public JvmThreadPoolGC(ILoggerService loggerService, IJvmBridge jvmBridge, TimeSpan threadGCInterval, int processId)
+        {
+            _loggerService = loggerService;
+            _jvmBridge = jvmBridge;
+            _threadGCInterval = threadGCInterval;
+            _processId = processId;
+            _activeThreads = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, Thread>();
+
+            _activeThreadGCTimerLock = new object();
+            _activeThreadGCTimer = null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose of the GC timer and run a final round of thread GC.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (_activeThreadGCTimerLock)
+            {
+                if (_activeThreadGCTimer != null)
+                {
+                    _activeThreadGCTimer.Dispose();
+                    _activeThreadGCTimer = null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            GCThreads();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try to start monitoring a thread.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="thread">The thread to add.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if success, false if already added.</returns>
+        public bool TryAddThread(Thread thread)
+        {
+            bool returnValue = _activeThreads.TryAdd(thread.ManagedThreadId, thread);
+
+            // Initialize the GC timer if necessary.
+            if (_activeThreadGCTimer == null)
+            {
+                lock (_activeThreadGCTimerLock)
+                {
+                    if (_activeThreadGCTimer == null && _activeThreads.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        _activeThreadGCTimer = new Timer(
+                            (state) => GCThreads(),
+                            null,
+                            _threadGCInterval,
+                            _threadGCInterval);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return returnValue;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try to remove a thread from the pool. If the removal is successful, then the
+        /// corresponding JVM thread will also be disposed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="threadId">The ID of the thread to remove.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if success, false if the thread cannot be found.</returns>
+        private bool TryDisposeJvmThread(int threadId)
+        {
+            if (_activeThreads.TryRemove(threadId, out _))
+            {
+                // _activeThreads does not have ownership of the threads on the .NET side. This 
+                // class does not need to call Join() on the .NET Thread. However, this class is
+                // responsible for sending the rmThread command to the JVM to trigger disposal
+                // of the corresponding JVM thread.
+                if ((bool)_jvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod("DotnetHandler", "rmThread", _processId, threadId))
+                {
+                    _loggerService.LogDebug($"GC'd JVM thread {threadId}.");
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _loggerService.LogWarn(
+                        $"rmThread returned false for JVM thread {threadId}. " +
+                        $"Either thread does not exist or has already been GC'd.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove any threads that are no longer active.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void GCThreads()
+        {
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Thread> kvp in _activeThreads)
+            {
+                if (!kvp.Value.IsAlive)
+                {
+                    TryDisposeJvmThread(kvp.Key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            lock (_activeThreadGCTimerLock)
+            {
+                // Dispose of the timer if there are no threads to monitor.
+                if (_activeThreadGCTimer != null && _activeThreads.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    _activeThreadGCTimer.Dispose();
+                    _activeThreadGCTimer = null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/PayloadHelper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/PayloadHelper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f8f3d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/PayloadHelper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Helper to build the IPC payload for JVM calls from CLR.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class PayloadHelper
+    {
+        private static readonly byte[] s_int32TypeId = new[] { (byte)'i' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_int64TypeId = new[] { (byte)'g' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_stringTypeId = new[] { (byte)'c' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_boolTypeId = new[] { (byte)'b' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_doubleTypeId = new[] { (byte)'d' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_dateTypeId = new[] { (byte)'D' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_timestampTypeId = new[] { (byte)'t' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_jvmObjectTypeId = new[] { (byte)'j' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_byteArrayTypeId = new[] { (byte)'r' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_doubleArrayArrayTypeId = new[] { (byte)'A' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_arrayTypeId = new[] { (byte)'l' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_dictionaryTypeId = new[] { (byte)'e' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_rowArrTypeId = new[] { (byte)'R' };
+        private static readonly byte[] s_objectArrTypeId = new[] { (byte)'O' };
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, bool> s_isDictionaryTable =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, bool>();
+
+        internal static void BuildPayload(
+            MemoryStream destination,
+            bool isStaticMethod,
+            int processId,
+            int threadId,
+            object classNameOrJvmObjectReference,
+            string methodName,
+            object[] args)
+        {
+            // Reserve space for total length.
+            long originalPosition = destination.Position;
+            destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+
+            SerDe.Write(destination, isStaticMethod);
+            SerDe.Write(destination, processId);
+            SerDe.Write(destination, threadId);
+            SerDe.Write(destination, classNameOrJvmObjectReference.ToString());
+            SerDe.Write(destination, methodName);
+            SerDe.Write(destination, args.Length);
+            ConvertArgsToBytes(destination, args);
+
+            // Write the length now that we've written out everything else.
+            long afterPosition = destination.Position;
+            destination.Position = originalPosition;
+            SerDe.Write(destination, (int)afterPosition - sizeof(int));
+            destination.Position = afterPosition;
+        }
+
+        internal static void ConvertArgsToBytes(
+            MemoryStream destination,
+            object[] args,
+            bool addTypeIdPrefix = true)
+        {
+            long posBeforeEnumerable, posAfterEnumerable;
+            int itemCount;
+            object[] convertArgs = null;
+
+            foreach (object arg in args)
+            {
+                if (arg == null)
+                {
+                    destination.WriteByte((byte)'n');
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Type argType = arg.GetType();
+
+                if (addTypeIdPrefix)
+                {
+                    SerDe.Write(destination, GetTypeId(argType));
+                }
+
+                switch (Type.GetTypeCode(argType))
+                {
+                    case TypeCode.Int32:
+                        SerDe.Write(destination, (int)arg);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TypeCode.Int64:
+                        SerDe.Write(destination, (long)arg);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TypeCode.String:
+                        SerDe.Write(destination, (string)arg);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TypeCode.Boolean:
+                        SerDe.Write(destination, (bool)arg);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TypeCode.Double:
+                        SerDe.Write(destination, (double)arg);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TypeCode.Object:
+                        switch (arg)
+                        {
+                            case byte[] argByteArray:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argByteArray.Length);
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argByteArray);
+                                break;
+
+                            case int[] argInt32Array:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_int32TypeId);
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argInt32Array.Length);
+                                foreach (int i in argInt32Array)
+                                {
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, i);
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case long[] argInt64Array:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_int64TypeId);
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argInt64Array.Length);
+                                foreach (long i in argInt64Array)
+                                {
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, i);
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case double[] argDoubleArray:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_doubleTypeId);
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argDoubleArray.Length);
+                                foreach (double d in argDoubleArray)
+                                {
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, d);
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case double[][] argDoubleArrayArray:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_doubleArrayArrayTypeId);
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argDoubleArrayArray.Length);
+                                foreach (double[] doubleArray in argDoubleArrayArray)
+                                {
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, doubleArray.Length);
+                                    foreach (double d in doubleArray)
+                                    {
+                                        SerDe.Write(destination, d);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case IEnumerable<byte[]> argByteArrayEnumerable:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_byteArrayTypeId);
+                                posBeforeEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+                                itemCount = 0;
+                                foreach (byte[] b in argByteArrayEnumerable)
+                                {
+                                    ++itemCount;
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, b.Length);
+                                    destination.Write(b, 0, b.Length);
+                                }
+                                posAfterEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position = posBeforeEnumerable;
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, itemCount);
+                                destination.Position = posAfterEnumerable;
+                                break;
+
+                            case IEnumerable<string> argStringEnumerable:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_stringTypeId);
+                                posBeforeEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+                                itemCount = 0;
+                                foreach (string s in argStringEnumerable)
+                                {
+                                    ++itemCount;
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, s);
+                                }
+                                posAfterEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position = posBeforeEnumerable;
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, itemCount);
+                                destination.Position = posAfterEnumerable;
+                                break;
+
+                            case IEnumerable<IJvmObjectReferenceProvider> argJvmEnumerable:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, s_jvmObjectTypeId);
+                                posBeforeEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+                                itemCount = 0;
+                                foreach (IJvmObjectReferenceProvider jvmObject in argJvmEnumerable)
+                                {
+                                    ++itemCount;
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, jvmObject.Reference.Id);
+                                }
+                                posAfterEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position = posBeforeEnumerable;
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, itemCount);
+                                destination.Position = posAfterEnumerable;
+                                break;
+
+                            case IEnumerable<GenericRow> argRowEnumerable:
+                                posBeforeEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+                                itemCount = 0;
+                                foreach (GenericRow r in argRowEnumerable)
+                                {
+                                    ++itemCount;
+                                    SerDe.Write(destination, (int)r.Values.Length);
+                                    ConvertArgsToBytes(destination, r.Values, true);
+                                }
+                                posAfterEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position = posBeforeEnumerable;
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, itemCount);
+                                destination.Position = posAfterEnumerable;
+                                break;
+
+                            case IEnumerable<object> argObjectEnumerable:
+                                posBeforeEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position += sizeof(int);
+                                itemCount = 0;
+                                if (convertArgs == null)
+                                {
+                                    convertArgs = new object[1];
+                                }
+                                foreach (object o in argObjectEnumerable)
+                                {
+                                    ++itemCount;
+                                    convertArgs[0] = o;
+                                    ConvertArgsToBytes(destination, convertArgs, true);
+                                }
+                                posAfterEnumerable = destination.Position;
+                                destination.Position = posBeforeEnumerable;
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, itemCount);
+                                destination.Position = posAfterEnumerable;
+                                break;
+
+                            case var _ when IsDictionary(arg.GetType()):
+                                // Generic dictionary, but we don't have it strongly typed as
+                                // Dictionary<T,U>
+                                var dictInterface = (IDictionary)arg;
+                                var dict = new Dictionary<object, object>(dictInterface.Count);
+                                IDictionaryEnumerator iter = dictInterface.GetEnumerator();
+                                while (iter.MoveNext())
+                                {
+                                    dict[iter.Key] = iter.Value;
+                                }
+
+                                // Below serialization is corresponding to deserialization method
+                                // ReadMap() of SerDe.scala.
+
+                                // dictionary's length
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, dict.Count);
+
+                                // keys' data type
+                                SerDe.Write(
+                                    destination,
+                                    GetTypeId(arg.GetType().GetGenericArguments()[0]));
+                                // keys' length, same as dictionary's length
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, dict.Count);
+                                if (convertArgs == null)
+                                {
+                                    convertArgs = new object[1];
+                                }
+                                foreach (KeyValuePair<object, object> kv in dict)
+                                {
+                                    convertArgs[0] = kv.Key;
+                                    // keys, do not need type prefix.
+                                    ConvertArgsToBytes(destination, convertArgs, false);
+                                }
+
+                                // values' length, same as dictionary's length
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, dict.Count);
+                                foreach (KeyValuePair<object, object> kv in dict)
+                                {
+                                    convertArgs[0] = kv.Value;
+                                    // values, need type prefix.
+                                    ConvertArgsToBytes(destination, convertArgs, true);
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case IJvmObjectReferenceProvider argProvider:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argProvider.Reference.Id);
+                                break;
+
+                            case Date argDate:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argDate.ToString());
+                                break;
+
+                            case Timestamp argTimestamp:
+                                SerDe.Write(destination, argTimestamp.GetIntervalInSeconds());
+                                break;
+
+                            default:
+                                throw new NotSupportedException(
+                                    string.Format($"Type {arg.GetType()} is not supported"));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static byte[] GetTypeId(Type type)
+        {
+            switch (Type.GetTypeCode(type))
+            {
+                case TypeCode.Int32:
+                    return s_int32TypeId;
+                case TypeCode.Int64:
+                    return s_int64TypeId;
+                case TypeCode.String:
+                    return s_stringTypeId;
+                case TypeCode.Boolean:
+                    return s_boolTypeId;
+                case TypeCode.Double:
+                    return s_doubleTypeId;
+                case TypeCode.Object:
+                    if (typeof(IJvmObjectReferenceProvider).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_jvmObjectTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (type == typeof(byte[]))
+                    {
+                        return s_byteArrayTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (type == typeof(int[]) ||
+                        type == typeof(long[]) ||
+                        type == typeof(double[]) ||
+                        type == typeof(double[][]) ||
+                        typeof(IEnumerable<byte[]>).IsAssignableFrom(type) ||
+                        typeof(IEnumerable<string>).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_arrayTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (IsDictionary(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_dictionaryTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (typeof(IEnumerable<IJvmObjectReferenceProvider>).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_arrayTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (typeof(IEnumerable<GenericRow>).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_rowArrTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (typeof(IEnumerable<object>).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_objectArrTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (typeof(Date).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_dateTypeId;
+                    }
+
+                    if (typeof(Timestamp).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+                    {
+                        return s_timestampTypeId;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Support other types.
+            throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format("Type {0} not supported yet", type));
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsDictionary(Type type)
+        {
+            if (!s_isDictionaryTable.TryGetValue(type, out var isDictionary))
+            {
+                s_isDictionaryTable[type] = isDictionary =
+                    type.GetInterfaces().Any(
+                        i => i.IsGenericType &&
+                            (i.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IDictionary<,>)));
+            }
+            return isDictionary;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/SerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/SerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa4056f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/Ipc/SerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enums with which Worker communicates with Spark.
+    /// See spark/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/api/python/PythonRunner.scala.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum SpecialLengths : int
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate the end of data section
+        /// </summary>
+        END_OF_DATA_SECTION = -1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate an exception thrown from .NET side
+        /// </summary>
+        PYTHON_EXCEPTION_THROWN = -2,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate a timing data
+        /// </summary>
+        TIMING_DATA = -3,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate the end of stream
+        /// </summary>
+        END_OF_STREAM = -4,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag to indicate non-defined type
+        /// </summary>
+        NULL = -5,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag used by PySpark only.
+        /// </summary>
+        START_ARROW_STREAM = -6
+    }
+
+    // TODO: When targeting .NET Core 2.1+ or .NET Standard 2.1+, all of this code can be simplified
+    // using stackalloc'd spans and Stream.Read/Write(span).
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Serialization and Deserialization of data types between JVM and CLR
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class SerDe
+    {
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static byte[] s_threadLocalBuffer;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a boolean from a stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to read</param>
+        /// <returns>The boolean value read from the stream</returns>
+        public static bool ReadBool(Stream s) =>
+            Convert.ToBoolean(s.ReadByte());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads an integer from a stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The integer read from stream</returns>
+        public static int ReadInt32(Stream s)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(int));
+            TryReadBytes(s, buffer, sizeof(int));
+            return BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32BigEndian(buffer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a long integer from a stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The long integer read from stream</returns>
+        public static long ReadInt64(Stream s)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(long));
+            TryReadBytes(s, buffer, sizeof(long));
+            return BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64BigEndian(buffer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a double from a stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The double read from stream</returns>
+        public static double ReadDouble(Stream s)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(long));
+            TryReadBytes(s, buffer, sizeof(long));
+            return BitConverter.Int64BitsToDouble(BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64BigEndian(buffer));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a string from a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The string read from stream</returns>
+        public static string ReadString(Stream s)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(int));
+            if (!TryReadBytes(s, buffer, sizeof(int)))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return ReadString(s, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32BigEndian(buffer));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a string with a given length from a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <param name="length">The length to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The string read from stream</returns>
+        public static string ReadString(Stream s, int length)
+        {
+            if (length == (int)SpecialLengths.NULL)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(length);
+            TryReadBytes(s, buffer, length);
+            return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, 0, length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a byte array with a given length from a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <param name="length">The length to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The a byte array read from stream</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
+        /// An ArgumentOutOfRangeException thrown if the given length is negative
+        /// </exception>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
+        /// An ArgumentException if the actual read length is less than the given length
+        /// </exception>
+        public static byte[] ReadBytes(Stream s, int length)
+        {
+            if (length < 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(length), length, "length can't be negative.");
+            }
+
+            var buffer = new byte[length];
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                int bytesRead;
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bytesRead = s.Read(buffer, totalBytesRead, length - totalBytesRead);
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+                while ((totalBytesRead < length) && (bytesRead > 0));
+
+                // The stream is closed, return null to notify function caller.
+                if (totalBytesRead == 0)
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                if (totalBytesRead < length)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(
+                        $"Incomplete bytes read: {totalBytesRead}, expected: {length}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            return buffer;
+        }
+
+        public static bool TryReadBytes(Stream s, byte[] buffer, int length)
+        {
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                int bytesRead;
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bytesRead = s.Read(buffer, totalBytesRead, length - totalBytesRead);
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+                while ((totalBytesRead < length) && (bytesRead > 0));
+
+                // The stream is closed, return false to notify function caller.
+                if (totalBytesRead == 0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (totalBytesRead < length)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(
+                        $"Incomplete bytes read: {totalBytesRead}, expected: {length}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public static int? ReadBytesLength(Stream s)
+        {
+            byte[] lengthBuffer = ReadBytes(s, sizeof(int));
+            if (lengthBuffer == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            int length = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32BigEndian(lengthBuffer);
+            if (length == (int)SpecialLengths.NULL)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a byte array from a stream. The first 4 bytes indicate the length of a byte array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to be read</param>
+        /// <returns>The byte array read from stream</returns>
+        public static byte[] ReadBytes(Stream s)
+        {
+            int? length = ReadBytesLength(s);
+            if (length == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return ReadBytes(s, length.GetValueOrDefault());
+        }
+
+        private static byte[] GetThreadLocalBuffer(int minSize)
+        {
+            const int DefaultMinSize = 256;
+
+            byte[] buffer = s_threadLocalBuffer;
+            if (buffer == null || buffer.Length < minSize)
+            {
+                s_threadLocalBuffer = buffer = new byte[Math.Max(DefaultMinSize, minSize)];
+            }
+
+            return buffer;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a byte to a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The byte to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, byte value) =>
+            s.WriteByte(value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a byte array to a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The byte array to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, byte[] value) =>
+            Write(s, value, value.Length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a byte array to a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The byte array to write</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of bytes in the array to write.</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, byte[] value, int count) =>
+            s.Write(value, 0, count);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a boolean to a stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The boolean value to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, bool value) =>
+            Write(s, Convert.ToByte(value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes an integer to a stream (big-endian).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The integer to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, int value)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(int));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32BigEndian(buffer, value);
+            Write(s, buffer, sizeof(int));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a long integer to a stream (big-endian).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The long integer to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, long value)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(sizeof(long));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64BigEndian(buffer, value);
+            Write(s, buffer, sizeof(long));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a double to a stream (big-endian).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The double to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, double value) =>
+            Write(s, BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes a string to a stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="s">The stream to write</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The string to write</param>
+        public static void Write(Stream s, string value)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = GetThreadLocalBuffer(
+                sizeof(int) + Encoding.UTF8.GetMaxByteCount(value.Length));
+            int len = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value, 0, value.Length, buffer, sizeof(int));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32BigEndian(buffer, len);
+            Write(s, buffer, sizeof(int) + len);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/SparkEnvironment.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/SparkEnvironment.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b79d1c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Interop/SparkEnvironment.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Interop
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Contains everything needed to setup an environment for using .NET with Spark.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class SparkEnvironment
+    {
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(SparkEnvironment));
+
+        private static Version GetSparkVersion()
+        {
+            var sparkVersion = new Version((string)JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.deploy.dotnet.DotnetRunner",
+                "SPARK_VERSION"));
+
+            string sparkVersionOverride =
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SPARK_VERSION_OVERRIDE");
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(sparkVersionOverride))
+            {
+                s_logger.LogInfo(
+                    $"Overriding the Spark version from '{sparkVersion}' " +
+                    $"to '{sparkVersionOverride}'.");
+                sparkVersion = new Version(sparkVersionOverride);
+            }
+
+            return sparkVersion;
+        }
+
+        private static readonly Lazy<Version> s_sparkVersion =
+            new Lazy<Version>(() => GetSparkVersion());
+        internal static Version SparkVersion
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return s_sparkVersion.Value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IJvmBridgeFactory s_jvmBridgeFactory;
+        internal static IJvmBridgeFactory JvmBridgeFactory
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return s_jvmBridgeFactory ??= new JvmBridgeFactory();
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                s_jvmBridgeFactory = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IJvmBridge s_jvmBridge;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The bridge between the JVM and the CLR.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is exposed to help users interact with the JVM. It is provided with limited
+        /// support and should be used with caution.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static IJvmBridge JvmBridge
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return s_jvmBridge ??=
+                    JvmBridgeFactory.Create(ConfigurationService.GetBackendPortNumber());
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                s_jvmBridge = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IConfigurationService s_configurationService;
+        internal static IConfigurationService ConfigurationService
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return s_configurationService ??= new ConfigurationService();
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                s_configurationService = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static CallbackServer s_callbackServer;
+        internal static CallbackServer CallbackServer
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return s_callbackServer ??= new CallbackServer(JvmBridge);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/JvmException.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/JvmException.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa9f84d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/JvmException.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Contains the message returned from the <see cref="Interop.Ipc.JvmBridge"/> on an error.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class JvmException : Exception
+    {
+        public JvmException(string message) 
+            : base(message)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec713658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+[Copyright (c) .NET Foundation and Contributors](https://github.com/dotnet/spark/blob/main/LICENSE)
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Base.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Base.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7952094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Base.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Params is used for components that take parameters. This also provides
+    /// an internal param map to store parameter values attached to the instance.
+    /// An abstract class corresponds to scala's Params trait.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class Params : Identifiable, IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Params(string className)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(className))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Params(string className, string uid)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(className, uid))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Params(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the JVM toString value rather than the .NET ToString default
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>JVM toString() value</returns>
+        public override string ToString() => (string)Reference.Invoke("toString");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The UID that was used to create the object. If no UID is passed in when creating the
+        /// object then a random UID is created when the object is created.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string UID identifying the object</returns>
+        public string Uid() => (string)Reference.Invoke("uid");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a description of how a specific <see cref="Param"/> works and is currently set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="param">The <see cref="Param"/> to explain</param>
+        /// <returns>Description of the <see cref="Param"/></returns>
+        public string ExplainParam(Param.Param param) =>
+            (string)Reference.Invoke("explainParam", param);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a description of how all of the <see cref="Param"/>'s that apply to this object
+        /// work and how they are currently set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Description of all the applicable <see cref="Param"/>'s</returns>
+        public string ExplainParams() => (string)Reference.Invoke("explainParams");
+
+        /// <summary>Checks whether a param is explicitly set.</summary>
+        /// <param name="param">The <see cref="Param"/> to be checked.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool</returns>
+        public bool IsSet(Param.Param param) => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isSet", param);
+
+        /// <summary>Checks whether a param is explicitly set or has a default value.</summary>
+        /// <param name="param">The <see cref="Param"/> to be checked.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool</returns>
+        public bool IsDefined(Param.Param param) => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isDefined", param);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tests whether this instance contains a param with a given name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paramName">The <see cref="Param"/> to be test.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool</returns>
+        public bool HasParam(string paramName) => (bool)Reference.Invoke("hasParam", paramName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Retrieves a <see cref="Param"/> so that it can be used to set the value of the
+        /// <see cref="Param"/> on the object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paramName">The name of the <see cref="Param"/> to get.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Param"/> that can be used to set the actual value</returns>
+        public Param.Param GetParam(string paramName) =>
+            new Param.Param((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getParam", paramName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of a specific <see cref="Param"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="param"><see cref="Param"/> to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to use</param>
+        /// <returns>The object that contains the newly set <see cref="Param"/></returns>
+        public T Set<T>(Param.Param param, object value) =>
+            WrapAsType<T>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("set", param, value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears any value that was previously set for this <see cref="Param"/>. The value is
+        /// reset to the default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="param">The <see cref="Param"/> to set back to its original value</param>
+        /// <returns>Object reference that was used to clear the <see cref="Param"/></returns>
+        public T Clear<T>(Param.Param param) =>
+            WrapAsType<T>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("clear", param));
+
+        protected static T WrapAsType<T>(JvmObjectReference reference)
+        {
+            ConstructorInfo constructor = typeof(T)
+                .GetConstructors(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)
+                .Single(c =>
+                {
+                    ParameterInfo[] parameters = c.GetParameters();
+                    return (parameters.Length == 1) &&
+                        (parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(JvmObjectReference));
+                });
+
+            return (T)constructor.Invoke(new object[] { reference });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Bucketizer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Bucketizer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b07b415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Bucketizer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="Bucketizer"/> maps a column of continuous features to a column of feature
+    /// buckets.
+    /// 
+    /// <see cref="Bucketizer"/> can map multiple columns at once by setting the inputCols
+    /// parameter. Note that when both the inputCol and inputCols parameters are set, an Exception
+    /// will be thrown. The splits parameter is only used for single column usage, and splitsArray
+    /// is for multiple columns.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Bucketizer :
+        JavaModel<Bucketizer>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<Bucketizer>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.Bucketizer";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Bucketizer"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public Bucketizer() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Bucketizer"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="Bucketizer"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public Bucketizer(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Bucketizer(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the splits that were set using SetSplits
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>double[], the splits to be used to bucket the input column</returns>
+        public double[] GetSplits() => (double[])Reference.Invoke("getSplits");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Split points for splitting a single column into buckets. To split multiple columns use
+        /// SetSplitsArray. You cannot use both SetSplits and SetSplitsArray at the same time
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// Split points for mapping continuous features into buckets. With n+1 splits, there are n
+        /// buckets. A bucket defined by splits x,y holds values in the range [x,y) except the last
+        /// bucket, which also includes y. The splits should be of length &gt;= 3 and strictly
+        /// increasing. Values outside the splits specified will be treated as errors.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetSplits(double[] value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setSplits", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the splits that were set by SetSplitsArray
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>double[][], the splits to be used to bucket the input columns</returns>
+        public double[][] GetSplitsArray() => (double[][])Reference.Invoke("getSplitsArray");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Split points fot splitting multiple columns into buckets. To split a single column use
+        /// SetSplits. You cannot use both SetSplits and SetSplitsArray at the same time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The array of split points for mapping continuous features into buckets for multiple 
+        /// columns. For each input column, with n+1 splits, there are n buckets. A bucket defined
+        /// by splits x,y holds values in the range [x,y) except the last bucket, which also
+        /// includes y. The splits should be of length &gt;= 3 and strictly increasing.
+        /// Values outside the splits specified will be treated as errors.</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetSplitsArray(double[][] value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setSplitsArray", (object)value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// buckets. This would have been set by SetInputCol
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// buckets
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source of the buckets</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the columns that <see cref="Bucketizer"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// buckets. This is set by SetInputCol
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>IEnumerable&lt;string&gt;, list of input columns</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> GetInputCols() =>
+            ((string[])(Reference.Invoke("getInputCols"))).ToList();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the columns that <see cref="Bucketizer"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// buckets.
+        ///
+        /// Each column is one set of buckets so if you have two input columns you can have two
+        /// sets of buckets and two output columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">List of input columns to use as sources for buckets</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetInputCols(IEnumerable<string> value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setInputCols", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the column the output data will be written to. This is set by
+        /// SetInputCol
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="Bucketizer"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column which contains the bucket ID</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The list of columns that the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> will create in the DataFrame.
+        /// This is set by SetOutputCols
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>IEnumerable&lt;string&gt;, list of output columns</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> GetOutputCols() =>
+            ((string[])Reference.Invoke("getOutputCols")).ToList();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The list of columns that the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> will create in the DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">List of column names which will contain the bucket ID</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetOutputCols(List<string> value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCols", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="Bucketizer"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public static Bucketizer Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column or columns with the bucketed data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The DataFrame to add the bucketed data to</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// <see cref="DataFrame"/> containing the original data and the new bucketed columns
+        /// </returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// How should the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> handle invalid data, choices are "skip",
+        /// "error" or "keep"
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string showing the way Spark will handle invalid data</returns>
+        public string GetHandleInvalid() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getHandleInvalid");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tells the <see cref="Bucketizer"/> what to do with invalid data.
+        ///
+        /// Choices are "skip", "error" or "keep". Default is "error"
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">"skip", "error" or "keep"</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Bucketizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Bucketizer SetHandleInvalid(string value) =>
+            WrapAsBucketizer(Reference.Invoke("setHandleInvalid", value.ToString()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;Bucketizer&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<Bucketizer> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<Bucketizer>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static Bucketizer WrapAsBucketizer(object obj) =>
+            new Bucketizer((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a63a1ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public class CountVectorizer :
+        JavaEstimator<CountVectorizerModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<CountVectorizer>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.CountVectorizer";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public CountVectorizer() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public CountVectorizer(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal CountVectorizer(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Fits a model to the input data.</summary>
+        /// <param name="dataFrame">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to fit the model to.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/></returns>
+        public override CountVectorizerModel Fit(DataFrame dataFrame) =>
+            new CountVectorizerModel((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("fit", dataFrame));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> that was previously saved using Save.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// The path the previous <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> was saved to.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> object</returns>
+        public static CountVectorizer Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the binary toggle to control the output vector values. If True, all nonzero counts
+        /// (after minTF filter applied) are set to 1. This is useful for discrete probabilistic
+        /// models that model binary events rather than integer counts. Default: false
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>boolean</returns>
+        public bool GetBinary() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("getBinary");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the binary toggle to control the output vector values. If True, all nonzero counts
+        /// (after minTF filter applied) are set to 1. This is useful for discrete probabilistic
+        /// models that model binary events rather than integer counts. Default: false
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Turn the binary toggle on or off</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the new binary toggle value set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetBinary(bool value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setBinary", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> should read from and convert
+        /// into buckets. This would have been set by SetInputCol.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The input column of type string</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to use as the source.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the input column set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the new column the <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> creates in the
+        /// DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The name of the output column.</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the name of the new column the <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> creates in the
+        /// DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the output column which will be created.</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the output column set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of different documents a term could appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. A term that appears more than the threshold will be ignored. If this is
+        /// an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the maximum number of documents
+        /// the term could appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies the maximum
+        /// fraction of documents the term could appear in.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum document term frequency</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public double GetMaxDF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMaxDF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the maximum number of different documents a term could appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. A term that appears more than the threshold will be ignored. If this is
+        /// an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the maximum number of documents
+        /// the term could appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies the maximum
+        /// fraction of documents the term could appear in.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The maximum document term frequency</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the max df value set</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public CountVectorizer SetMaxDF(double value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setMaxDF", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the minimum number of different documents a term must appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. If this is an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the
+        /// number of documents the term must appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this
+        /// specifies the fraction of documents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The minimum document term frequency</returns>
+        public double GetMinDF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMinDF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the minimum number of different documents a term must appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. If this is an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the
+        /// number of documents the term must appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this
+        /// specifies the fraction of documents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The minimum document term frequency</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the min df value set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetMinDF(double value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setMinDF", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the filter to ignore rare words in a document. For each document, terms with
+        /// frequency/count less than the given threshold are ignored. If this is an integer
+        /// greater than or equal to 1, then this specifies a count (of times the term must appear
+        /// in the document); if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies a fraction (out of
+        /// the document's token count).
+        ///
+        /// Note that the parameter is only used in transform of CountVectorizerModel and does not
+        /// affect fitting.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Minimum term frequency</returns>
+        public double GetMinTF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMinTF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the filter to ignore rare words in a document. For each document, terms with
+        /// frequency/count less than the given threshold are ignored. If this is an integer
+        /// greater than or equal to 1, then this specifies a count (of times the term must appear
+        /// in the document); if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies a fraction (out of
+        /// the document's token count).
+        ///
+        /// Note that the parameter is only used in transform of CountVectorizerModel and does not
+        /// affect fitting.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Minimum term frequency</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the min term frequency set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetMinTF(double value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setMinTF", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the max size of the vocabulary. <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> will build a
+        /// vocabulary that only considers the top vocabSize terms ordered by term frequency across
+        /// the corpus.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The max size of the vocabulary of type int.</returns>
+        public int GetVocabSize() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getVocabSize");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the max size of the vocabulary. <see cref="CountVectorizer"/> will build a
+        /// vocabulary that only considers the top vocabSize terms ordered by term frequency across
+        /// the corpus.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The max vocabulary size</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="CountVectorizer"/> with the max vocab value set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizer SetVocabSize(int value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizer(Reference.Invoke("setVocabSize", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;CountVectorizer&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<CountVectorizer> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<CountVectorizer>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static CountVectorizer WrapAsCountVectorizer(object obj) =>
+            new CountVectorizer((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizerModel.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizerModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ecd59cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/CountVectorizerModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public class CountVectorizerModel :
+        JavaModel<CountVectorizerModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<CountVectorizerModel>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.CountVectorizerModel";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="vocabulary">The vocabulary to use</param>
+        public CountVectorizerModel(List<string> vocabulary)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(
+                s_className, vocabulary))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        /// <param name="vocabulary">The vocabulary to use</param>
+        public CountVectorizerModel(string uid, List<string> vocabulary)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(
+                s_className, uid, vocabulary))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal CountVectorizerModel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// The path the previous <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> was saved to
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> object</returns>
+        public static CountVectorizerModel Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the binary toggle to control the output vector values. If True, all nonzero counts
+        /// (after minTF filter applied) are set to 1. This is useful for discrete probabilistic
+        /// models that model binary events rather than integer counts. Default: false
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Toggle value of type boolean</returns>
+        public bool GetBinary() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("getBinary");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the binary toggle to control the output vector values. If True, all nonzero counts
+        /// (after minTF filter applied) are set to 1. This is useful for discrete probabilistic
+        /// models that model binary events rather than integer counts. Default: false
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Turn the binary toggle on or off</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> with the new binary toggle value set
+        /// </returns>
+        public CountVectorizerModel SetBinary(bool value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(Reference.Invoke("setBinary", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> should read from and
+        /// convert into buckets. This would have been set by SetInputCol
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to use as the source.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> with the input column set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizerModel SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the new column the <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> will create in
+        /// the DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The name of the output column.</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the name of the new column the <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> will create in
+        /// the DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the output column which will be created.</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> with the output column set</returns>
+        public CountVectorizerModel SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of different documents a term could appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. A term that appears more than the threshold will be ignored. If this is
+        /// an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the maximum number of documents
+        /// the term could appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies the maximum
+        /// fraction of documents the term could appear in.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum document term frequency of type double.</returns>
+        public double GetMaxDF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMaxDF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the minimum number of different documents a term must appear in to be included in
+        /// the vocabulary. If this is an integer greater than or equal to 1, this specifies the
+        /// number of documents the term must appear in; if this is a double in [0,1), then this
+        /// specifies the fraction of documents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The minimum document term frequency</returns>
+        public double GetMinDF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMinDF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the filter to ignore rare words in a document. For each document, terms with
+        /// frequency/count less than the given threshold are ignored. If this is an integer
+        /// greater than or equal to 1, then this specifies a count (of times the term must appear
+        /// in the document); if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies a fraction (out of
+        /// the document's token count).
+        ///
+        /// Note that the parameter is only used in transform of CountVectorizerModel and does not
+        /// affect fitting.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Minimum term frequency of type double.</returns>
+        public double GetMinTF() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getMinTF");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the filter to ignore rare words in a document. For each document, terms with
+        /// frequency/count less than the given threshold are ignored. If this is an integer
+        /// greater than or equal to 1, then this specifies a count (of times the term must appear
+        /// in the document); if this is a double in [0,1), then this specifies a fraction (out of
+        /// the document's token count).
+        ///
+        /// Note that the parameter is only used in transform of CountVectorizerModel and does not
+        /// affect fitting.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Minimum term frequency of type double.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> with the min term frequency set
+        /// </returns>
+        public CountVectorizerModel SetMinTF(double value) =>
+            WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(Reference.Invoke("setMinTF", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the max size of the vocabulary. <see cref="CountVectorizerModel"/> will build a
+        /// vocabulary that only considers the top vocabSize terms ordered by term frequency across
+        /// the corpus.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The max size of the vocabulary of type int.</returns>
+        public int GetVocabSize() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getVocabSize");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check transform validity and derive the output schema from the input schema.
+        /// 
+        /// This checks for validity of interactions between parameters during Transform and
+        /// raises an exception if any parameter value is invalid.
+        ///
+        /// Typical implementation should first conduct verification on schema change and parameter
+        /// validity, including complex parameter interaction checks.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the <see cref="DataFrame"/> which will be transformed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the output schema that would have been derived from the
+        /// input schema, if Transform had been called.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override StructType TransformSchema(StructType value) =>
+            new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, value.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a DataFrame with a text document to a sparse vector of token counts.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="document"><see cref="DataFrame"/> to transform</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="DataFrame"/> containing the original data and the counts</returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame document) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", document));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;CountVectorizerModel&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<CountVectorizerModel> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<CountVectorizerModel>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static CountVectorizerModel WrapAsCountVectorizerModel(object obj) =>
+            new CountVectorizerModel((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Estimator.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Estimator.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d994581e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Estimator.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A helper interface for JavaEstimator, so that when we have an array of JavaEstimators
+    /// with different type params, we can hold all of them with Estimator&lt;object&gt;.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface IEstimator<out M>
+    {
+        M Fit(DataFrame dataset);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Abstract Class for estimators that fit models to data.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="M"/>
+    public abstract class JavaEstimator<M> : JavaPipelineStage, IEstimator<M> where M : JavaModel<M>
+    {
+        internal JavaEstimator(string className) : base(className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaEstimator(string className, string uid) : base(className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaEstimator(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fits a model to the input data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataset">input dataset.</param>
+        /// <returns>fitted model</returns>
+        public virtual M Fit(DataFrame dataset) =>
+            WrapAsType<M>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("fit", dataset));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Evaluator.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Evaluator.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a76008d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Evaluator.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="JavaEvaluator"/> Abstract Class for evaluators that compute metrics from predictions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class JavaEvaluator : Params
+    {
+        internal JavaEvaluator(string className) : base(className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaEvaluator(string className, string uid) : base(className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaEvaluator(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates model output and returns a scalar metric.
+        /// The value of isLargerBetter specifies whether larger values are better.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataset">a dataset that contains labels/observations and predictions.</param>
+        /// <returns>metric</returns>
+        public virtual double Evaluate(DataFrame dataset) =>
+            (double)Reference.Invoke("evaluate", dataset);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether the metric returned by evaluate should be maximized 
+        /// (true, default) or minimized (false).
+        /// A given evaluator may support multiple metrics which may be maximized or minimized.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>bool</returns>
+        public bool IsLargerBetter =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("isLargerBetter");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/FeatureHasher.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/FeatureHasher.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8219832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/FeatureHasher.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public class FeatureHasher :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<FeatureHasher>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.FeatureHasher";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public FeatureHasher() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public FeatureHasher(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal FeatureHasher(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> that was previously saved using Save.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// The path the previous <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> was saved to.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> object</returns>
+        public static FeatureHasher Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsFeatureHasher(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className,
+                    "load",
+                    path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a list of the columns which have been specified as categorical columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>List of categorical columns, set by SetCategoricalCols</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> GetCategoricalCols() =>
+            (string[])Reference.Invoke("getCategoricalCols");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Marks columns as categorical columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">List of column names to mark as categorical columns</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> object</returns>
+        public FeatureHasher SetCategoricalCols(IEnumerable<string> value) =>
+            WrapAsFeatureHasher(Reference.Invoke("setCategoricalCols", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the columns that the <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// hashes. This would have been set by SetInputCol.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>List of the input columns, set by SetInputCols</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> GetInputCols() => (string[])Reference.Invoke("getInputCols");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the columns that the <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// hashes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as use the source of the hash</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> object</returns>
+        public FeatureHasher SetInputCols(IEnumerable<string> value) =>
+            WrapAsFeatureHasher(Reference.Invoke("setInputCols", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of features that should be used. Since a simple modulo is used to
+        /// transform the hash function to a column index, it is advisable to use a power of two
+        /// as the numFeatures parameter; otherwise the features will not be mapped evenly to the
+        /// columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The number of features to be used</returns>
+        public int GetNumFeatures() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getNumFeatures");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the number of features that should be used. Since a simple modulo is used to
+        /// transform the hash function to a column index, it is advisable to use a power of two as
+        /// the numFeatures parameter; otherwise the features will not be mapped evenly to the
+        /// columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">int value of number of features</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> object</returns>
+        public FeatureHasher SetNumFeatures(int value) =>
+            WrapAsFeatureHasher(Reference.Invoke("setNumFeatures", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the column the output data will be written to. This is set by
+        /// SetInputCol.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the name of the new column in the <see cref="DataFrame"/> created by Transform.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column which will contain the hash</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="FeatureHasher"/> object</returns>
+        public FeatureHasher SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsFeatureHasher(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Transforms the input <see cref="DataFrame"/>. It is recommended that you validate that
+        /// the transform will succeed by calling TransformSchema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Input <see cref="DataFrame"/> to transform</param>
+        /// <returns>Transformed <see cref="DataFrame"/></returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame value) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check transform validity and derive the output schema from the input schema.
+        /// 
+        /// This checks for validity of interactions between parameters during Transform and
+        /// raises an exception if any parameter value is invalid.
+        ///
+        /// Typical implementation should first conduct verification on schema change and parameter
+        /// validity, including complex parameter interaction checks.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the <see cref="DataFrame"/> which will be transformed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the output schema that would have been derived from the
+        /// input schema, if Transform had been called.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override StructType TransformSchema(StructType value) =>
+            new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, value.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;FeatureHasher&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<FeatureHasher> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<FeatureHasher>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static FeatureHasher WrapAsFeatureHasher(object obj) =>
+            new FeatureHasher((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/HashingTF.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/HashingTF.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c213e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/HashingTF.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A <see cref="HashingTF"/> Maps a sequence of terms to their term frequencies using the
+    /// hashing trick. Currently we use Austin Appleby's MurmurHash 3 algorithm
+    /// (MurmurHash3_x86_32) to calculate the hash code value for the term object. Since a simple
+    /// modulo is used to transform the hash function to a column index, it is advisable to use a
+    /// power of two as the numFeatures parameter; otherwise the features will not be mapped evenly
+    /// to the columns.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class HashingTF :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<HashingTF>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.HashingTF";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="HashingTF"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public HashingTF() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="HashingTF"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="HashingTF"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public HashingTF(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal HashingTF(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="HashingTF"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="HashingTF"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="HashingTF"/> object</returns>
+        public static HashingTF Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsHashingTF(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the binary toggle that controls term frequency counts
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Flag showing whether the binary toggle is on or off</returns>
+        public bool GetBinary() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("getBinary");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Binary toggle to control term frequency counts.
+        /// If true, all non-zero counts are set to 1.  This is useful for discrete probabilistic
+        /// models that model binary events rather than integer counts
+        ///</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">binary toggle, default is false</param>
+        public HashingTF SetBinary(bool value) =>
+            WrapAsHashingTF(Reference.Invoke("setBinary", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="HashingTF"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="HashingTF"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="HashingTF"/> object</returns>
+        public HashingTF SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsHashingTF(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="HashingTF"/> will create a new column in the <see cref="DataFrame"/>,
+        /// this is the name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the output col</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="HashingTF"/> will create a new column in the <see cref="DataFrame"/>,
+        /// this is the name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="HashingTF"/> object</returns>
+        public HashingTF SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsHashingTF(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of features that should be used. Since a simple modulo is used to
+        /// transform the hash function to a column index, it is advisable to use a power of two
+        /// as the numFeatures parameter; otherwise the features will not be mapped evenly to the
+        /// columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The number of features to be used</returns>
+        public int GetNumFeatures() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getNumFeatures");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the number of features that should be used. Since a simple modulo is used to
+        /// transform the hash function to a column index, it is advisable to use a power of two as
+        /// the numFeatures parameter; otherwise the features will not be mapped evenly to the
+        /// columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">int</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="HashingTF"/> object</returns>
+        public HashingTF SetNumFeatures(int value) =>
+            WrapAsHashingTF(Reference.Invoke("setNumFeatures", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="HashingTF"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column or columns with the tokens.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to add the tokens to</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="DataFrame"/> containing the original data and the tokens</returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;HashingTF&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<HashingTF> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<HashingTF>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static HashingTF WrapAsHashingTF(object obj) =>
+            new HashingTF((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDF.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDF.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dcd0bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDF.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Inverse document frequency (IDF). The standard formulation is used:
+    /// idf = log((m + 1) / (d(t) + 1)), where m is the total number of documents and d(t) is
+    /// the number of documents that contain term t.
+    /// 
+    /// This implementation supports filtering out terms which do not appear in a minimum number
+    /// of documents (controlled by the variable minDocFreq). For terms that are not in at least
+    /// minDocFreq documents, the IDF is found as 0, resulting in TF-IDFs of 0.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class IDF :
+        JavaEstimator<IDFModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<IDF>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className = "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.IDF";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="IDF"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public IDF() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="IDF"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="IDF"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public IDF(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal IDF(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="IDF"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getInputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="IDF"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDF"/> object</returns>
+        public IDF SetInputCol(string value) => WrapAsIDF(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="IDF"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="IDF"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDF"/> object</returns>
+        public IDF SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsIDF(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Minimum of documents in which a term should appear for filtering
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>int, minimum number of documents in which a term should appear</returns>
+        public int GetMinDocFreq() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getMinDocFreq");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Minimum of documents in which a term should appear for filtering
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">int, the minimum of documents a term should appear in</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDF"/> object</returns>
+        public IDF SetMinDocFreq(int value) =>
+            WrapAsIDF(Reference.Invoke("setMinDocFreq", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fits a model to the input data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to fit the model to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDFModel"/> object</returns>
+        public override IDFModel Fit(DataFrame source) =>
+            new IDFModel((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("fit", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="IDF"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="IDF"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDF"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static IDF Load(string path)
+        {
+            return WrapAsIDF(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_className, "load", path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;IDF&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<IDF> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<IDF>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static IDF WrapAsIDF(object obj) => new IDF((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDFModel.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDFModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d28e1aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/IDFModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A <see cref="IDFModel"/> that converts the input string to lowercase and then splits it by
+    /// white spaces.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class IDFModel :
+        JavaModel<IDFModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<IDFModel>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.IDFModel";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="IDFModel"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public IDFModel() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="IDFModel"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="IDFModel"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public IDFModel(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal IDFModel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="IDFModel"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getInputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="IDFModel"/> should read from and convert into
+        /// buckets
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDFModel"/> object</returns>
+        public IDFModel SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsIDFModel(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="IDFModel"/> will create a new column in the <see cref="DataFrame"/>,
+        /// this is the name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="IDFModel"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column which contains the tokens
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDFModel"/> object</returns>
+        public IDFModel SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsIDFModel(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Minimum of documents in which a term should appear for filtering
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Minimum number of documents a term should appear</returns>
+        public int GetMinDocFreq() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getMinDocFreq");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="IDFModel"/> and transforms the <see cref="DataFrame"/> to
+        /// include the new column or columns with the tokens.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to add the tokens to</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="DataFrame"/> containing the original data and the tokens</returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="IDFModel"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="IDFModel"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="IDFModel"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static IDFModel Load(string path)
+        {
+            return WrapAsIDFModel(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;IDFModel&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<IDFModel> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<IDFModel>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static IDFModel WrapAsIDFModel(object obj) =>
+            new IDFModel((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Model.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Model.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba73cfdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Model.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A helper interface for JavaModel, so that when we have an array of JavaModels
+    /// with different type params, we can hold all of them with Model&lt;object&gt;.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface IModel<out M>
+    {
+        bool HasParent();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A fitted model, i.e., a Transformer produced by an Estimator.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="M">
+    /// Model Type.
+    /// </typeparam>
+    public abstract class JavaModel<M> : JavaTransformer, IModel<M> where M : JavaModel<M>
+    {
+        internal JavaModel(string className) : base(className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaModel(string className, string uid) : base(className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaModel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the parent of this model.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parent">The parent of the JavaModel to be set</param>
+        /// <returns>type parameter M</returns>
+        public M SetParent(JavaEstimator<M> parent) =>
+            WrapAsType<M>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setParent", parent));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether this Model has a corresponding parent.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>bool</returns>
+        public bool HasParent() =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("hasParent");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/NGram.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/NGram.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ac28ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/NGram.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Class <see cref="NGram"/> transformer that converts the input array of strings into
+    /// an array of n-grams. Null values in the input array are ignored. It returns an array
+    /// of n-grams where each n-gram is represented by a space-separated string of words.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class NGram :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<NGram>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.NGram";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="NGram"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public NGram() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="NGram"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="NGram"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.
+        /// </param>
+        public NGram(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal NGram(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="NGram"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="NGram"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="NGram"/> object</returns>
+        public NGram SetInputCol(string value) => WrapAsNGram(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the output column that the <see cref="NGram"/> writes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the output column that the <see cref="NGram"/> writes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="NGram"/> object</returns>
+        public NGram SetOutputCol(string value) => WrapAsNGram(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets N value for <see cref="NGram"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>int, N value</returns>
+        public int GetN() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getN");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets N value for <see cref="NGram"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">N value</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="NGram"/> object</returns>
+        public NGram SetN(int value) => WrapAsNGram(Reference.Invoke("setN", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="NGram"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The DataFrame to transform</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="DataFrame"/> object with the source <see cref="DataFrame"/> transformed.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check transform validity and derive the output schema from the input schema.
+        /// 
+        /// This checks for validity of interactions between parameters during Transform and
+        /// raises an exception if any parameter value is invalid.
+        ///
+        /// Typical implementation should first conduct verification on schema change and parameter
+        /// validity, including complex parameter interaction checks.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the <see cref="DataFrame"/> which will be transformed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the output schema that would have been derived from the
+        /// input schema, if Transform had been called.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override StructType TransformSchema(StructType value) =>
+            new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, value.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="NGram"/> that was previously saved using Save.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="NGram"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="NGram"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static NGram Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsNGram(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className,
+                    "load",
+                    path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;NGram&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<NGram> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<NGram>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static NGram WrapAsNGram(object obj) => new NGram((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Pipeline.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Pipeline.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88174524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Pipeline.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="Pipeline"/> A simple pipeline, which acts as an estimator. 
+    /// A Pipeline consists of a sequence of stages, each of which is either an Estimator or a Transformer.
+    /// When Pipeline.fit is called, the stages are executed in order. If a stage is an Estimator, its 
+    /// Estimator.fit method will be called on the input dataset to fit a model. Then the model, which is a 
+    /// transformer, will be used to transform the dataset as the input to the next stage. 
+    /// If a stage is a Transformer, its Transformer.transform method will be called to produce the 
+    /// dataset for the next stage. The fitted model from a Pipeline is a PipelineModel, which consists of 
+    /// fitted models and transformers, corresponding to the pipeline
+    /// stages. If there are no stages, the pipeline acts as an identity transformer.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Pipeline :
+        JavaEstimator<PipelineModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<Pipeline>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className = "org.apache.spark.ml.Pipeline";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="Pipeline"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Pipeline() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="Pipeline"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="Pipeline"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public Pipeline(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Pipeline(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the stages of pipeline instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// A sequence of stages, each of which is either an Estimator or a Transformer.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Pipeline"/> object</returns>
+        public Pipeline SetStages(JavaPipelineStage[] value) =>
+            WrapAsPipeline((JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.mllib.api.dotnet.MLUtils",
+                "setPipelineStages",
+                Reference,
+                value.ToJavaArrayList()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the stages of pipeline instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A sequence of <see cref="JavaPipelineStage"/> stages</returns>
+        public JavaPipelineStage[] GetStages()
+        {
+            var jvmObjects = (JvmObjectReference[])Reference.Invoke("getStages");
+            var result = new JavaPipelineStage[jvmObjects.Length];
+            Dictionary<string, Type> classMapping = JvmObjectUtils.ConstructJavaClassMapping(
+                typeof(JavaPipelineStage),
+                "s_className");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < jvmObjects.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (JvmObjectUtils.TryConstructInstanceFromJvmObject(
+                    jvmObjects[i],
+                    classMapping,
+                    out JavaPipelineStage instance))
+                {
+                    result[i] = instance;
+                }                   
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Fits a model to the input data.</summary>
+        /// <param name="dataset">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to fit the model to.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="PipelineModel"/></returns>
+        override public PipelineModel Fit(DataFrame dataset) =>
+            new PipelineModel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("fit", dataset));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="Pipeline"/> that was previously saved using Save(string).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="Pipeline"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Pipeline"/> object, loaded from path.</returns>
+        public static Pipeline Load(string path) => WrapAsPipeline(
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;Pipeline&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<Pipeline> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<Pipeline>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static Pipeline WrapAsPipeline(object obj) =>
+            new Pipeline((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineModel.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..baf3ea9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="PipelineModel"/> Represents a fitted pipeline.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class PipelineModel :
+        JavaModel<PipelineModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<PipelineModel>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className = "org.apache.spark.ml.PipelineModel";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="PipelineModel"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="PipelineModel"/> a unique ID, and an array of transformers as stages.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        /// <param name="stages">Stages for the PipelineModel.</param>
+        public PipelineModel(string uid, JavaTransformer[] stages)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(
+                s_className, uid, stages.ToJavaArrayList()))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal PipelineModel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="PipelineModel"/> that was previously saved using Save(string).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="PipelineModel"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="PipelineModel"/> object, loaded from path.</returns>
+        public static PipelineModel Load(string path) => WrapAsPipelineModel(
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;PipelineModel&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<PipelineModel> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<PipelineModel>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static PipelineModel WrapAsPipelineModel(object obj) =>
+            new PipelineModel((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineStage.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineStage.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4efa9d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/PipelineStage.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="JavaPipelineStage"/> A stage in a pipeline, either an Estimator or a Transformer.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class JavaPipelineStage : Params
+    {
+        internal JavaPipelineStage(string className) : base(className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaPipelineStage(string className, string uid) : base(className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaPipelineStage(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check transform validity and derive the output schema from the input schema.
+        ///
+        /// We check validity for interactions between parameters during transformSchema
+        /// and raise an exception if any parameter value is invalid.
+        ///
+        /// Typical implementation should first conduct verification on schema change and
+        /// parameter validity, including complex parameter interaction checks.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="schema">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the <see cref="DataFrame"/> which will be transformed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the output schema that would have been derived from the
+        /// input schema, if Transform had been called.
+        /// </returns>
+        public virtual StructType TransformSchema(StructType schema) =>
+             new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/SQLTransformer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/SQLTransformer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f2a5b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/SQLTransformer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> implements the transformations which are defined by SQL statement.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class SQLTransformer :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<SQLTransformer>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.SQLTransformer";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public SQLTransformer() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public SQLTransformer(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal SQLTransformer(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The DataFrame to transform</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="DataFrame"/> object with the source <see cref="DataFrame"/> transformed.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> and transforms the schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The Schema to be transformed</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="StructType"/> object with the schema <see cref="StructType"/> transformed.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override StructType TransformSchema(StructType value) =>
+            new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, value.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the statement.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Statement</returns>
+        public string GetStatement() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getStatement");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the statement to <see cref="SQLTransformer"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="statement">SQL Statement</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> with the statement set.
+        /// </returns>
+        public SQLTransformer SetStatement(string statement) =>
+            WrapAsSQLTransformer((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("setStatement", statement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> that was previously saved using Save.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="SQLTransformer"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static SQLTransformer Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsSQLTransformer(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className,
+                    "load",
+                    path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;SQLTransformer&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<SQLTransformer> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<SQLTransformer>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static SQLTransformer WrapAsSQLTransformer(object obj) =>
+            new SQLTransformer((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/StopWordsRemover.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/StopWordsRemover.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99f05a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/StopWordsRemover.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> feature transformer that filters out stop words from input.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class StopWordsRemover :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<StopWordsRemover>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.StopWordsRemover";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> without any parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public StopWordsRemover() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> a unique ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public StopWordsRemover(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal StopWordsRemover(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to use as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object</returns>
+        public StopWordsRemover SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to use as the target</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object</returns>
+        public StopWordsRemover SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The DataFrame to transform</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="DataFrame"/> object with the source <see cref="DataFrame"/> transformed
+        /// </returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Input column name</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getInputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The output column name</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets locale for <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> transform.
+        /// Refer java.util.locale.getavailablelocales() for all available locales.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Locale to be used for transform</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public StopWordsRemover SetLocale(string value) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(Reference.Invoke("setLocale", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets locale for <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> transform
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The locale</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public string GetLocale() => (string)Reference.Invoke("getLocale");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets case sensitivity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">true if case sensitive, false otherwise</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object</returns>
+        public StopWordsRemover SetCaseSensitive(bool value) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(Reference.Invoke("setCaseSensitive", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets case sensitivity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>true if case sensitive, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool GetCaseSensitive() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("getCaseSensitive");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets custom stop words.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="values">Custom stop words</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object</returns>
+        public StopWordsRemover SetStopWords(IEnumerable<string> values) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(Reference.Invoke("setStopWords", values));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the custom stop words.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Custom stop words</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> GetStopWords() =>
+            (IEnumerable<string>)Reference.Invoke("getStopWords");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check transform validity and derive the output schema from the input schema.
+        /// 
+        /// This checks for validity of interactions between parameters during Transform and
+        /// raises an exception if any parameter value is invalid.
+        ///
+        /// Typical implementation should first conduct verification on schema change and parameter
+        /// validity, including complex parameter interaction checks.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the <see cref="DataFrame"/> which will be transformed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> of the output schema that would have been derived from the
+        /// input schema, if Transform had been called.
+        /// </returns>
+        public override StructType TransformSchema(StructType value) =>
+            new StructType(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "transformSchema",
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, value.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Load default stop words of given language for <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/>
+        /// transform.
+        /// Supported languages: danish, dutch, english, finnish, french, german,
+        /// hungarian, italian, norwegian, portuguese, russian, spanish, swedish, turkish.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="language">Language</param>
+        /// <returns>Default stop words for the given language</returns>
+        public static string[] LoadDefaultStopWords(string language) =>
+            (string[])SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_className, "loadDefaultStopWords", language);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> that was previously saved using Save.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="StopWordsRemover"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static StopWordsRemover Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsStopWordsRemover(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;StopWordsRemover&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<StopWordsRemover> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<StopWordsRemover>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static StopWordsRemover WrapAsStopWordsRemover(object obj) =>
+            new StopWordsRemover((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Tokenizer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Tokenizer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3c64d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Tokenizer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A <see cref="Tokenizer"/> that converts the input string to lowercase and then splits it by
+    /// white spaces.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Tokenizer :
+        JavaTransformer,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<Tokenizer>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.Tokenizer";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Tokenizer"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public Tokenizer() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Tokenizer"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="Tokenizer"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public Tokenizer(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Tokenizer(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="Tokenizer"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, input column</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getInputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="Tokenizer"/> should read from
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Tokenizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Tokenizer SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsTokenizer(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="Tokenizer"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the output column</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="Tokenizer"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the new column</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Tokenizer"/> object</returns>
+        public Tokenizer SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsTokenizer(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the <see cref="Tokenizer"/> and transforms the DataFrame to include the new
+        /// column
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The DataFrame to transform</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="DataFrame"/> object with the source <see cref="DataFrame"/> transformed
+        /// </returns>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame source) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="Tokenizer"/> that was previously saved using Save
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="Tokenizer"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Tokenizer"/> object, loaded from path</returns>
+        public static Tokenizer Load(string path)
+        {
+            return WrapAsTokenizer(
+                SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_className, "load", path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;Tokenizer&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<Tokenizer> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<Tokenizer>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static Tokenizer WrapAsTokenizer(object obj) =>
+            new Tokenizer((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Transformer.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Transformer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab9c2068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Transformer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="JavaTransformer"/> Abstract class for transformers that transform one dataset into another.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class JavaTransformer : JavaPipelineStage
+    {
+        internal JavaTransformer(string className) : base(className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaTransformer(string className, string uid) : base(className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal JavaTransformer(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the transformer and transforms the DataFrame to include new columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataset">The Dataframe to be transformed.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// <see cref="DataFrame"/> containing the original data and new columns.
+        /// </returns>
+        public virtual DataFrame Transform(DataFrame dataset) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", dataset));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2Vec.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2Vec.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24e4e055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2Vec.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public class Word2Vec :
+        JavaEstimator<Word2VecModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<Word2Vec>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.Word2Vec";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Word2Vec"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public Word2Vec() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Word2Vec"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="Word2Vec"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public Word2Vec(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Word2Vec(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the column that the <see cref="Word2Vec"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The name of the input column.</returns>
+        public string GetInputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getInputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the column that the <see cref="Word2Vec"/> should read from.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the column to as the source.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetInputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setInputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="Word2Vec"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The name of the output column.</returns>
+        public string GetOutputCol() => (string)(Reference.Invoke("getOutputCol"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="Word2Vec"/> will create a new column in the DataFrame, this is the
+        /// name of the new column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The name of the output column which will be created.</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetOutputCol(string value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setOutputCol", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the vector size, the dimension of the code that you want to transform from words.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The vector size, the dimension of the code that you want to transform from words.
+        /// </returns>
+        public int GetVectorSize() => (int)(Reference.Invoke("getVectorSize"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the vector size, the dimension of the code that you want to transform from words.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The dimension of the code that you want to transform from words.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetVectorSize(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setVectorSize", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the minimum number of times a token must appear to be included in the word2vec
+        /// model's vocabulary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The minimum number of times a token must appear to be included in the word2vec model's
+        /// vocabulary.
+        /// </returns>
+        public int GetMinCount() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getMinCount");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The minimum number of times a token must appear to be included in the word2vec model's
+        /// vocabulary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The minimum number of times a token must appear to be included in the word2vec model's
+        /// vocabulary, the default is 5.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public virtual Word2Vec SetMinCount(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setMinCount", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Gets the maximum number of iterations.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum number of iterations.</returns>
+        public int GetMaxIter() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getMaxIter");
+
+        /// <summary>Maximum number of iterations (&gt;= 0).</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The number of iterations.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetMaxIter(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setMaxIter", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum length (in words) of each sentence in the input data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum length (in words) of each sentence in the input data.</returns>
+        public virtual int GetMaxSentenceLength() =>
+            (int)Reference.Invoke("getMaxSentenceLength");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the maximum length (in words) of each sentence in the input data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The maximum length (in words) of each sentence in the input data.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetMaxSentenceLength(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setMaxSentenceLength", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Gets the number of partitions for sentences of words.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The number of partitions for sentences of words.</returns>
+        public int GetNumPartitions() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getNumPartitions");
+
+        /// <summary>Sets the number of partitions for sentences of words.</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The number of partitions for sentences of words, default is 1.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetNumPartitions(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setNumPartitions", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Gets the value that is used for the random seed.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The value that is used for the random seed.</returns>
+        public long GetSeed() => (long)Reference.Invoke("getSeed");
+
+        /// <summary>Random seed.</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to use for the random seed.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetSeed(long value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setSeed", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Gets the size to be used for each iteration of optimization.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The size to be used for each iteration of optimization.</returns>
+        public double GetStepSize() => (double)Reference.Invoke("getStepSize");
+
+        /// <summary>Step size to be used for each iteration of optimization (&gt; 0).</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to use for the step size.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetStepSize(double value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setStepSize", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Gets the window size (context words from [-window, window]).</summary>
+        /// <returns>The window size.</returns>
+        public int GetWindowSize() => (int)Reference.Invoke("getWindowSize");
+
+        /// <summary>The window size (context words from [-window, window]).</summary>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// The window size (context words from [-window, window]), default is 5.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2Vec"/></returns>
+        public Word2Vec SetWindowSize(int value) =>
+            WrapAsWord2Vec(Reference.Invoke("setWindowSize", value));
+
+        /// <summary>Fits a model to the input data.</summary>
+        /// <param name="dataFrame">The <see cref="DataFrame"/> to fit the model to.</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="Word2VecModel"/></returns>
+        public override Word2VecModel Fit(DataFrame dataFrame) =>
+            new Word2VecModel((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("fit", dataFrame));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="Word2Vec"/> that was previously saved using Save(string).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous <see cref="Word2Vec"/> was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Word2Vec"/> object, loaded from path.</returns>
+        public static Word2Vec Load(string path) => WrapAsWord2Vec(
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;Word2Vec&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<Word2Vec> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<Word2Vec>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static Word2Vec WrapAsWord2Vec(object obj) =>
+            new Word2Vec((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2VecModel.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2VecModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8c4296b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Feature/Word2VecModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public class Word2VecModel :
+        JavaModel<Word2VecModel>,
+        IJavaMLWritable,
+        IJavaMLReadable<Word2VecModel>
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_className =
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.feature.Word2VecModel";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> without any parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        public Word2VecModel() : base(s_className)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> with a UID that is used to give the
+        /// <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> a unique ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uid">An immutable unique ID for the object and its derivatives.</param>
+        public Word2VecModel(string uid) : base(s_className, uid)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Word2VecModel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) : base(jvmObject)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Transform a sentence column to a vector column to represent the whole sentence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="documentDF"><see cref="DataFrame"/> to transform</param>
+        public override DataFrame Transform(DataFrame documentDF) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("transform", documentDF));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Find <paramref name="num"/> number of words whose vector representation most similar to
+        /// the supplied vector. If the supplied vector is the vector representation of a word in
+        /// the model's vocabulary, that word will be in the results. Returns a dataframe with the
+        /// words and the cosine similarities between the synonyms and the given word vector.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="word">The "word" to find similarities for, this can be a string or a
+        /// vector representation.</param>
+        /// <param name="num">The number of words to find that are similar to "word"</param>
+        public DataFrame FindSynonyms(string word, int num) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("findSynonyms", word, num));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> that was previously saved using Save(string).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// The path the previous <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> was saved to
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New <see cref="Word2VecModel"/> object, loaded from path.</returns>
+        public static Word2VecModel Load(string path) => WrapAsWord2VecModel(
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_className, "load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the object so that it can be loaded later using Load. Note that these objects
+        /// can be shared with Scala by Loading or Saving in Scala.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLWriter Write() =>
+            new JavaMLWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;Word2VecModel&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        public JavaMLReader<Word2VecModel> Read() =>
+            new JavaMLReader<Word2VecModel>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        private static Word2VecModel WrapAsWord2VecModel(object obj) =>
+            new Word2VecModel((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/Param.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/Param.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ece0d120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/Param.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature.Param
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A <see cref="Param"/> with self-contained documentation and optionally default value.
+    ///
+    /// A <see cref="Param"/> references an individual parameter that includes documentation, the
+    /// name of the parameter and optionally a default value. Params can either be set using the
+    /// generic <see cref="Param"/> methods or by using explicit methods. For example
+    /// <see cref="Bucketizer"/> has <c>SetHandleInvalid</c> or you can call 
+    /// <c>GetParam("handleInvalid")</c>and then <see cref="Bucketizer"/>. Set using the
+    /// <see cref="Param"/> and the value you want to use.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Param : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_ParamClassName = 
+            "org.apache.spark.ml.param.Param";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of a <see cref="Param"/> which will be attached to the parent
+        /// specified. The most likely use case for a <see cref="Param"/> is being read from a 
+        /// parent object such as <see cref="Bucketizer"/> rather than independently
+        /// <param name="parent">The parent object to assign the <see cref="Param"/> to</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of this <see cref="Param"/></param>
+        /// <param name="doc">The documentation for this <see cref="Param"/></param>
+        /// </summary>
+        public Param(Identifiable parent, string name, string doc)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(
+                s_ParamClassName, parent.Uid(), name, doc))
+        {
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of a <see cref="Param"/> which will be attached to the parent 
+        /// with the UID specified. The most likely use case for a <see cref="Param"/> is being 
+        /// read from a parent object such as <see cref="Bucketizer"/> rather than independently
+        /// <param name="parent">
+        /// The UID of the  parent object to assign the <see cref="Param"/> to
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of this <see cref="Param"/></param>
+        /// <param name="doc">The documentation for this <see cref="Param"/></param>
+        /// </summary>
+        public Param(string parent, string name, string doc)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(s_ParamClassName, parent, name, doc))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Param(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The description of what the <see cref="Param"/> does and how it works including any
+        /// defaults and the current value
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A description of how the <see cref="Param"/> works</returns>
+        public string Doc => (string)Reference.Invoke("doc");
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The name of the <see cref="Param"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The name of the <see cref="Param"/></returns>
+        public string Name => (string)Reference.Invoke("name");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The object that contains the <see cref="Param"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The UID of the parent oject that this <see cref="Param"/> belongs to</returns>
+        public string Parent => (string)Reference.Invoke("parent");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamMap.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamMap.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e62594ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamMap.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature.Param
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A param to value map.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ParamMap : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_ParamMapClassName = "org.apache.spark.ml.param.ParamMap";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of a <see cref="ParamMap"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public ParamMap() : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(s_ParamMapClassName))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal ParamMap(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Puts a (param, value) pair (overwrites if the input param exists).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="param">The param to be add</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The param value to be add</param>
+        public ParamMap Put<T>(Param param, T value) =>
+            WrapAsParamMap((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("put", param, value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string representation of this ParamMap.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>representation as string value.</returns>
+        public override string ToString() =>
+            (string)Reference.Invoke("toString");
+
+        private static ParamMap WrapAsParamMap(object obj) =>
+            new ParamMap((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamPair.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamPair.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f26b75a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Param/ParamPair.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature.Param
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A param and its value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ParamPair<T> : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_ParamPairClassName = "org.apache.spark.ml.param.ParamPair";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of a <see cref="ParamPair&lt;T&gt;"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public ParamPair(Param param, T value)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(s_ParamPairClassName, param, value))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal ParamPair(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Identifiable.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Identifiable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b0be1e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Identifiable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    public interface Identifiable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The UID of the object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string UID identifying the object</returns>
+        string Uid();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Read.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Read.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbf74d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Read.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Class for utility classes that can load ML instances.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">ML instance type</typeparam>
+    public class JavaMLReader<T> : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal JavaMLReader(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads the ML component from the input path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path the previous instance of type T was saved to</param>
+        /// <returns>The type T instance</returns>
+        public T Load(string path) =>
+            WrapAsType((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>Sets the Spark Session to use for saving/loading.</summary>
+        /// <param name="sparkSession">The Spark Session to be set</param>
+        public JavaMLReader<T> Session(SparkSession sparkSession)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("session", sparkSession);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        private static T WrapAsType(JvmObjectReference reference)
+        {
+            ConstructorInfo constructor = typeof(T)
+                .GetConstructors(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)
+                .Single(c =>
+                {
+                    ParameterInfo[] parameters = c.GetParameters();
+                    return (parameters.Length == 1) &&
+                        (parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(JvmObjectReference));
+                });
+
+            return (T)constructor.Invoke(new object[] { reference });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for objects that provide MLReader.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">
+    /// ML instance type
+    /// </typeparam>
+    public interface IJavaMLReadable<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLReader instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>an <see cref="JavaMLReader&lt;T&gt;"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        JavaMLReader<T> Read();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Write.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Write.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..765c3e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/ML/Util/Write.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.ML.Feature
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Class for utility classes that can save ML instances in Spark's internal format.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class JavaMLWriter : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal JavaMLWriter(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>Saves the ML instances to the input path.</summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// save() handles overwriting and then calls this method. 
+        /// Subclasses should override this method to implement the actual saving of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        protected void SaveImpl(string path) => Reference.Invoke("saveImpl", path);
+
+        /// <summary>Overwrites if the output path already exists.</summary>
+        public JavaMLWriter Overwrite()
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("overwrite");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an option to the underlying MLWriter. See the documentation for the specific model's
+        /// writer for possible options. The option name (key) is case-insensitive.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">key of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value of the option</param>
+        public JavaMLWriter Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Sets the Spark Session to use for saving/loading.</summary>
+        /// <param name="sparkSession">The Spark Session to be set</param>
+        public JavaMLWriter Session(SparkSession sparkSession)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("session", sparkSession);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for classes that provide JavaMLWriter.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface IJavaMLWritable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the corresponding JavaMLWriter instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a <see cref="JavaMLWriter"/> instance for this ML instance.</returns>
+        JavaMLWriter Write();
+
+        /// <summary>Saves this ML instance to the input path</summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to save the object to</param>
+        void Save(string path);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/DefaultSocketWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/DefaultSocketWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20b6f765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/DefaultSocketWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Network
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A simple wrapper of System.Net.Sockets.Socket class.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class DefaultSocketWrapper : ISocketWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly Socket _innerSocket;
+        private Stream _inputStream;
+        private Stream _outputStream;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default constructor that creates a new instance of DefaultSocket class which represents
+        /// a traditional socket (System.Net.Socket.Socket).
+        /// 
+        /// This socket is bound to Loopback with port 0.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DefaultSocketWrapper() :
+            this(new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp))
+        {
+            _innerSocket.Bind(new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Loopback, 0));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a instance of DefaultSocket class using the specified
+        /// System.Net.Socket.Socket object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="socket">The existing socket</param>
+        private DefaultSocketWrapper(Socket socket)
+        {
+            // Disable Nagle algorithm, which works to combine small packets together at the
+            // expense of responsiveness; it's focused on reducing congestion on slow networks,
+            // but all of our accesses are on localhost.
+            socket.NoDelay = true;
+
+            _innerSocket = socket;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Releases all resources used by the current instance of the DefaultSocket class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _outputStream?.Dispose();
+            _inputStream?.Dispose();
+            _innerSocket.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Accepts a incoming connection request.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A DefaultSocket instance used to send and receive data</returns>
+        public ISocketWrapper Accept() => new DefaultSocketWrapper(_innerSocket.Accept());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Establishes a connection to a remote host that is specified by an IP address and
+        /// a port number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="remoteaddr">The IP address of the remote host</param>
+        /// <param name="port">The port number of the remote host</param>
+        /// <param name="secret">Secret string to use for connection</param>
+        public void Connect(IPAddress remoteaddr, int port, string secret)
+        {
+            _innerSocket.Connect(new IPEndPoint(remoteaddr, port));
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(secret))
+            {
+                using NetworkStream stream = CreateNetworkStream();
+                if (!Authenticator.AuthenticateAsClient(stream, secret))
+                {
+                    throw new Exception($"Failed to authenticate for port: {port}.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the NetworkStream used to send and receive data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// GetStream returns a NetworkStream that you can use to send and receive data.
+        /// You must close/dispose the NetworkStream by yourself. Closing DefaultSocketWrapper
+        /// does not release the NetworkStream.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>The underlying Stream instance that be used to send and receive data</returns>
+        private NetworkStream CreateNetworkStream() => new NetworkStream(_innerSocket);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stream used to receive data only.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The underlying Stream instance that be used to receive data</returns>
+        public Stream InputStream =>
+            _inputStream ??= CreateStream(
+                ConfigurationService.WorkerReadBufferSizeEnvVarName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stream used to send data only.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The underlying Stream instance that be used to send data</returns>
+        public Stream OutputStream =>
+            _outputStream ??= CreateStream(
+                ConfigurationService.WorkerWriteBufferSizeEnvVarName);
+
+        private Stream CreateStream(string bufferSizeEnvVarName)
+        {
+            string envVar = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(bufferSizeEnvVarName);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(envVar) ||
+                !int.TryParse(envVar, out var writeBufferSize))
+            {
+                // The default buffer size is 64K, PythonRDD also use 64K as default buffer size.
+                writeBufferSize = 64 * 1024;
+            }
+
+            Stream ns = CreateNetworkStream();
+            return (writeBufferSize > 0) ? new BufferedStream(ns, writeBufferSize) : ns;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts listening for incoming connections requests
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backlog">The maximum length of the pending connections queue. </param>
+        public void Listen(int backlog = 16) => _innerSocket.Listen(backlog);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the local endpoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        public EndPoint LocalEndPoint => _innerSocket.LocalEndPoint;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the remote endpoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        public EndPoint RemoteEndPoint => _innerSocket.RemoteEndPoint;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/ISocketWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/ISocketWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31e67162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/ISocketWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Network
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ISocketWrapper interface defines the common methods to operate a socket.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface ISocketWrapper : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Accepts a incoming connection request.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A ISocket instance used to send and receive data</returns>
+        ISocketWrapper Accept();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Establishes a connection to a remote host that is specified by an IP address and
+        /// a port number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="remoteaddr">The IP address of the remote host</param>
+        /// <param name="port">The port number of the remote host</param>
+        /// <param name="secret">Optional secret string to use for connection</param>
+        void Connect(IPAddress remoteaddr, int port, string secret = null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stream used to receive data only.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The underlying Stream instance that be used to receive data</returns>
+        Stream InputStream { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stream used to send data only.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The underlying Stream instance that be used to send data</returns>
+        Stream OutputStream { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts listening for incoming connections requests
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backlog">The maximum length of the pending connections queue</param>
+        void Listen(int backlog = 16);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the local endpoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        EndPoint LocalEndPoint { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the remote endpoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        EndPoint RemoteEndPoint { get; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/SocketFactory.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/SocketFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5213ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Network/SocketFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Network
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// SocketFactory is used to create ISocketWrapper instance.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class SocketFactory
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an ISocket instance based on the socket type set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// ISocketWrapper instance.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static ISocketWrapper CreateSocket()
+        {
+            return new DefaultSocketWrapper();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/PairRDDFunctions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/PairRDDFunctions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54a7026f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/PairRDDFunctions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extra functions available on RDDs of (key, value) pairs through extension methods.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class PairRDDFunctions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the key-value pairs in this RDD as a dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Type of the key</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="self">RDD object to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Dictionary of RDD content</returns>
+        public static IDictionary<TKey, TValue> CollectAsMap<TKey, TValue>(
+            this RDD<Tuple<TKey, TValue>> self)
+        {
+            return self.Collect().ToDictionary(tuple => tuple.Item1, tuple => tuple.Item2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return an RDD with the keys of each tuple.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Type of the key</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="self">RDD object to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>RDD with the keys of each tuple</returns>
+        public static RDD<TKey> Keys<TKey, TValue>(this RDD<Tuple<TKey, TValue>> self)
+        {
+            return self.Map(tuple => tuple.Item1);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return an RDD with the values of each tuple.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Type of the key</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="self">RDD object to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>RDD with the values of each tuple</returns>
+        public static RDD<TValue> Values<TKey, TValue>(this RDD<Tuple<TKey, TValue>> self)
+        {
+            return self.Map(tuple => tuple.Item2);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4686b4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A Resilient Distributed Dataset(RDD), the basic abstraction in Spark,
+    /// represents an immutable, partitioned collection of elements that can be
+    /// operated on in parallel. This class contains the basic operations available
+    /// on all RDDs.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the elements in the RDD</typeparam>
+    internal class RDD<T> : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The JVM object for this RDD. This can be null if the current
+        /// RDD is not materialized.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal JvmObjectReference _jvmObject = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The previous RDD object that this RDD references to. This is
+        /// used by <see cref="PipelinedRDD{T}"/> to chain RDD operations.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal readonly JvmObjectReference _prevRddJvmObjRef = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// SparkContext object associated with the RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal readonly SparkContext _sparkContext = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag that checks if <see cref="Cache"/> is called.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected bool _isCached = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag that checks if <see cref="Checkpoint"/> is called.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected bool _isCheckpointed = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serialization mode for the current RDD. This will be
+        /// translated into serialization mode while creating a serialized command.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal SerializedMode _serializedMode = SerializedMode.Byte;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serialization mode for the previously pipelined RDD. This will be
+        /// translated into deserialization mode while creating a serialized command.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal SerializedMode _prevSerializedMode = SerializedMode.Byte;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor mainly called by SparkContext for creating the first RDD
+        /// via <see cref="SparkContext.Parallelize{T}(IEnumerable{T}, int?)"/>, etc.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">The reference to the RDD JVM object</param>
+        /// <param name="sparkContext">SparkContext object</param>
+        /// <param name="serializedMode">Serialization mode for the current RDD</param>
+        internal RDD(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            SparkContext sparkContext,
+            SerializedMode serializedMode)
+        {
+            _jvmObject = jvmObject;
+            _sparkContext = sparkContext;
+            _serializedMode = serializedMode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor mainly called by <see cref="PipelinedRDD{T}"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="prevRddJvmObjRef">
+        /// The reference to the RDD JVM object from which pipeline is created
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="sparkContext">SparkContext object</param>
+        /// <param name="serializedMode">Serialization mode for the current RDD</param>
+        /// <param name="prevSerializedMode">Serialization mode for the previous RDD</param>
+        internal RDD(
+            JvmObjectReference prevRddJvmObjRef,
+            SparkContext sparkContext,
+            SerializedMode serializedMode,
+            SerializedMode prevSerializedMode)
+        {
+            // This constructor is called from PipelineRDD constructor
+            // where the _jvmObject is not yet created.
+
+            _prevRddJvmObjRef = prevRddJvmObjRef;
+            _sparkContext = sparkContext;
+            _serializedMode = serializedMode;
+            _prevSerializedMode = prevSerializedMode;
+        }
+
+        JvmObjectReference IJvmObjectReferenceProvider.Reference => _jvmObject;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Persist this RDD with the default storage level (MEMORY_ONLY).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public RDD<T> Cache()
+        {
+            GetJvmRef().Invoke("cache");
+            _isCached = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mark this RDD for checkpointing. It will be saved to a file inside the checkpoint
+        /// directory set with <see cref="SparkContext.SetCheckpointDir(string)"/> and all
+        /// references to its parent RDDs will be removed. This function must be called before
+        /// any job has been executed on this RDD. It is strongly recommended that this RDD is
+        /// persisted in memory, otherwise saving it in a file will require re-computation.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Checkpoint()
+        {
+            GetJvmRef().Invoke("checkpoint");
+            _isCheckpointed = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD by applying a function to all elements of this RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">Type of the new RDD elements</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="func">Function to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">Flag to preserve partitioning</param>
+        /// <returns>New RDD by applying a given function</returns>
+        public RDD<U> Map<U>(Func<T, U> func, bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            return MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+                new MapUdfWrapper<T, U>(func).Execute,
+                preservesPartitioning);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD by first applying a function to all elements of this RDD,
+        /// and then flattening the results.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">Type of the new RDD elements</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="func">Function to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">Flag to preserve partitioning</param>
+        /// <returns>New RDD by applying a given function</returns>
+        public RDD<U> FlatMap<U>(Func<T, IEnumerable<U>> func, bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            return MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+                new FlatMapUdfWrapper<T, U>(func).Execute,
+                preservesPartitioning);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD by applying a function to each partition of this RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// 
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// "preservesPartitioning" indicates whether the input function preserves the
+        /// partitioner, which should be false unless this is a pair RDD and the input
+        /// function doesn't modify the keys.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">Type of the new RDD elements</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="func">Function to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">Flag to preserve partitioning</param>
+        /// <returns>New RDD by applying a given function</returns>
+        public RDD<U> MapPartitions<U>(
+            Func<IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable<U>> func,
+            bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            return MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+                new MapPartitionsUdfWrapper<T, U>(func).Execute,
+                preservesPartitioning);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD by applying a function to each partition of this RDD,
+        /// while tracking the index of the original partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// "preservesPartitioning" indicates whether the input function preserves the
+        /// partitioner, which should be false unless this is a pair RDD and the input
+        /// function doesn't modify the keys.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">Type of the new RDD elements</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="func">Function to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">Flag to preserve partitioning</param>
+        /// <returns>New RDD by applying a given function</returns>
+        public RDD<U> MapPartitionsWithIndex<U>(
+            Func<int, IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable<U>> func,
+            bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            return MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+                new MapPartitionsWithIndexUdfWrapper<T, U>(func).Execute,
+                preservesPartitioning);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the number of partitions in this RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The number of partitions in this RDD</returns>
+        public int GetNumPartitions()
+        {
+            return (int)GetJvmRef().Invoke("getNumPartitions");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD containing only the elements that satisfy a predicate.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="func">Predicate function to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>A new RDD with elements that satisfy a predicate</returns>
+        public RDD<T> Filter(Func<T, bool> func)
+        {
+            return MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<T>(new FilterUdfWrapper(func).Execute, true);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a sampled subset of this RDD with a seed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is NOT guaranteed to provide exactly the fraction of the count
+        /// of the given RDD.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="withReplacement">True if elements be sampled multiple times</param>
+        /// <param name="fraction">
+        /// Expected size of the sample as a fraction of this RDD's size without replacement
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Optional user-supplied seed (random seed if not provided)</param>
+        /// <returns>A sampled subset of this RDD</returns>
+        public RDD<T> Sample(bool withReplacement, double fraction, long? seed = null)
+        {
+            return new RDD<T>(
+                (seed.HasValue) ?
+                (JvmObjectReference)GetJvmRef().Invoke(
+                    "sample",
+                    withReplacement,
+                    fraction,
+                    seed.GetValueOrDefault()) :
+                (JvmObjectReference)GetJvmRef().Invoke(
+                    "sample",
+                    withReplacement,
+                    fraction),
+                _sparkContext,
+                _serializedMode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return an enumerable collection that contains all of the elements in this RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This method should only be used if the resulting array is expected to be small,
+        /// as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>An enumerable collection of all the elements.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<T> Collect()
+        {
+            (int port, string secret) = CollectAndServe();
+            using ISocketWrapper socket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            socket.Connect(IPAddress.Loopback, port, secret);
+
+            var collector = new RDD.Collector();
+            System.IO.Stream stream = socket.InputStream;
+            foreach (T element in collector.Collect(stream, _serializedMode).Cast<T>())
+            {
+                yield return element;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function for creating PipelinedRDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">Type of the new RDD elements</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="func">Function to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">Flag to preserve partitioning</param>
+        /// <returns>New RDD by applying a given function</returns>
+        internal virtual RDD<U> MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+            RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate func,
+            bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            return new PipelinedRDD<U>(
+                new RDD.WorkerFunction(func),
+                preservesPartitioning,
+                _jvmObject,
+                _sparkContext,
+                _serializedMode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the socket info by calling collectAndServe on the RDD object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Socket info</returns>
+        private (int, string) CollectAndServe()
+        {
+            JvmObjectReference rddRef = GetJvmRef();
+            // collectToPython() returns a pair where the first is a port number
+            // and the second is the secret string to use for the authentication.
+            var pair = (JvmObjectReference[])rddRef.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.api.python.PythonRDD",
+                "collectAndServe",
+                rddRef.Invoke("rdd"));
+            return ((int)pair[0].Invoke("intValue"), (string)pair[1].Invoke("toString"));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the JvmObjectReference object of this RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// It is possible that the JvmObjectReference object is null depending
+        /// on how the RDD object is instantiated (e.g., <see cref="PipelinedRDD{U}"/>). Thus,
+        /// this function should be used instead of directly accessing _jvmObject because the
+        /// derived class (e.g., <see cref="PipelinedRDD{U}"/>) can override the behavior
+        /// when _jvmObject is null.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>JvmObjetReference object for this RDD</returns>
+        private JvmObjectReference GetJvmRef()
+        {
+            return ((IJvmObjectReferenceProvider)this).Reference;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to map the UDF for Map() to <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TArg">Input type</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Output type</typeparam>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        internal sealed class MapUdfWrapper<TArg, TResult>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<TArg, TResult> _func;
+
+            internal MapUdfWrapper(Func<TArg, TResult> func)
+            {
+                _func = func;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int _, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return input.Cast<TArg>().Select(_func).Cast<object>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to map the UDF for FlatMap() to <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TArg">Input type</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Output type</typeparam>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        internal sealed class FlatMapUdfWrapper<TArg, TResult>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<TArg, IEnumerable<TResult>> _func;
+
+            internal FlatMapUdfWrapper(Func<TArg, IEnumerable<TResult>> func)
+            {
+                _func = func;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int _, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return input.Cast<TArg>().SelectMany(_func).Cast<object>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to map the UDF for MapPartitions() to
+        /// <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TArg">Input type</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Output type</typeparam>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        internal sealed class MapPartitionsUdfWrapper<TArg, TResult>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<IEnumerable<TArg>, IEnumerable<TResult>> _func;
+
+            internal MapPartitionsUdfWrapper(Func<IEnumerable<TArg>, IEnumerable<TResult>> func)
+            {
+                _func = func;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int _, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return _func(input.Cast<TArg>()).Cast<object>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to map the UDF for MapPartitionsWithIndex() to
+        /// <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TArg">Input type</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Output type</typeparam>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        internal sealed class MapPartitionsWithIndexUdfWrapper<TArg, TResult>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<int, IEnumerable<TArg>, IEnumerable<TResult>> _func;
+
+            internal MapPartitionsWithIndexUdfWrapper(
+                Func<int, IEnumerable<TArg>, IEnumerable<TResult>> func)
+            {
+                _func = func;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int pid, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return _func(pid, input.Cast<TArg>()).Cast<object>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to map the UDF for Filter() to
+        /// <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        internal class FilterUdfWrapper
+        {
+            private readonly Func<T, bool> _func;
+
+            internal FilterUdfWrapper(Func<T, bool> func)
+            {
+                _func = func;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int _, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return input.Cast<T>().Where(_func).Cast<object>();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// PipelinedRDD is used to pipeline functions applied to RDD.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the elements in the RDD</typeparam>
+    internal sealed class PipelinedRDD<T> : RDD<T>, IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly RDD.WorkerFunction _func;
+        private readonly bool _preservesPartitioning;
+
+        internal PipelinedRDD(
+            RDD.WorkerFunction func,
+            bool preservesPartitioning,
+            JvmObjectReference prevRddJvmObjRef,
+            SparkContext sparkContext,
+            SerializedMode prevSerializedMode)
+            : base(prevRddJvmObjRef, sparkContext, SerializedMode.Byte, prevSerializedMode)
+        {
+            _func = func ?? throw new ArgumentNullException("UDF cannot be null.");
+            _preservesPartitioning = preservesPartitioning;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return a new RDD by applying a function to each partition of this RDD,
+        /// while tracking the index of the original partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="U">The element type of new RDD</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="newFunc">The function to be applied to each partition</param>
+        /// <param name="preservesPartitioning">
+        /// Indicates if it preserves partition parameters
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>A new RDD</returns>
+        internal override RDD<U> MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(
+            RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate newFunc,
+            bool preservesPartitioning = false)
+        {
+            if (IsPipelinable())
+            {
+                RDD.WorkerFunction newWorkerFunc = RDD.WorkerFunction.Chain(
+                    new RDD.WorkerFunction(_func.Func),
+                    new RDD.WorkerFunction(newFunc));
+
+                return new PipelinedRDD<U>(
+                    newWorkerFunc,
+                    preservesPartitioning && _preservesPartitioning,
+                    _prevRddJvmObjRef,
+                    _sparkContext,
+                    _serializedMode);
+            }
+
+            return base.MapPartitionsWithIndexInternal<U>(newFunc, preservesPartitioning);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the JVM reference for this RDD. It also initializes the reference
+        /// if it is not yet initialized.
+        /// 
+        /// Note that PipelineRDD uses the JavaRDD internally.
+        /// </summary>
+        JvmObjectReference IJvmObjectReferenceProvider.Reference
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (_jvmObject == null)
+                {
+                    IJvmBridge jvm = _prevRddJvmObjRef.Jvm;
+
+                    object rdd = _prevRddJvmObjRef.Invoke("rdd");
+                    byte[] command = Serialize(_func.Func, _prevSerializedMode, _serializedMode);
+                    JvmObjectReference pythonFunction =
+                        UdfUtils.CreatePythonFunction(jvm, command);
+
+                    var pythonRdd = (JvmObjectReference)jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                        "org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.DotnetRDD",
+                        "createPythonRDD",
+                        rdd,
+                        pythonFunction,
+                        _preservesPartitioning);
+
+                    _jvmObject = (JvmObjectReference)pythonRdd.Invoke("asJavaRDD");
+                }
+
+                return _jvmObject;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether worker functions can be pipelined.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if worker functions can be pipelined.</returns>
+        private bool IsPipelinable()
+        {
+            return !_isCached && !_isCheckpointed;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/Collector.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/Collector.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07041bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/Collector.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.RDD
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Collector collects objects from a socket.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class Collector
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Collects pickled row objects from the given socket.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">Stream object to read from</param>
+        /// <param name="serializedMode">Serialized mode for each element</param>
+        /// <returns>Collection of row objects</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<object> Collect(Stream stream, SerializedMode serializedMode)
+        {
+            IDeserializer deserializer = GetDeserializer(serializedMode);
+
+            int? length;
+            while (((length = SerDe.ReadBytesLength(stream)) != null)
+                && (length.GetValueOrDefault() > 0))
+            {
+                yield return deserializer.Deserialize(stream, length.GetValueOrDefault());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a deserializer based on the given serialization mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="mode">Serialization mode</param>
+        /// <returns>A deserializer object</returns>
+        internal static IDeserializer GetDeserializer(SerializedMode mode)
+        {
+            switch (mode)
+            {
+                case SerializedMode.Byte:
+                    return new BinaryDeserializer();
+                case SerializedMode.String:
+                    return new StringDeserializer();
+                case SerializedMode.Row:
+                    return new RowDeserializer();
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Unsupported mode found {mode}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Interface to deserialize an object from a given stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal interface IDeserializer
+        {
+            object Deserialize(Stream stream, int length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserializer using the BinaryFormatter.
+        /// </summary>
+        private sealed class BinaryDeserializer : IDeserializer
+        {
+            public object Deserialize(Stream stream, int length) =>
+                BinarySerDe.Deserialize(stream, length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserializer for UTF-8 strings.
+        /// </summary>
+        private sealed class StringDeserializer : IDeserializer
+        {
+            public object Deserialize(Stream stream, int length)
+            {
+                return SerDe.ReadString(stream, length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserializer for Pickled Rows.
+        /// </summary>
+        private sealed class RowDeserializer : IDeserializer
+        {
+            public object Deserialize(Stream stream, int length)
+            {
+                // Refer to the AutoBatchedPickler class in spark/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/
+                // spark/api/python/SerDeUtil.scala regarding how the Rows may be batched.
+                return PythonSerDe.GetUnpickledObjects(stream, length).Cast<Row>().ToArray();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/WorkerFunction.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/WorkerFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16c099e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/RDD/WorkerFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.RDD
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// WorkerFunction provides the delegate type that is used for unifying
+    /// UDFs used for RDD. It also provides functionality to chain delegates.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Delegate type to which each RDD UDF is transformed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="splitId">split id for the current task</param>
+        /// <param name="input">enumerable collection of objects</param>
+        /// <returns>enumerable collection of objects after applying UDF</returns>
+        internal delegate IEnumerable<object> ExecuteDelegate(
+            int splitId,
+            IEnumerable<object> input);
+
+        public WorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used to chain two function.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static WorkerFunction Chain(
+            WorkerFunction innerFunction,
+            WorkerFunction outerFunction)
+        {
+            return new WorkerFunction(
+                new WorkerFuncChainHelper(
+                    innerFunction.Func,
+                    outerFunction.Func).Execute);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper to chain two delegates.
+        /// </summary>
+        [UdfWrapper]
+        private sealed class WorkerFuncChainHelper
+        {
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _innerFunc;
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _outerFunc;
+
+            internal WorkerFuncChainHelper(ExecuteDelegate innerFunc, ExecuteDelegate outerFunc)
+            {
+                _innerFunc = innerFunc;
+                _outerFunc = outerFunc;
+            }
+
+            internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int split, IEnumerable<object> input)
+            {
+                return _outerFunc(split, _innerFunc(split, input));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/README.md b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConfigurationService.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConfigurationService.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d516adb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConfigurationService.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using static System.Environment;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Services
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Implementation of configuration service that helps getting config settings
+    /// to be used in .NET backend.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ConfigurationService : IConfigurationService
+    {
+        public const string WorkerReadBufferSizeEnvVarName = "spark.dotnet.worker.readBufferSize";
+        public const string WorkerWriteBufferSizeEnvVarName =
+            "spark.dotnet.worker.writeBufferSize";
+
+        internal const string DefaultWorkerDirEnvVarName = "DOTNET_WORKER_DIR";
+        internal const string WorkerVerDirEnvVarNameFormat = "DOTNET_WORKER_{0}_DIR";
+
+        private const string DotnetBackendPortEnvVarName = "DOTNETBACKEND_PORT";
+        private const int DotnetBackendDebugPort = 5567;
+
+        private const string DotnetNumBackendThreadsEnvVarName = "DOTNET_SPARK_NUM_BACKEND_THREADS";
+        private const int DotnetNumBackendThreadsDefault = 10;
+
+        private static readonly string s_procBaseFileName = "Microsoft.Spark.Worker";
+
+        private readonly ILoggerService _logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(ConfigurationService));
+
+        private string _workerPath;
+        private string _workerDirEnvVarName;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The Microsoft.Spark.Worker filename.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static string ProcFileName { get; } = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows) ?
+            $"{s_procBaseFileName}.exe" :
+            s_procBaseFileName;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the environment variable name that defines the path to the
+        /// Microsoft.Spark.Worker. Using the Microsoft.Spark assembly version
+        /// we use the first environment variable that is defined in the
+        /// following order and default to DOTNET_WORKER_DIR if not:
+        /// 
+        /// - DOTNET_WORKER_{MAJOR}_{MINOR}_{BUILD}_DIR
+        /// - DOTNET_WORKER_{MAJOR}_{MINOR}_DIR
+        /// - DOTNET_WORKER_{MAJOR}_DIR
+        /// </summary>
+        internal string WorkerDirEnvVarName
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (_workerDirEnvVarName != null)
+                {
+                    return _workerDirEnvVarName;
+                }
+
+                var version = new Version(AssemblyInfoProvider.MicrosoftSparkAssemblyInfo().AssemblyVersion);
+                var versionComponents = new int[] { version.Major, version.Minor, version.Build };
+                for (int i = versionComponents.Length; i > 0; --i)
+                {
+                    var span = new ReadOnlySpan<int>(versionComponents, 0, i);
+                    string verEnvVarName = string.Format(
+                        WorkerVerDirEnvVarNameFormat,
+                        string.Join("_", span.ToArray()));
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(GetEnvironmentVariable(verEnvVarName)))
+                    {
+                        _workerDirEnvVarName = verEnvVarName;
+                        return _workerDirEnvVarName;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                _workerDirEnvVarName = DefaultWorkerDirEnvVarName;
+                return _workerDirEnvVarName;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// How often to run GC on JVM ThreadPool threads. Defaults to 5 minutes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TimeSpan JvmThreadGCInterval
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                string envVar = GetEnvironmentVariable("DOTNET_JVM_THREAD_GC_INTERVAL");
+                return string.IsNullOrEmpty(envVar) ? TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5) : TimeSpan.Parse(envVar);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static bool IsDatabricks { get; } =
+            !string.IsNullOrEmpty(GetEnvironmentVariable("DATABRICKS_RUNTIME_VERSION"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the port number for socket communication between JVM and CLR.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int GetBackendPortNumber()
+        {
+            if (!int.TryParse(
+                GetEnvironmentVariable(DotnetBackendPortEnvVarName),
+                out int portNumber))
+            {
+                _logger.LogInfo($"'{DotnetBackendPortEnvVarName}' environment variable is not set.");
+                portNumber = DotnetBackendDebugPort;
+            }
+
+            _logger.LogInfo($"Using port {portNumber} for connection.");
+
+            return portNumber;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the max number of threads for socket communication between JVM and CLR.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int GetNumBackendThreads()
+        {
+            if (!int.TryParse(
+                GetEnvironmentVariable(DotnetNumBackendThreadsEnvVarName),
+                out int numThreads))
+            {
+                numThreads = DotnetNumBackendThreadsDefault;
+            }
+
+            return numThreads;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the worker executable path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Worker executable path</returns>
+        public string GetWorkerExePath()
+        {
+            if (_workerPath != null)
+            {
+                return _workerPath;
+            }
+
+            // If the WorkerDirEnvName environment variable is set, the worker path is constructed
+            // based on it.
+            string workerDir = GetEnvironmentVariable(WorkerDirEnvVarName);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(workerDir))
+            {
+                _workerPath = Path.Combine(workerDir, ProcFileName);
+                _logger.LogDebug(
+                    "Using the {0} environment variable to construct .NET worker path: {1}.",
+                    WorkerDirEnvVarName,
+                    _workerPath);
+                return _workerPath;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise, the worker executable name is returned meaning it should be PATH.
+            _workerPath = ProcFileName;
+            return _workerPath;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag indicating whether running in REPL.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsRunningRepl() =>
+            EnvironmentUtils.GetEnvironmentVariableAsBool(Constants.RunningREPLEnvVar);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConsoleLoggerService.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConsoleLoggerService.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce50486c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ConsoleLoggerService.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Services
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This logger service will be used if the .NET driver app did not configure a logger.
+    /// Right now it just prints out the messages to Console
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ConsoleLoggerService : ILoggerService
+    {
+        internal static readonly ConsoleLoggerService s_instance =
+            new ConsoleLoggerService(typeof(Type));
+
+        private readonly Type _type;
+
+        private ConsoleLoggerService(Type t)
+        {
+            _type = t;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a value indicating whether logging is enabled for the Debug level.
+        /// Always return true for the DefaultLoggerService object.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsDebugEnabled { get { return true; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get an instance of ILoggerService by a given type of logger
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type of a logger to return</param>
+        /// <returns>An instance of ILoggerService</returns>
+        public ILoggerService GetLoggerInstance(Type type)
+        {
+            return new ConsoleLoggerService(type);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at debug level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        public void LogDebug(string message)
+        {
+            Log("Debug", message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at debug level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        public void LogDebug(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters)
+        {
+            Log("Debug", string.Format(messageFormat, messageParameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at info level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        public void LogInfo(string message)
+        {
+            Log("Info", message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at info level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        public void LogInfo(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters)
+        {
+            Log("Info", string.Format(messageFormat, messageParameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at warning level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        public void LogWarn(string message)
+        {
+            Log("Warn", message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at warning level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        public void LogWarn(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters)
+        {
+            Log("Warn", string.Format(messageFormat, messageParameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a fatal message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        public void LogFatal(string message)
+        {
+            Log("Fatal", message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a fatal message with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        public void LogFatal(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters)
+        {
+            Log("Fatal", string.Format(messageFormat, messageParameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a error message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        public void LogError(string message)
+        {
+            Log("Error", message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a error message with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        public void LogError(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters)
+        {
+            Log("Error", string.Format(messageFormat, messageParameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs an exception
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="e">The exception to be logged</param>
+        public void LogException(Exception e)
+        {
+            Log("Exception", $"{e.Message}{Environment.NewLine}{e.StackTrace}");
+        }
+
+        private void Log(string level, string message)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                "[{0}] [{1}] [{2}] [{3}] {4}",
+                DateTime.UtcNow.ToString("o"),
+                Environment.MachineName,
+                level,
+                _type.Name,
+                message);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/IConfigurationService.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/IConfigurationService.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96590586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/IConfigurationService.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Services
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Helps getting config settings to be used in .NET runtime
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface IConfigurationService
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// How often to run GC on JVM ThreadPool threads.
+        /// </summary>
+        TimeSpan JvmThreadGCInterval { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The port number used for communicating with the .NET backend process.
+        /// </summary>
+        int GetBackendPortNumber();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the max number of threads for socket communication between JVM and CLR.
+        /// </summary>
+        int GetNumBackendThreads();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The full path to the .NET worker executable.
+        /// </summary>
+        string GetWorkerExePath();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flag indicating whether running in REPL.
+        /// </summary>
+        bool IsRunningRepl();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ILoggerService.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ILoggerService.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a7ee7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/ILoggerService.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Services
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Defines a logger what be used in service
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface ILoggerService
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a value indicating whether logging is enabled for the Debug level.
+        /// </summary>
+        bool IsDebugEnabled { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get an instance of ILoggerService by a given type of logger
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type of a logger to return</param>
+        /// <returns>An instance of ILoggerService</returns>
+        ILoggerService GetLoggerInstance(Type type);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at debug level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        void LogDebug(string message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at debug level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        void LogDebug(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at info level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        void LogInfo(string message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at info level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        void LogInfo(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at warning level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        void LogWarn(string message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a message at warning level with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        void LogWarn(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a fatal message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        void LogFatal(string message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a fatal message with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        void LogFatal(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a error message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The message to be logged</param>
+        void LogError(string message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs a error message with a format string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="messageFormat">The format string</param>
+        /// <param name="messageParameters">The array of arguments</param>
+        void LogError(string messageFormat, params object[] messageParameters);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Logs an exception
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="e">The exception to be logged</param>
+        void LogException(Exception e);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/LoggerServiceFactory.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/LoggerServiceFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74f9fc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Services/LoggerServiceFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Services
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Used to get logger service instances for different types
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class LoggerServiceFactory
+    {
+        private static Lazy<ILoggerService> s_loggerService =
+            new Lazy<ILoggerService>(() => GetDefaultLogger());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overrides an existing logger by a given logger service instance
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="loggerServiceOverride">
+        /// The logger service instance used to overrides
+        /// </param>
+        public static void SetLoggerService(ILoggerService loggerServiceOverride)
+        {
+            s_loggerService = new Lazy<ILoggerService>(() => loggerServiceOverride);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an instance of logger service for a given type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type of logger service to get</param>
+        /// <returns>An instance of logger service</returns>
+        public static ILoggerService GetLogger(Type type)
+        {
+            return s_loggerService.Value.GetLoggerInstance(type);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// if there exists xxx.exe.config file and log4net settings, then use log4net
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static ILoggerService GetDefaultLogger()
+        {
+            return ConsoleLoggerService.s_instance;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkConf.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkConf.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f257c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkConf.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Configuration for a Spark application. Used to set various Spark parameters as key-value
+    /// pairs.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Note that once a SparkConf object is passed to Spark, it is cloned and can no longer be
+    /// modified by the user. Spark does not support modifying the configuration at runtime.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public sealed class SparkConf : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="loadDefaults">
+        /// Indicates whether to load values from Java system properties
+        /// </param>
+        public SparkConf(bool loadDefaults = true)
+            : this(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallConstructor(
+                "org.apache.spark.SparkConf",
+                loadDefaults))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal SparkConf(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+
+            // Special handling for debug mode because spark.master and spark.app.name will not
+            // be set in debug mode. Driver code may override these values if SetMaster or
+            // SetAppName methods are used.
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Get("spark.master", "")))
+            {
+                SetMaster("local");
+            }
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Get("spark.app.name", "")))
+            {
+                SetAppName("debug app");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The master URL to connect to, such as "local" to run locally with one thread,
+        /// "local[4]" to run locally with 4 cores, or "spark://master:7077" to run on a Spark
+        /// standalone cluster.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Spark master</param>
+        public SparkConf SetMaster(string master)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setMaster", master);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set a name for your application. Shown in the Spark web UI.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="appName">Name of the app</param>
+        public SparkConf SetAppName(string appName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setAppName", appName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the location where Spark is installed on worker nodes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sparkHome"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public SparkConf SetSparkHome(string sparkHome)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setSparkHome", sparkHome);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the value of a string config
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Config name</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Config value</param>
+        public SparkConf Set(string key, string value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("set", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a int parameter value, falling back to a default if not set
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to use</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value to use</param>
+        public int GetInt(string key, int defaultValue)
+        {
+            return (int)Reference.Invoke("getInt", key, defaultValue);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a string parameter value, falling back to a default if not set
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to use</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value to use</param>
+        public string Get(string key, string defaultValue)
+        {
+            return (string)Reference.Invoke("get", key, defaultValue);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get all parameters as a list of pairs.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IReadOnlyList<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetAll()
+        {
+            var kvpStringCollection = (string)Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet.JvmBridgeUtils",
+                "getSparkConfAsString",
+                this);
+
+            string[] kvpStringArray = kvpStringCollection.Split(';');
+            var configs = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();
+
+            foreach (string kvpString in kvpStringArray)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(kvpString))
+                {
+                    string[] kvpItems = kvpString.Split('=');
+                    if ((kvpItems.Length == 2) &&
+                        !string.IsNullOrEmpty(kvpItems[0]) &&
+                        !string.IsNullOrEmpty(kvpItems[1]))
+                    {
+                        configs.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>(kvpItems[0], kvpItems[1]));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return configs;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkContext.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkContext.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74961fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkContext.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Hadoop.Conf;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Scala;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Main entry point for Spark functionality. A SparkContext represents the connection
+    /// to a Spark cluster, and can be used to create RDDs, accumulators and broadcast
+    /// variables on that cluster.
+    /// 
+    /// Only one `SparkContext` should be active per JVM. You must `stop()` the
+    /// active `SparkContext` before creating a new one.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class SparkContext : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly SparkConf _conf;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a SparkContext object with the given config.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conf">a Spark config object describing the application configuration.
+        /// Any settings in this config overrides the default configs as well as system properties.
+        /// </param>
+        public SparkContext(SparkConf conf)
+            : this(conf.Reference.Jvm.CallConstructor("org.apache.spark.SparkContext", conf))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a SparkContext that loads settings from system properties (for instance,
+        /// when launching with spark-submit).
+        /// </summary>
+        public SparkContext()
+            : this(new SparkConf())
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alternative constructor that allows setting common Spark properties directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Cluster URL to connect to (e.g. spark://host:port, local)</param>
+        /// <param name="appName">A name for the application</param>
+        /// <param name="conf">
+        /// A <see cref="SparkConf"/> object specifying other Spark parameters
+        /// </param>
+        public SparkContext(string master, string appName, SparkConf conf)
+            : this(GetUpdatedConf(master, appName, null, conf))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a SparkContext instance with a specific master and application name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Cluster URL to connect to (e.g. spark://host:port, local)</param>
+        /// <param name="appName">A name for the application</param>
+        public SparkContext(string master, string appName)
+            : this(GetUpdatedConf(master, appName, null, null))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alternative constructor that allows setting common Spark properties directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Cluster URL to connect to (e.g. spark://host:port, local)</param>
+        /// <param name="appName">A name for the application</param>
+        /// <param name="sparkHome">The path that holds spark bits</param>
+        public SparkContext(string master, string appName, string sparkHome)
+            : this(GetUpdatedConf(master, appName, sparkHome, null))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor where SparkContext object is already created.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">JVM object reference for this SparkContext object</param>
+        internal SparkContext(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+            _conf = new SparkConf((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getConf"));
+        }
+
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns SparkConf object associated with this SparkContext object.
+        /// Note that modifying the SparkConf object will not have any impact.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>SparkConf object</returns>
+        public SparkConf GetConf() => _conf;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// This function may be used to get or instantiate a SparkContext and register it as a
+        /// singleton object. Because we can only have one active SparkContext per JVM,
+        /// this is useful when applications may wish to share a SparkContext.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conf"><see cref="SparkConf"/> that will be used for creating SparkContext
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// Current SparkContext (or a new one if it wasn't created before the function call)
+        /// </returns>
+        public static SparkContext GetOrCreate(SparkConf conf)
+        {
+            IJvmBridge jvm = conf.Reference.Jvm;
+            return new SparkContext(
+                (JvmObjectReference)jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.SparkContext",
+                    "getOrCreate",
+                    conf));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Control our logLevel. This overrides any user-defined log settings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Valid log levels include: ALL, DEBUG, ERROR, FATAL, INFO, OFF, TRACE, WARN
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="logLevel">The desired log level as a string.</param>
+        public void SetLogLevel(string logLevel)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setLogLevel", logLevel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shut down the SparkContext.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Stop()
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("stop");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default level of parallelism to use when not given by user (e.g. Parallelize()).
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DefaultParallelism => (int)Reference.Invoke("defaultParallelism");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a modified version of <see cref="SparkConf"/> with the parameters that can be
+        /// passed separately to SparkContext, to make it easier to write SparkContext's
+        /// constructors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Cluster URL to connect to (e.g. spark://host:port, local)</param>
+        /// <param name="appName">A name for the application</param>
+        /// <param name="sparkHome">The path that holds spark bits</param>
+        /// <param name="conf">
+        /// A <see cref="SparkConf"/> object specifying other Spark parameters
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Modified <see cref="SparkConf"/> object.</returns>
+        private static SparkConf GetUpdatedConf(
+            string master,
+            string appName,
+            string sparkHome,
+            SparkConf conf)
+        {
+            SparkConf sparkConf = conf ?? new SparkConf();
+            if (master != null)
+            {
+                sparkConf.SetMaster(master);
+            }
+            if (appName != null)
+            {
+                sparkConf.SetAppName(appName);
+            }
+            if (sparkHome != null)
+            {
+                sparkConf.SetSparkHome(sparkHome);
+            }
+
+            return sparkConf;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a human readable description of the current job.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Description of the current job</param>
+        public void SetJobDescription(string value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setJobDescription", value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Assigns a group ID to all the jobs started by this thread until the group ID is set to
+        /// a different value or cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Often, a unit of execution in an application consists of multiple Spark actions or
+        /// jobs. Application programmers can use this method to group all those jobs together
+        /// and give a group description. Once set, the Spark web UI will associate such jobs
+        /// with this group.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="groupId">Group Id</param>
+        /// <param name="description">Description on the job group</param>
+        /// <param name="interruptOnCancel">
+        /// If true, then job cancellation will result in `Thread.interrupt()` being called on the
+        /// job's executor threads. 
+        /// </param>
+        public void SetJobGroup(string groupId, string description, bool interruptOnCancel = false)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setJobGroup", groupId, description, interruptOnCancel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the current thread's job group ID and its description.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearJobGroup()
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("clearJobGroup");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Distribute a local collection to form an RDD.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the elements in the collection</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="seq">Collection to distribute</param>
+        /// <param name="numSlices">Number of partitions to divide the collection into</param>
+        /// <returns>RDD representing distributed collection</returns>
+        internal RDD<T> Parallelize<T>(IEnumerable<T> seq, int? numSlices = null)
+        {
+            using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            var values = new List<byte[]>();
+            foreach (T obj in seq)
+            {
+                BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, obj);
+                values.Add(memoryStream.ToArray());
+                memoryStream.SetLength(0);
+            }
+
+            return new RDD<T>(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.DotnetRDD",
+                    "createJavaRDDFromArray",
+                    Reference,
+                    values,
+                    numSlices ?? DefaultParallelism),
+                this,
+                SerializedMode.Byte);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Read a text file from HDFS, a local file system (available on all nodes), or any
+        /// Hadoop-supported file system URI, and return it as an RDD of strings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">path to the text file on a supported file system</param>
+        /// <param name="minPartitions">minimum number of partitions for the resulting RDD</param>
+        /// <returns>RDD of lines of the text file</returns>
+        internal RDD<string> TextFile(string path, int? minPartitions = null)
+        {
+            return new RDD<string>(
+                WrapAsJavaRDD((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "textFile",
+                    path,
+                    minPartitions ?? DefaultParallelism)),
+                this,
+                SerializedMode.String);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a file to be downloaded with this Spark job on every node.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If a file is added during execution, it will not be available until the next
+        /// TaskSet starts.
+        /// 
+        /// A path can be added only once. Subsequent additions of the same path are ignored.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// File path can be either a local file, a file in HDFS (or other Hadoop-supported
+        /// filesystems), or an HTTP, HTTPS or FTP URI.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="recursive">
+        /// If true, a directory can be given in `path`. Currently directories are supported
+        /// only for Hadoop-supported filesystems.
+        /// </param>
+        public void AddFile(string path, bool recursive = false)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("addFile", path, recursive);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of file paths that are added to resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>File paths that are added to resources.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> ListFiles() =>
+            new Seq<string>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listFiles"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add an archive to be downloaded and unpacked with this Spark job on every node.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If an archive is added during execution, it will not be available until the next
+        /// TaskSet starts.
+        /// 
+        /// A path can be added only once. Subsequent additions of the same path are ignored.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="path">
+        /// Archive path can be either a local file, a file in HDFS (or other Hadoop-supported
+        /// filesystems), or an HTTP, HTTPS or FTP URI. The given path should be one of .zip,
+        /// .tar, .tar.gz, .tgz and .jar.
+        /// </param>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public void AddArchive(string path)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("addArchive", path);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of archive paths that are added to resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Archive paths that are added to resources.</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public IEnumerable<string> ListArchives() =>
+            new Seq<string>((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listArchives"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the directory under which RDDs are going to be checkpointed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="directory">
+        /// path to the directory where checkpoint files will be stored
+        /// </param>
+        public void SetCheckpointDir(string directory)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("setCheckpointDir", directory);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the directory where RDDs are checkpointed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The directory where RDDs are checkpointed. Returns `null` if no checkpoint
+        /// directory has been set.
+        /// </returns>
+        public string GetCheckpointDir()
+        {
+            return (string)new Option((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getCheckpointDir")).OrNull();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Broadcast a read-only variable to the cluster, returning a Microsoft.Spark.Broadcast
+        /// object for reading it in distributed functions. The variable will be sent to each 
+        /// executor only once.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the variable being broadcast</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the broadcast variable</param>
+        /// <returns>A Broadcast object of type <see cref="Broadcast{T}(T)"/></returns>
+        public Broadcast<T> Broadcast<T>(T value)
+        {
+            return new Broadcast<T>(this, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A default Hadoop Configuration for the Hadoop code (e.g. file systems) that we reuse.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The Hadoop Configuration.</returns>
+        public Configuration HadoopConfiguration() =>
+            new Configuration((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("hadoopConfiguration"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns JVM object reference to JavaRDD object transformed
+        /// from a Scala RDD object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The transformation is for easy reflection on the JVM side.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="rdd">JVM object reference to Scala RDD</param>
+        /// <returns>JVM object reference to JavaRDD object</returns>
+        private JvmObjectReference WrapAsJavaRDD(JvmObjectReference rdd)
+        {
+            return (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.api.dotnet.DotnetRDD",
+                "toJavaRDD",
+                rdd);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string that represents the version of Spark on which this application is running.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A string that represents the version of Spark on which this application is running.
+        /// </returns>
+        public string Version() => (string)Reference.Invoke("version");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkFiles.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkFiles.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08d6a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/SparkFiles.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolves paths to files added through <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class SparkFiles
+    {
+        private static IJvmBridge Jvm { get; } = SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge;
+        private static readonly string s_sparkFilesClassName = "org.apache.spark.SparkFiles";
+
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static string s_rootDirectory;
+
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static bool s_isRunningOnWorker;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the absolute path of a file added through
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileName">The name of the file added through
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>The absolute path of the file.</returns>
+        public static string Get(string fileName) =>
+            Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(GetRootDirectory(), fileName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the root directory that contains files added through
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The root directory that contains the files.</returns>
+        public static string GetRootDirectory() =>
+            s_isRunningOnWorker ?
+            s_rootDirectory :
+            (string)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_sparkFilesClassName, "getRootDirectory");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the root directory that contains files added through
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This should only be called from the Microsoft.Spark.Worker.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Root directory that contains files added
+        /// through <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// </param>
+        internal static void SetRootDirectory(string path)
+        {
+            s_isRunningOnWorker = true;
+            s_rootDirectory = path;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowArrayHelpers.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowArrayHelpers.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..494c84c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowArrayHelpers.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Apache.Arrow.Types;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Helper methods to work with Apache Arrow arrays.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class ArrowArrayHelpers
+    {
+        private static readonly HashSet<ArrowTypeId> s_twoBufferArrowTypes = new HashSet<ArrowTypeId>()
+        {
+            ArrowTypeId.Boolean,
+            ArrowTypeId.Int8,
+            ArrowTypeId.UInt8,
+            ArrowTypeId.Int16,
+            ArrowTypeId.UInt16,
+            ArrowTypeId.Int32,
+            ArrowTypeId.UInt32,
+            ArrowTypeId.Int64,
+            ArrowTypeId.UInt64,
+            ArrowTypeId.Float,
+            ArrowTypeId.Double,
+            ArrowTypeId.Date32,
+            ArrowTypeId.Date64,
+            ArrowTypeId.Timestamp,
+        };
+
+        private static readonly HashSet<ArrowTypeId> s_threeBufferArrowTypes = new HashSet<ArrowTypeId>()
+        {
+            ArrowTypeId.String,
+            ArrowTypeId.Binary,
+        };
+
+        public static DataFrameColumn CreateEmptyColumn<T>()
+        {
+            Type type = typeof(T);
+            return type switch
+            {
+                _ when type == typeof(BooleanDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new BooleanDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(SByteDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new SByteDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(ByteDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new ByteDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int16DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new Int16DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt16DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new UInt16DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int32DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new Int32DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt32DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new UInt32DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int64DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new Int64DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt64DataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new UInt64DataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(SingleDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new SingleDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(DoubleDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new DoubleDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ when type == typeof(ArrowStringDataFrameColumn) =>
+                    new ArrowStringDataFrameColumn("Empty"),
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unknown type: {type}")
+            };
+        }
+
+        public static IArrowArray CreateEmptyArray(IArrowType arrowType)
+        {
+            ArrayData data = BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(arrowType);
+            return ArrowArrayFactory.BuildArray(data);
+        }
+
+        public static IArrowArray CreateEmptyArray<T>()
+        {
+            ArrayData data = BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrayType<T>();
+            return ArrowArrayFactory.BuildArray(data);
+        }
+
+        private static ArrayData BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrayType<T>()
+        {
+            Type type = typeof(T);
+            return type switch
+            {
+                _ when type == typeof(BooleanArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(BooleanType.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int8Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(Int8Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt8Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(UInt8Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int16Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(Int16Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt16Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(UInt16Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int32Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(Int32Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt32Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(UInt32Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(Int64Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(Int64Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(UInt64Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(UInt64Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(FloatArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(FloatType.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(DoubleArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(DoubleType.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(Date64Array) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(Date64Type.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(TimestampArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(TimestampType.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(StringArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(StringType.Default),
+                _ when type == typeof(BinaryArray) =>
+                    BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(BinaryType.Default),
+
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unknown type: {type}")
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static ArrayData BuildEmptyArrayDataFromArrowType(IArrowType arrowType)
+        {
+            if (s_twoBufferArrowTypes.Contains(arrowType.TypeId))
+            {
+                return new ArrayData(arrowType, 0,
+                    buffers: new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, ArrowBuffer.Empty });
+            }
+
+            if (s_threeBufferArrowTypes.Contains(arrowType.TypeId))
+            {
+                return new ArrayData(arrowType, 0,
+                    buffers: new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, ArrowBuffer.Empty, ArrowBuffer.Empty });
+            }
+
+            throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported type: {arrowType.TypeId}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowFunctions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowFunctions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04674524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowFunctions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Functions available for DataFrame operations.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class ArrowFunctions
+    {
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column> VectorUdf<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+            where T : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply3;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply4;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply5;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply6;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply7;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply8;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply9;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where T10 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply10;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3da93602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a Grouped Map UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// UDF serialization requires a "wrapper" object in order to serialize/deserialize.
+    /// </remarks>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly Func<RecordBatch, RecordBatch> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper(Func<RecordBatch, RecordBatch> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal RecordBatch Execute(RecordBatch input)
+        {
+            return _func(input);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90bebbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ArrowUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Sql.ArrowArrayHelpers;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T, TResult>
+        where T : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T)columns[argOffsets[0]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where T6 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where T6 : IArrowArray
+        where T7 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where T6 : IArrowArray
+        where T7 : IArrowArray
+        where T8 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where T6 : IArrowArray
+        where T7 : IArrowArray
+        where T8 : IArrowArray
+        where T9 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]],
+                    (T9)columns[argOffsets[8]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>
+        where T1 : IArrowArray
+        where T2 : IArrowArray
+        where T3 : IArrowArray
+        where T4 : IArrowArray
+        where T5 : IArrowArray
+        where T6 : IArrowArray
+        where T7 : IArrowArray
+        where T8 : IArrowArray
+        where T9 : IArrowArray
+        where T10 : IArrowArray
+        where TResult : IArrowArray
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal ArrowUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IArrowArray Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<IArrowArray> columns = input.Span;
+            int length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]],
+                    (T9)columns[argOffsets[8]],
+                    (T10)columns[argOffsets[9]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyArray<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Avro/Functions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Avro/Functions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6eeb381c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Avro/Functions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Avro
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Functions for serialization and deserialization of data in Avro format.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class Functions
+    {
+        private static IJvmBridge Jvm { get; } = SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge;
+        private static readonly Lazy<string> s_avroClassName =
+            new Lazy<string>(() =>
+            {
+                Version sparkVersion = SparkEnvironment.SparkVersion;
+                return sparkVersion.Major switch
+                {
+                    2 => "org.apache.spark.sql.avro.package",
+                    3 => "org.apache.spark.sql.avro.functions",
+                    4 => "org.apache.spark.sql.avro.functions",
+                    _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Spark {sparkVersion} not supported.")
+                };
+            });
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a binary column of avro format into its corresponding catalyst value. The specified
+        /// schema must match the read data, otherwise the behavior is undefined: it may fail or return
+        /// arbitrary result.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">The binary column.</param>
+        /// <param name="jsonFormatSchema">The avro schema in JSON string format.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column FromAvro(Column data, string jsonFormatSchema) => 
+            new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_avroClassName.Value,
+                    "from_avro",
+                    data,
+                    jsonFormatSchema));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a binary column of avro format into its corresponding catalyst value. The specified
+        /// schema must match the read data, otherwise the behavior is undefined: it may fail or return
+        /// arbitrary result. To deserialize the data with a compatible and evolved schema, the expected Avro
+        /// schema can be set via the option avroSchema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">The binary column.</param>
+        /// <param name="jsonFormatSchema">The avro schema in JSON string format.</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the Avro record is parsed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column FromAvro(
+            Column data,
+            string jsonFormatSchema,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options) => 
+            new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_avroClassName.Value,
+                    "from_avro",
+                    data,
+                    jsonFormatSchema,
+                    options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a column into binary of avro format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">The data column.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ToAvro(Column data) => 
+            new Column((JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_avroClassName.Value, "to_avro", data));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a column into binary of avro format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">The data column.</param>
+        /// <param name="jsonFormatSchema">User-specified output avro schema in JSON string format.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column ToAvro(Column data, string jsonFormatSchema) => 
+            new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_avroClassName.Value,
+                    "to_avro",
+                    data,
+                    jsonFormatSchema));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Builder.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Builder.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..460f16b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Builder.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The entry point to programming Spark with the Dataset and DataFrame API.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Builder : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _options =
+            new Dictionary<string, string>() { { "spark.app.kind", "sparkdotnet" } };
+
+        internal Builder()
+            : this(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession",
+                    "builder"))
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal Builder(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the Spark master URL to connect to, such as "local" to run locally, "local[4]" to
+        /// run locally with 4 cores, or "spark://master:7077" to run on a Spark standalone
+        /// cluster.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="master">Master URL</param>
+        public Builder Master(string master)
+        {
+            Config("spark.master", master);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a name for the application, which will be shown in the Spark web UI.
+        /// If no application name is set, a randomly generated name will be used.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="appName">Name of the app</param>
+        public Builder AppName(string appName)
+        {
+            Config("spark.app.name", appName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a config option. Options set using this method are automatically propagated to
+        /// both SparkConf and SparkSession's own configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key for the configuration</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value of the configuration</param>
+        public Builder Config(string key, string value)
+        {
+            _options[key] = value;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a config option. Options set using this method are automatically propagated to
+        /// both SparkConf and SparkSession's own configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key for the configuration</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value of the configuration</param>
+        public Builder Config(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            _options[key] = value.ToString();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a config option. Options set using this method are automatically propagated to
+        /// both SparkConf and SparkSession's own configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key for the configuration</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value of the configuration</param>
+        public Builder Config(string key, double value)
+        {
+            _options[key] = value.ToString();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a config option. Options set using this method are automatically propagated to
+        /// both SparkConf and SparkSession's own configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key for the configuration</param>
+        /// <param name="value">value of the configuration</param>
+        public Builder Config(string key, long value)
+        {
+            _options[key] = value.ToString();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a list of config options based on the given SparkConf
+        /// </summary>
+        public Builder Config(SparkConf conf)
+        {
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> keyValuePair in conf.GetAll())
+            {
+                _options[keyValuePair.Key] = keyValuePair.Value;
+            }
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Enables Hive support, including connectivity to a persistent Hive metastore, support
+        /// for Hive serdes, and Hive user-defined functions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Builder EnableHiveSupport()
+        {
+            return Config("spark.sql.catalogImplementation", "hive");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an existing [[SparkSession]] or, if there is no existing one, creates a new
+        /// one based on the options set in this builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public SparkSession GetOrCreate()
+        {
+            var sparkConf = new SparkConf();
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> option in _options)
+            {
+                sparkConf.Set(option.Key, option.Value);
+            }
+
+            Reference.Invoke("config", sparkConf);
+
+            return new SparkSession((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getOrCreate"));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Catalog.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Catalog.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1789038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Catalog.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Catalog
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Catalog interface for Spark. To access this, use SparkSession.Catalog.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Catalog : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Catalog(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Caches the specified table in-memory.
+        ///
+        /// Spark SQL can cache tables using an in-memory columnar format by calling
+        /// `CacheTable("tableName")` or `DataFrame.Cache()`. Spark SQL will scan only required
+        /// columns and will automatically tune compression to minimize memory usage and GC
+        /// pressure. You can call `UncacheTable("tableName")` to remove the table from memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        public void CacheTable(string tableName) => Reference.Invoke("cacheTable", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all cached tables from the in-memory cache. You can either clear all cached
+        /// tables at once using this or clear each table individually using
+        /// `UncacheTable("tableName")`.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearCache() => Reference.Invoke("clearCache");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a table, in the hive warehouse, from the given path and returns the
+        /// corresponding DataFrame. The table will contain the contents of the parquet
+        /// file that is in the `path` parameter. The default data source type is parquet. This can
+        /// be changed using `CreateTable(tableName, path, source)` or setting the configuration
+        /// option `spark.sql.sources.default` when creating the spark session using
+        /// `Config("spark.sql.sources.default", "csv")` or after you have created the session using
+        /// `Conf().Set("spark.sql.sources.default", "csv")`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">The name of the table to create.</param>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to use to create the table.</param>
+        /// <returns>The contents of the files in the path parameter as a `DataFrame`.</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(string tableName, string path) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("createTable", tableName, path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a table, in the hive warehouse, from the given path based from a data
+        /// source and returns the corresponding DataFrame.
+        ///
+        /// The type of file type (csv, parquet, etc.) is specified using the `source` parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to use to create the table.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Data source to use to create the table such as parquet, csv, etc.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>The results of reading the files in path as a `DataFrame`.</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(string tableName, string path, string source) =>
+            new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("createTable", tableName, path, source));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a table based on the dataset in a data source and a set of options.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">
+        /// Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a table. If no database
+        /// identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current database.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="source">
+        /// Data source to use to create the table such as parquet, csv, etc.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options used to table</param>
+        /// <returns>The corresponding DataFrame</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(string tableName, string source, IDictionary<string, string> options) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("createTable", tableName, source, options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a table based on the dataset in a data source and a set of options.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">
+        /// Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a table. If no database
+        /// identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current database.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="source">
+        /// Data source to use to create the table such as parquet, csv, etc.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="description">Description of the table</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options used to table</param>
+        /// <returns>The corresponding DataFrame</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(
+            string tableName,
+            string source,
+            string description,
+            IDictionary<string, string> options) =>
+            new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "createTable", tableName, source, description, options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a table based on the dataset in a data source, a schema and a set of options.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">
+        /// Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a table. If no database
+        /// identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current database.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="source">
+        /// Data source to use to create the table such as parquet, csv, etc.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="schema">Schema of the table</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options used to table</param>
+        /// <returns>The corresponding DataFrame</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(
+            string tableName,
+            string source,
+            StructType schema,
+            IDictionary<string, string> options) =>
+            new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "createTable",
+                    tableName,
+                    source,
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json),
+                    options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a table based on the dataset in a data source, a schema and a set of options.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">
+        /// Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a table. If no database
+        /// identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current database.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="source">
+        /// Data source to use to create the table such as parquet, csv, etc.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="schema">Schema of the table</param>
+        /// <param name="description">Description of the table</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options used to table</param>
+        /// <returns>The corresponding DataFrame</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public DataFrame CreateTable(
+            string tableName,
+            string source,
+            StructType schema,
+            string description,
+            IDictionary<string, string> options) =>
+            new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                    "createTable",
+                    tableName,
+                    source,
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json),
+                    description,
+                    options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the current database in this session. By default your session will be
+        /// connected to the "default" database (named "default") and to change database
+        /// either use `SetCurrentDatabase("databaseName")` or
+        /// `SparkSession.Sql("USE DATABASE databaseName")`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The database name as a string.</returns>
+        public string CurrentDatabase() => (string)Reference.Invoke("currentDatabase");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the database with the specified name exists. This will check the list
+        /// of hive databases in the current session to see if the database exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Name of the database to check.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the database exists and false if it does not exist.</returns>
+        public bool DatabaseExists(string dbName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("databaseExists", dbName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Drops the global temporary view with the given view name in the catalog.
+        ///
+        /// You can create global temporary views by taking a DataFrame and calling
+        /// `DataFrame.CreateOrReplaceGlobalTempView`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">The unqualified name of the temporary view to be dropped.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the view was dropped and false if it was not dropped.</returns>
+        public bool DropGlobalTempView(string viewName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("dropGlobalTempView", viewName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Drops the local temporary view with the given view name in the catalog.
+        /// Local temporary view is session-scoped. Its lifetime is the lifetime of the session
+        /// that created it, i.e. it will be automatically dropped when the session terminates.
+        /// It's not tied to any databases, i.e. we can't use db1.view1 to reference a local
+        /// temporary view.
+        ///
+        /// You can create temporary views by taking a DataFrame and calling
+        /// `DataFrame.CreateOrReplaceTempView`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">The unqualified name of the temporary view to be dropped.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the view was dropped and false if it was not dropped.</returns>
+        public bool DropTempView(string viewName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("dropTempView", viewName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the function with the specified name exists. `FunctionsExists` includes in-built
+        /// functions such as `abs`. To see if a built-in function exists you must use the
+        /// unqualified name. If you create a function you can use the qualified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="functionName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// function. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a function in the
+        /// current database.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the function exists and false it is does not.</returns>
+        public bool FunctionExists(string functionName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("functionExists", functionName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the function with the specified name exists in the specified database. If you
+        /// want to check if a built-in function exists specify the dbName as null or use
+        /// `FunctionExists(functionName)`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <param name="functionName">Is an unqualified name that designates a function.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the function exists and false it is does not.</returns>
+        public bool FunctionExists(string dbName, string functionName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("functionExists", dbName, functionName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the database with the specified name.
+        ///
+        /// Calling `GetDatabase` gives you access to the hive database name, description and
+        /// location.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Name of the database to get.</param>
+        /// <returns>`Database` object which includes the name, description and locationUri of
+        /// the database.</returns>
+        public Database GetDatabase(string dbName) =>
+            new Database((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getDatabase", dbName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  Get the function with the specified name. This function can be a temporary function
+        ///  or a function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="functionName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// function. It follows the same resolution rule with SQL: search for built-in/temp
+        /// functions first then functions in the current database(namespace).</param>
+        /// <returns>`Function` object which includes the class name, database, description,
+        /// whether it is temporary and the name of the function.</returns>
+        public Function GetFunction(string functionName) =>
+            new Function((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getFunction", functionName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the function with the specified name in the specified database under the Hive
+        /// Metastore.
+        /// To get built-in functions, or functions in other catalogs, please use `getFunction(functionName)` with
+        /// qualified function name instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database. Built-in functions will be
+        /// in database null rather than default.</param>
+        /// <param name="functionName">Is an unqualified name that designates a function in the
+        /// specified database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`Function` object which includes the class name, database, description,
+        /// whether it is temporary and the name of the function.</returns>
+        public Function GetFunction(string dbName, string functionName) =>
+            new Function(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getFunction", dbName, functionName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the table or view with the specified name. You can use this to find the tables
+        /// description, database, type and whether it is a temporary table or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`Table` object which includes name, database, description, table type and
+        /// whether the table is temporary or not.</returns>
+        public Table GetTable(string tableName) =>
+            new Table((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getTable", tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the table or view with the specified name in the specified database. You can use
+        /// this to find the tables description, database, type and whether it is a temporary
+        /// table or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is an unqualified name that designates a table in the specified
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`Table` object which includes name, database, description, table type and
+        /// whether the table is temporary or not.</returns>
+        public Table GetTable(string dbName, string tableName) =>
+            new Table((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("getTable", dbName, tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the table is currently cached in-memory. If the table is cached then it
+        /// will consume memory. To remove the table from cache use `UncacheTable` or `ClearCache`
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the table is cahced and false if it is not cached</returns>
+        public bool IsCached(string tableName) => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isCached", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of columns for the given table/view or temporary view. The DataFrame
+        /// includes the name, description, dataType, whether it is nullable or if it is
+        /// partitioned and if it is broken in buckets.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the name, description, dataType, whether each column is
+        /// nullable, if the column is partitioned and if the column is broken in buckets.
+        /// </returns>
+        public DataFrame ListColumns(string tableName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listColumns", tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of columns for the given table/view in the specified database.
+        /// The `DataFrame` includes the name, description, dataType, whether it is nullable or if it
+        /// is partitioned and if it is broken in buckets.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is an unqualified name that designates a table in the specified
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the name, description, dataType, whether each column is
+        /// nullable, if the column is partitioned and if the column is broken in buckets.
+        /// </returns>
+        public DataFrame ListColumns(string dbName, string tableName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listColumns", dbName, tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of databases available across all sessions. The `DataFrame` contains
+        /// the name, description and locationUri of each database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the  name, description and locationUri of each database.
+        /// </returns>
+        public DataFrame ListDatabases() =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listDatabases"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of functions registered in the current database. This includes all
+        /// temporary functions. The `DataFrame` contains the class name, database, description,
+        /// whether it is temporary and the name of each function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the class name, database, description, whether it is
+        /// temporary and the name of each function.</returns>
+        public DataFrame ListFunctions() =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listFunctions"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of functions registered in the specified database. This includes all
+        /// temporary functions. The `DataFrame` contains the class name, database, description,
+        /// whether it is temporary and the name of the function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the class name, database, description, whether it is
+        /// temporary and the name of each function.</returns>
+        public DataFrame ListFunctions(string dbName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listFunctions", dbName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of tables/views in the current database. The `DataFrame` includes the
+        /// name, database, description, table type and whether the table is temporary or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the name, database, description, table type and whether the
+        /// table is temporary or not for each table in the default database</returns>
+        public DataFrame ListTables() =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listTables"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of tables/views in the specified database. The `DataFrame` includes the
+        /// name, database, description, table type and whether the table is temporary or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <returns>`DataFrame` with the name, database, description, table type and whether the
+        /// table is temporary or not for each table in the named database</returns>
+        public DataFrame ListTables(string dbName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("listTables", dbName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recovers all the partitions in the directory of a table and update the catalog. This
+        /// only works for partitioned tables and not un-partitioned tables or views.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        public void RecoverPartitions(string tableName) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("recoverPartitions", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invalidates and refreshes all the cached data (and the associated metadata) for any
+        /// Dataset that contains the given data source path. Path matching is by prefix,
+        /// i.e. "/" would invalidate everything that is cached.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to refresh</param>
+        public void RefreshByPath(string path) => Reference.Invoke("refreshByPath", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invalidates and refreshes all the cached data and metadata of the given table. For
+        /// performance reasons, Spark SQL or the external data source library it uses might cache
+        /// certain metadata about a table, such as the location of blocks. When those change
+        /// outside of Spark SQL, users should call this function to invalidate the cache. If this
+        /// table is cached as an InMemoryRelation, drop the original cached version and make the
+        /// new version cached lazily.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        public void RefreshTable(string tableName) => Reference.Invoke("refreshTable", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the current default database in this session.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">The name of the database to set.</param>
+        public void SetCurrentDatabase(string dbName) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("setCurrentDatabase", dbName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the table or view with the specified name exists. This can either be a
+        /// temporary view or a table/view.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the table exists and false if it does not exist</returns>
+        public bool TableExists(string tableName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("tableExists", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the table or view with the specified name exists in the specified database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dbName">Is a name that designates a database.</param>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is an unqualified name that designates a table.</param>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the table exists in the specified database and false if it does
+        /// not exist</returns>
+        public bool TableExists(string dbName, string tableName) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("tableExists", dbName, tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the specified table from the in-memory cache.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Is either a qualified or unqualified name that designates a
+        /// table. If no database identifier is provided, it refers to a table in the current
+        /// database.
+        ///
+        /// To cache a table use `CacheTable(tableName)`.
+        /// </param>
+        public void UncacheTable(string tableName) => Reference.Invoke("uncacheTable", tableName);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Database.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Database.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..758ef407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Database.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Catalog
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A database in Spark, as returned by the `ListDatabases` method defined in `Catalog`.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Database : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Database(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Description of the database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the description of the database.</returns>
+        public string Description => (string)Reference.Invoke("description");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Path (in the form of a uri) to data files
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the location of the database.</returns>
+        public string LocationUri => (string)Reference.Invoke("locationUri");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Name of the database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the database.</returns>
+        public string Name => (string)Reference.Invoke("name");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Function.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Function.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b30028d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Function.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Catalog
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A user-defined function in Spark, as returned by `ListFunctions` method in `Catalog`.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Function : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Function(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Name of the database the function belongs to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the database that the function is in.</returns>
+        public string Database => (string)Reference.Invoke("database");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Description of the function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the description of the function.</returns>
+        public string Description => (string)Reference.Invoke("description");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether the function is temporary or not
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the function is temporary and false if it is not temporary.
+        /// </returns>
+        public bool IsTemporary => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isTemporary");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Name of the function
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the function.</returns>
+        public string Name => (string)Reference.Invoke("name");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The fully qualified class name of the function
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the class that implements the function.</returns>
+        public string ClassName => (string)Reference.Invoke("className");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Table.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Table.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..742aaeac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Catalog/Table.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Catalog
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A table in Spark, as returned by the `ListTables` method in `Catalog`.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Table : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal Table(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Name of the database the table belongs to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the database the table is in.</returns>
+        public string Database => (string)Reference.Invoke("database");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Description of the table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the description of the table.</returns>
+        public string Description => (string)Reference.Invoke("description");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether the table is temporary or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>bool, true if the table is temporary, false if it is not.</returns>
+        public bool IsTemporary => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isTemporary");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The name of the table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, the name of the table.</returns>
+        public string Name => (string)Reference.Invoke("name");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The type of table (e.g. view/table)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>string, will return either `view` or `table` </returns>
+        public string TableType => (string)Reference.Invoke("tableType");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Column.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Column.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8aa782f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Column.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Column class represents a column that will be computed based on the data in a DataFrame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Column : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for Column class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">JVM object reference</param>
+        internal Column(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Negate the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="self">Column to negate</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying negation</returns>
+        public static Column operator -(Column self)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(self, "negate");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply inversion of boolean expression, i.e. NOT.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="self">Column to apply inversion</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying inversion</returns>
+        public static Column operator !(Column self)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(self, "not");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply equality test on the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of equality test</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of equality test</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying equality test</returns>
+        public static Column operator ==(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.EqualTo(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Equality test.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">The right hand side of expression being tested for equality</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the equal to operator</returns>
+        public Column EqualTo(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("equalTo", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply inequality test.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of inequality test</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of inequality test</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying inequality test</returns>
+        public static Column operator !=(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.NotEqual(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inequality test.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The right hand side of expression being tested for inequality.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying not equal operator</returns>
+        public Column NotEqual(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("notEqual", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply "greater than" operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator >(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Gt(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Greater than.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The object that is in comparison to test if the left hand side is greater.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the greater than operator</returns>
+        public Column Gt(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("gt", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply "less than" operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator <(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Lt(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Less than.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The object that is in comparison to test if the left hand side is lesser.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the less than operator</returns>
+        public Column Lt(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("lt", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply "less than or equal to" operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator <=(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Leq(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Less than or equal to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The object that is in comparison to test if the left hand side is less or equal to.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the less than or equal to operator</returns>
+        public Column Leq(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("leq", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply "greater than or equal to" operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator >=(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Geq(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Greater or equal to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The object that is in comparison to test if the left hand side is greater or equal to
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the greater or equal to operator</returns>
+        public Column Geq(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("geq", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply equality test that is safe for null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Object to apply equality test</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the equality test</returns>
+        public Column EqNullSafe(object obj)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("eqNullSafe", obj);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates a condition and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.
+        /// If Otherwise(object) is not defined at the end, null is returned for
+        /// unmatched conditions. This method can be chained with other 'when' invocations in case
+        /// multiple matches are required.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="condition">The condition to check</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set if the condition is true</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the when method</returns>
+        public Column When(Column condition, object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("when", condition, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates a list of conditions and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.
+        /// If otherwise is not defined at the end, null is returned for unmatched conditions.
+        /// This is used when the When(Column, object) method is applied.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying otherwise method</returns>
+        public Column Otherwise(object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("otherwise", value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if the current column is between the lower bound and upper bound, inclusive.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lowerBound">The lower bound</param>
+        /// <param name="upperBound">The upper bound</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the between method</returns>
+        public Column Between(object lowerBound, object upperBound)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("between", lowerBound, upperBound);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if the current expression is NaN.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column with values true if the preceding column had a NaN
+        /// value in the same index, and false otherwise.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column IsNaN()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isNaN");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if the current expression is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column with values true if the preceding column had a null
+        /// value in the same index, and false otherwise.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column IsNull()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isNull");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if the current expression is NOT null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column with values true if the preceding column had a non-null
+        /// value in the same index, and false otherwise.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column IsNotNull()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isNotNull");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply boolean OR operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator |(Column lhs, Column rhs)
+        {
+            // Check the comment for operator & why rhs is Column instead of object.
+            return lhs.Or(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply boolean OR operator with the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Column to apply OR operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public Column Or(Column other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("or", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply boolean AND operator for the given two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Column on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public static Column operator &(Column lhs, Column rhs)
+        {
+            // Note that in Spark, && is overloaded which takes "Any" for the rhs.
+            // Since the overloaded operator on JVM cannot be reflected/called,
+            // this is calling "and" instead, which takes in "Column" for the rhs.
+            return lhs.And(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply boolean AND operator with the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Column to apply AND operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        public Column And(Column other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("and", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply sum of two expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Object on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the sum operation</returns>
+        public static Column operator +(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Plus(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sum of this expression and another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">The expression to be summed with</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the plus operator</returns>
+        public Column Plus(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("plus", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply subtraction of two expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Object on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the subtraction operation</returns>
+        public static Column operator -(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Minus(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subtraction. Subtract the other expression from this expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">The expression to be subtracted with</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the minus operator</returns>
+        public Column Minus(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("minus", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply multiplication of two expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Object on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the multiplication operation</returns>
+        public static Column operator *(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Multiply(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Multiplication of this expression and another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">The expression to be multiplied with</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the multiply operator</returns>
+        public Column Multiply(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("multiply", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply division of two expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Object on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the division operation</returns>
+        public static Column operator /(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Divide(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Division of this expression by another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">The expression to be divided by</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the divide operator</returns>
+        public Column Divide(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("divide", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply division of two expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="lhs">Column on the left side of the operator</param>
+        /// <param name="rhs">Object on the right side of the operator</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the division operation</returns>
+        public static Column operator %(Column lhs, object rhs)
+        {
+            return lhs.Mod(rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Modulo (a.k.a remainder) expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rhs">
+        /// The expression to be divided by to get the remainder for.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the mod operator</returns>
+        public Column Mod(object rhs)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("mod", rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// SQL like expression. Returns a boolean column based on a SQL LIKE match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="literal">The literal that is used to compute the SQL LIKE match</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the SQL LIKE match</returns>
+        public Column Like(string literal)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("like", literal);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// SQL RLIKE expression (LIKE with Regex). Returns a boolean column based on a regex
+        /// match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="literal">The literal that is used to compute the Regex match</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the regex LIKE method</returns>
+        public Column RLike(string literal)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("rlike", literal);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that gets an item at position `ordinal` out of an array,
+        /// or gets a value by key `key` in a `MapType`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">The key with which to identify the item</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after getting an item given a specific key</returns>
+        public Column GetItem(object key)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("getItem", key);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that adds/replaces field in <see cref="Types.StructType"/> by name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to assign to the field</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column after adding/replacing field in <see cref="Types.StructType"/> by name.
+        /// </returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public Column WithField(string fieldName, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("withField", fieldName, column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that drops fields in <see cref="Types.StructType"/> by name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fieldNames">Name of fields to drop.</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after after dropping fields.</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public Column DropFields(params string[] fieldNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("dropFields", fieldNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that gets a field by name in a `StructType`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after getting a field for a specific key</returns>
+        public Column GetField(string fieldName)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("getField", fieldName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that returns a substring.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPos">Expression for the starting position</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Expression for the length of the substring</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column that is bound by the start position provided, and the length.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column SubStr(Column startPos, Column len)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("substr", startPos, len);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that returns a substring.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPos">Starting position</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Length of the substring</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New column that is bound by the start position provided, and the length.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column SubStr(int startPos, int len)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("substr", startPos, len);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Contains the other element. Returns a boolean column based on a string match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The object that is used to check for existence in the current column.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after checking if the column contains object other</returns>
+        public Column Contains(object other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("contains", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// String starts with. Returns a boolean column based on a string match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The other column containing strings with which to check how values
+        /// in this column starts.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A boolean column where entries are true if values in the current
+        /// column does indeed start with the values in the given column.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column StartsWith(Column other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("startsWith", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// String starts with another string literal.
+        /// Returns a boolean column based on a string match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="literal">
+        /// The string literal used to check how values in a column starts.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A boolean column where entries are true if values in the current column
+        /// does indeed start with the given string literal.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column StartsWith(string literal)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("startsWith", literal);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// String ends with. Returns a boolean column based on a string match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The other column containing strings with which to check how values
+        /// in this column ends.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A boolean column where entries are true if values in the current
+        /// column does indeed end with the values in the given column.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column EndsWith(Column other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("endsWith", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// String ends with another string literal. Returns a boolean column based
+        /// on a string match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="literal">
+        /// The string literal used to check how values in a column ends.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A boolean column where entries are true if values in the current column
+        /// does indeed end with the given string literal.
+        /// </returns>
+        public Column EndsWith(string literal)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("endsWith", literal);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives the column an alias. Same as `As()`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">The alias that is given</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying an alias</returns>
+        public Column Alias(string alias)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("alias", alias);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives the column an alias.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">The alias that is given</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the as alias operator</returns>
+        public Column As(string alias)
+        {
+            return Alias(alias);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Assigns the given aliases to the results of a table generating function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">A list of aliases</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column As(IEnumerable<string> alias)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("as", alias);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts a value or values from a complex type.
+        /// The following types of extraction are supported:
+        ///
+        /// 1. Given an Array, an integer ordinal can be used to retrieve a single value.
+        /// 2. Given a Map, a key of the correct type can be used to retrieve an individual value.
+        /// 3. Given a Struct, a string fieldName can be used to extract that field.
+        /// 4. Given an Array of Structs, a string fieldName can be used to extract field
+        /// of every struct in that array, and return an Array of fields.
+        ///
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="extraction">Object used to extract value(s) from the column</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Apply(object extraction)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("apply", extraction);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives the column a name (alias).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">Alias column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Name(string alias)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("name", alias);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Casts the column to a different data type, using the canonical string
+        /// representation of the type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The supported types are: `string`, `boolean`, `byte`, `short`, `int`, `long`,
+        /// `float`, `double`, `decimal`, `date`, `timestamp`.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="to">String version of datatype</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Cast(string to)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("cast", to);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on ascending order of the column,
+        /// and null values return before non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the descending order operator</returns>
+        public Column Desc()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("desc");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the column,
+        /// and null values appear before non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column DescNullsFirst()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("desc_nulls_first");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the column,
+        /// and null values appear after non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column DescNullsLast()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("desc_nulls_last");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on ascending order of the column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the ascending order operator</returns>
+        public Column Asc()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("asc");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on ascending order of the column,
+        /// and null values return before non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Column AscNullsFirst()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("asc_nulls_first");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on ascending order of the column,
+        /// and null values appear after non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Column AscNullsLast()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("asc_nulls_last");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the expression to the console for debugging purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="extended">To print extended version or not</param>
+        public void Explain(bool extended)
+        {
+            ApplyMethod("explain", extended);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute bitwise OR of this expression with another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The other column that will be used to compute the bitwise OR.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying bitwise OR operator</returns>
+        public Column BitwiseOR(object other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("bitwiseOR", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute bitwise AND of this expression with another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The other column that will be used to compute the bitwise AND.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the bitwise AND operator</returns>
+        public Column BitwiseAND(object other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("bitwiseAND", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute bitwise XOR of this expression with another expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">
+        /// The other column that will be used to compute the bitwise XOR.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying bitwise XOR operator</returns>
+        public Column BitwiseXOR(object other)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("bitwiseXOR", other);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines a windowing column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="window">
+        /// A window specification that defines the partitioning, ordering, and frame boundaries.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Over(WindowSpec window)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("over", window);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines an empty analytic clause. In this case the analytic function is applied
+        /// and presented for all rows in the result set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Over()
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("over");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params string[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params int[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params long[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params bool[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params short[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params float[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params double[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///  A boolean expression that is evaluated to true if the value of this expression 
+        ///  is contained by the evaluated values of the arguments.  
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="list">List of values to check the column against</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column IsIn(params decimal[] list)
+        {
+            return ApplyMethod("isin", list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the underlying Expression object of the <see cref="Column"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal JvmObjectReference Expr()
+        {
+            return (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("expr");
+        }
+
+        // Equals() and GetHashCode() are required to be defined when operator==/!=
+        // are overloaded.
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is equal to this object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Object to compare to</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the given object is equal to this object</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return obj is Column other && Reference.Equals(other.Reference);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the hash code for this object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Hash code for this object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => Reference.GetHashCode();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke the toString method of the column instance
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column name of this column</returns>
+        public override string ToString() => (string)Reference.Invoke("toString");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method under "org.apache.spark.sql.functions" with the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply function</param>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the function</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the function</returns>
+        private static Column ApplyFunction(Column column, string name)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)column.Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.sql.functions",
+                    name,
+                    column));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes an operator (method name) with the current column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">Operator to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        private Column ApplyMethod(string op)
+        {
+            return new Column((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(op));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes an operator (method name) with the current column with other object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">Operator to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="other">Object to apply the operator with</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        private Column ApplyMethod(string op, object other)
+        {
+            return new Column((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(op, other));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invokes a method name with the current column with two other objects as parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">Method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="other1">Object to apply the method with</param>
+        /// <param name="other2">Object to apply the method with</param>
+        /// <returns>New column after applying the operator</returns>
+        private Column ApplyMethod(string op, object other1, object other2)
+        {
+            return new Column((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(op, other1, other2));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/CustomPicklers.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/CustomPicklers.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe4b33dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/CustomPicklers.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Razorvine.Pickle;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for Row objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class RowPickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream outs, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            currentPickler.save(((Row)o).Values);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for GenericRow objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class GenericRowPickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream outs, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            currentPickler.save(((GenericRow)o).Values);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for Date objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class DatePickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream outs, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            currentPickler.save(((Date)o).GetInterval());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for Timestamp objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class TimestampPickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream outs, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            currentPickler.save(((Timestamp)o).GetIntervalInMicroseconds());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrame.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6f69a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///  A distributed collection of data organized into named columns.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataFrame : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrame(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects column based on the column name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column this[string columnName]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return WrapAsColumn(Reference.Invoke("col", columnName));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts this strongly typed collection of data to generic `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DataFrame ToDF() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("toDF"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts this strongly typed collection of data to generic `DataFrame`
+        /// with columns renamed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame ToDF(params string[] colNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("toDF", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the schema associated with this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Schema associated with this data frame</returns>
+        public StructType Schema() =>
+            new StructType((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("schema"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the schema to the console in a nice tree format.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void PrintSchema() =>
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                (string)((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("schema")).Invoke("treeString"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the schema up to the given level to the console in a nice tree format.
+        /// </summary>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public void PrintSchema(int level)
+        {
+            var schema = (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("schema");
+            Console.WriteLine((string)schema.Invoke("treeString", level));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the plans (logical and physical) to the console for debugging purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="extended">prints only physical if set to false</param>
+        public void Explain(bool extended = false)
+        {
+            var execution = (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("queryExecution");
+            Console.WriteLine((string)execution.Invoke(extended ? "toString" : "simpleString"));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the plans (logical and physical) with a format specified by a given explain
+        /// mode.
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="mode">Specifies the expected output format of plans.
+        /// 1. `simple` Print only a physical plan.
+        /// 2. `extended`: Print both logical and physical plans.
+        /// 3. `codegen`: Print a physical plan and generated codes if they are available.
+        /// 4. `cost`: Print a logical plan and statistics if they are available.
+        /// 5. `formatted`: Split explain output into two sections: a physical plan outline and
+        /// node details.
+        /// </param>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public void Explain(string mode)
+        {
+            var execution = (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("queryExecution");
+            var explainMode = (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.execution.ExplainMode",
+                "fromString",
+                mode);
+            Console.WriteLine((string)execution.Invoke("explainString", explainMode));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns all column names and their data types as an IEnumerable of Tuples.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>IEnumerable of Tuple of strings</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Tuple<string, string>> DTypes() =>
+            Schema().Fields.Select(
+                f => new Tuple<string, string>(f.Name, f.DataType.SimpleString));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns all column names.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column names</returns>
+        public IReadOnlyList<string> Columns() =>
+            Schema().Fields.Select(field => field.Name).ToArray();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the Collect() and Take() methods can be run locally without any
+        /// Spark executors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if Collect() and Take() can be run locally</returns>
+        public bool IsLocal() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isLocal");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if this DataFrame is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if empty</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public bool IsEmpty() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isEmpty");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if this `DataFrame` contains one or more sources that continuously
+        /// return data as it arrives.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if streaming DataFrame</returns>
+        public bool IsStreaming() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isStreaming");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a checkpointed version of this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Checkpointing can be used to truncate the logical plan of this `DataFrame`, which is
+        /// especially useful in iterative algorithms where the plan may grow exponentially.
+        /// It will be saved to files inside the checkpoint directory set with
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.SetCheckpointDir(string)"/>.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="eager">Whether to checkpoint this `DataFrame` immediately</param>
+        /// <returns>Checkpointed DataFrame</returns>
+        public DataFrame Checkpoint(bool eager = true) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("checkpoint", eager));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a locally checkpointed version of this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Checkpointing can be used to truncate the logical plan of this `DataFrame`, which is
+        /// especially useful in iterative algorithms where the plan may grow exponentially.
+        /// Local checkpoints are written to executor storage and despite potentially faster
+        /// they are unreliable and may compromise job completion.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="eager">Whether to checkpoint this `DataFrame` immediately</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame LocalCheckpoint(bool eager = true) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("localCheckpoint", eager));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines an event time watermark for this DataFrame. A watermark tracks a point in time
+        /// before which we assume no more late data is going to arrive.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="eventTime">
+        /// The name of the column that contains the event time of the row.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="delayThreshold">
+        /// The minimum delay to wait to data to arrive late, relative to the latest record that
+        /// has been processed in the form of an interval (e.g. "1 minute" or "5 hours").
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame WithWatermark(string eventTime, string delayThreshold) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("withWatermark", eventTime, delayThreshold));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Displays rows of the `DataFrame` in tabular form.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numRows">Number of rows to show</param>
+        /// <param name="truncate">If set to more than 0, truncates strings to `truncate`
+        ///                        characters and all cells will be aligned right.</param>
+        /// <param name="vertical">If set to true, prints output rows vertically
+        ///                        (one line per column value).</param>
+        public void Show(int numRows = 20, int truncate = 20, bool vertical = false) =>
+            Console.WriteLine(Reference.Invoke("showString", numRows, truncate, vertical));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a `DataFrameNaFunctions` for working with missing data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrameNaFunctions object</returns>
+        public DataFrameNaFunctions Na() =>
+            new DataFrameNaFunctions((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("na"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///Returns a `DataFrameStatFunctions` for working statistic functions support.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrameNaFunctions object</returns>
+        public DataFrameStatFunctions Stat() =>
+            new DataFrameStatFunctions((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("stat"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the content of the DataFrame as a DataFrame of JSON strings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object with JSON strings.</returns>
+        public DataFrame ToJSON() =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("toJSON"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Join with another `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Behaves as an INNER JOIN and requires a subsequent join predicate.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side of the join operator</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Join(DataFrame right) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("join", right));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inner equi-join with another `DataFrame` using the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side of the join operator</param>
+        /// <param name="usingColumn">
+        /// Name of the column to join on. This column must exist on both sides.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Join(DataFrame right, string usingColumn) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("join", right, usingColumn));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Equi-join with another `DataFrame` using the given columns. A cross join with
+        /// a predicate is specified as an inner join. If you would explicitly like to
+        /// perform a cross join use the `crossJoin` method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side of the join operator</param>
+        /// <param name="usingColumns">Name of columns to join on</param>
+        /// <param name="joinType">Type of join to perform. Default `inner`. Must be one of:
+        /// `inner`, `cross`, `outer`, `full`, `full_outer`, `left`, `left_outer`, `right`,
+        /// `right_outer`, `left_semi`, `left_anti`</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Join(
+            DataFrame right,
+            IEnumerable<string> usingColumns,
+            string joinType = "inner") =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("join", right, usingColumns, joinType));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Join with another `DataFrame`, using the given join expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side of the join operator</param>
+        /// <param name="joinExpr">Join expression</param>
+        /// <param name="joinType">Type of join to perform. Default `inner`. Must be one of:
+        /// `inner`, `cross`, `outer`, `full`, `full_outer`, `left`, `left_outer`, `right`,
+        /// `right_outer`, `left_semi`, `left_anti`.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DataFrame Join(DataFrame right, Column joinExpr, string joinType = "inner") =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("join", right, joinExpr, joinType));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Explicit Cartesian join with another `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Cartesian joins are very expensive without an extra filter that can be pushed down.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side of the join operator</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CrossJoin(DataFrame right) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("crossJoin", right));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with each partition sorted by the given expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is the same operation as "SORT BY" in SQL (Hive QL).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name to sort by</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame SortWithinPartitions(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sortWithinPartitions", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with each partition sorted by the given expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is the same operation as "SORT BY" in SQL (Hive QL).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame SortWithinPartitions(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sortWithinPartitions", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` sorted by the specified column, all in ascending order.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name to sort by</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Sort(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sort", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` sorted by the given expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Sort(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sort", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new Dataset sorted by the given expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is an alias of the Sort() function.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name to sort by</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DataFrame OrderBy(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("orderBy", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new Dataset sorted by the given expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is an alias of the Sort() function.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions to sort by</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame OrderBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("orderBy", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies some hint on the current `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Due to the limitation of the type conversion between CLR and JVM,
+        /// the type of object in `parameters` should be the same.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the hint</param>
+        /// <param name="parameters">Parameters of the hint</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Hint(string name, object[] parameters = null)
+        {
+            // If parameters are empty, create an empty int array so
+            // that the type conversion between CLR and JVM works.
+            return ((parameters == null) || (parameters.Length == 0)) ?
+                WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("hint", name, new int[] { })) :
+                WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("hint", name, parameters));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects column based on the column name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column Col(string colName) => WrapAsColumn(Reference.Invoke("col", colName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects column based on the column name specified as a regex.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Column name as a regex</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public Column ColRegex(string colName) =>
+            WrapAsColumn(Reference.Invoke("colRegex", colName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with an alias set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">Alias name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public DataFrame As(string alias) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("as", alias));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with an alias set. Same as As().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="alias">Alias name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Alias(string alias) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("alias", alias));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects a set of column based expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Select(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("select", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects a set of columns. This is a variant of Select() that can only select
+        /// existing columns using column names (i.e. cannot construct expressions).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Select(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("select", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Selects a set of SQL expressions. This is a variant of Select() that
+        /// accepts SQL expressions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="expressions"></param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame SelectExpr(params string[] expressions) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("selectExpr", (object)expressions));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Filters rows using the given condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition expression</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Filter(Column condition) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("filter", condition));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Filters rows using the given SQL expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conditionExpr">SQL expression</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Filter(string conditionExpr) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("filter", conditionExpr));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Filters rows using the given condition. This is an alias for Filter().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition expression</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Where(Column condition) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("where", condition));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Filters rows using the given SQL expression. This is an alias for Filter().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="conditionExpr">SQL expression</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Where(string conditionExpr) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("where", conditionExpr));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Groups the DataFrame using the specified columns, so we can run aggregation on them.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset GroupBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("groupBy", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Groups the DataFrame using the specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset GroupBy(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("groupBy", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a multi-dimensional rollup for the current `DataFrame` using the
+        /// specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Rollup(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("rollup", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a multi-dimensional rollup for the current `DataFrame` using the
+        /// specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Rollup(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("rollup", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a multi-dimensional cube for the current `DataFrame` using the
+        /// specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Cube(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("cube", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a multi-dimensional cube for the current `DataFrame` using the
+        /// specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>RelationalGroupedDataset object</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Cube(string column, params string[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsGroupedDataset(Reference.Invoke("cube", column, columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Aggregates on the entire `DataFrame` without groups.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="expr">Column expression to aggregate</param>
+        /// <param name="exprs">Additional column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Agg(Column expr, params Column[] exprs) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("agg", expr, exprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Define (named) metrics to observe on the Dataset. This method returns an 'observed'
+        /// DataFrame that returns the same result as the input, with the following guarantees:
+        /// 
+        /// 1. It will compute the defined aggregates(metrics) on all the data that is flowing
+        /// through the Dataset at that point.
+        /// 2. It will report the value of the defined aggregate columns as soon as we reach a
+        /// completion point.A completion point is either the end of a query(batch mode) or the end
+        /// of a streaming epoch. The value of the aggregates only reflects the data processed
+        /// since the previous completion point.
+        /// 
+        /// Please note that continuous execution is currently not supported.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Named metrics to observe</param>
+        /// <param name="expr">Defined aggregate to observe</param>
+        /// <param name="exprs">Defined aggregates to observe</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public DataFrame Observe(string name, Column expr, params Column[] exprs) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("observe", name, expr, exprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a write configuration builder for v2 sources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="table">Name of table to write to</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 WriteTo(string table) =>
+            new DataFrameWriterV2((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("writeTo", table));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` by taking the first `number` rows.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n">Number of rows to take</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Limit(int n) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("limit", n));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing union of rows in this `DataFrame`
+        /// and another `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Union(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("union", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing union of rows in this `DataFrame`
+        /// and another `DataFrame`, resolving columns by name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame UnionByName(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("unionByName", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new <see cref="DataFrame"/> containing union of rows in this
+        /// <see cref="DataFrame"/> and another <see cref="DataFrame"/>, resolving
+        /// columns by name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <param name="allowMissingColumns">Allow missing columns</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public DataFrame UnionByName(DataFrame other, bool allowMissingColumns) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("unionByName", other, allowMissingColumns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing rows only in both this `DataFrame`
+        /// and another `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is equivalent to `INTERSECT` in SQL.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Intersect(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("intersect", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing rows only in both this `DataFrame`
+        /// and another `DataFrame` while preserving the duplicates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is equivalent to `INTERSECT ALL` in SQL.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public DataFrame IntersectAll(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("intersectAll", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing rows in this `DataFrame` but
+        /// not in another `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is equivalent to `EXCEPT DISTINCT` in SQL.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Except(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("except", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` containing rows in this `DataFrame` but
+        /// not in another `DataFrame` while preserving the duplicates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is equivalent to `EXCEPT ALL` in SQL.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public DataFrame ExceptAll(DataFrame other) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("exceptAll", other));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` by sampling a fraction of rows (without replacement),
+        /// using a user-supplied seed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fraction">Fraction of rows</param>
+        /// <param name="withReplacement">Sample with replacement or not</param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Optional random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Sample(
+            double fraction,
+            bool withReplacement = false,
+            long? seed = null) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(
+                seed.HasValue ?
+                Reference.Invoke("sample", withReplacement, fraction, seed.GetValueOrDefault()) :
+                Reference.Invoke("sample", withReplacement, fraction));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Randomly splits this `DataFrame` with the provided weights.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="weights">Weights for splits</param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Optional random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame[] RandomSplit(double[] weights, long? seed = null)
+        {
+            var dataFrames = (JvmObjectReference[])(seed.HasValue ?
+                Reference.Invoke("randomSplit", weights, seed.GetValueOrDefault()) :
+                Reference.Invoke("randomSplit", weights));
+
+            return dataFrames.Select(jvmObject => new DataFrame(jvmObject)).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` by adding a column or replacing the existing column that
+        /// has the same name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Name of the new column</param>
+        /// <param name="col">Column expression for the new column</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame WithColumn(string colName, Column col) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("withColumn", colName, col));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new Dataset with a column renamed.
+        /// This is a no-op if schema doesn't contain `existingName`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="existingName">Existing column name</param>
+        /// <param name="newName">New column name to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame WithColumnRenamed(string existingName, string newName) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("withColumnRenamed", existingName, newName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with columns dropped.
+        /// This is a no-op if schema doesn't contain column name(s).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to drop</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(params string[] colNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with a column dropped.
+        /// This is a no-op if the `DataFrame` doesn't have a column with an equivalent expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="col">Column expression</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(Column col) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", col));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that contains only the unique rows from this `DataFrame`.
+        /// This is an alias for Distinct().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DataFrame DropDuplicates() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("dropDuplicates"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` with duplicate rows removed, considering only
+        /// the subset of columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="col">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="cols">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame DropDuplicates(string col, params string[] cols) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("dropDuplicates", col, cols));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes basic statistics for numeric and string columns, including count, mean,
+        /// stddev, min, and max. If no columns are given, this function computes statistics for
+        /// all numerical or string columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This function is meant for exploratory data analysis, as we make no guarantee about
+        /// the backward compatibility of the schema of the resulting DataFrame. If you want to
+        /// programmatically compute summary statistics, use the `agg` function instead.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="cols">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Describe(params string[] cols) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("describe", (object)cols));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes specified statistics for numeric and string columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Available statistics are:
+        /// - count
+        /// - mean
+        /// - stddev
+        /// - min
+        /// - max
+        /// - arbitrary approximate percentiles specified as a percentage(e.g., 75%)
+        ///
+        /// If no statistics are given, this function computes count, mean, stddev, min,
+        /// approximate quartiles(percentiles at 25%, 50%, and 75%), and max.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="statistics">Statistics to compute</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Summary(params string[] statistics) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("summary", (object)statistics));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first `n` rows.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n">Number of rows</param>
+        /// <returns>First `n` rows</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Head(int n) => Limit(n).Collect();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>First row</returns>
+        public Row Head() => Limit(1).Collect().First();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first row. Alis for Head().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>First row</returns>
+        public Row First() => Head();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concise syntax for chaining custom transformations.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="func">
+        /// A function that takes and returns a <see cref="DataFrame"/>
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Transformed DataFrame object.</returns>
+        public DataFrame Transform(Func<DataFrame, DataFrame> func) => func(this);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first `n` rows in the `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n">Number of rows</param>
+        /// <returns>First `n` rows</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Take(int n) => Head(n);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the last `n` rows in the `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n">Number of rows</param>
+        /// <returns>Last `n` rows</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Tail(int n)
+        {
+            return GetRows("tailToPython", n);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array that contains all rows in this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This requires moving all the data into the application's driver process, and
+        /// doing so on a very large dataset can crash the driver process with OutOfMemoryError.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Row objects</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Collect()
+        {
+            return GetRows("collectToPython");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an iterator that contains all of the rows in this `DataFrame`.
+        /// The iterator will consume as much memory as the largest partition in this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Row objects</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> ToLocalIterator()
+        {
+            Version version = SparkEnvironment.SparkVersion;
+            return version.Major switch
+            {
+                2 => GetRows("toPythonIterator"),
+                3 => ToLocalIterator(false),
+                4 => ToLocalIterator(false),
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Spark {version} not supported.")
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an iterator that contains all of the rows in this `DataFrame`.
+        /// The iterator will consume as much memory as the largest partition in this `DataFrame`.
+        /// With prefetch it may consume up to the memory of the 2 largest partitions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="prefetchPartitions">
+        /// If Spark should pre-fetch the next partition before it is needed.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Row objects</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public IEnumerable<Row> ToLocalIterator(bool prefetchPartitions)
+        {
+            (int port, string secret, JvmObjectReference server) =
+                ParseConnectionInfo(
+                    Reference.Invoke("toPythonIterator", prefetchPartitions),
+                    true);
+            using ISocketWrapper socket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            socket.Connect(IPAddress.Loopback, port, secret);
+            foreach (Row row in new RowCollector().Collect(socket, server))
+            {
+                yield return row;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of rows in the `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public long Count() => (long)Reference.Invoke("count");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that has exactly `numPartitions` partitions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">Number of partitions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Repartition(int numPartitions) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("repartition", numPartitions));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` partitioned by the given partitioning expressions into
+        /// `numPartitions`. The resulting `DataFrame` is hash partitioned.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">Number of partitions</param>
+        /// <param name="partitionExprs">Partitioning expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Repartition(int numPartitions, params Column[] partitionExprs) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("repartition", numPartitions, partitionExprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` partitioned by the given partitioning expressions, using
+        /// `spark.sql.shuffle.partitions` as number of partitions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="partitionExprs">Partitioning expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Repartition(params Column[] partitionExprs) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("repartition", (object)partitionExprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` partitioned by the given partitioning expressions into
+        /// `numPartitions`. The resulting `DataFrame` is range partitioned.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">Number of partitions</param>
+        /// <param name="partitionExprs">Partitioning expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame RepartitionByRange(int numPartitions, params Column[] partitionExprs)
+        {
+            if ((partitionExprs == null) || (partitionExprs.Length == 0))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("partitionExprs cannot be empty.");
+            }
+
+            return WrapAsDataFrame(
+                Reference.Invoke("repartitionByRange", numPartitions, partitionExprs));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` partitioned by the given partitioning expressions, using
+        /// `spark.sql.shuffle.partitions` as number of partitions.
+        /// The resulting Dataset is range partitioned.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="partitionExprs">Partitioning expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame RepartitionByRange(params Column[] partitionExprs) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("repartitionByRange", (object)partitionExprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that has exactly `numPartitions` partitions, when the
+        /// fewer partitions are requested. If a larger number of partitions is requested,
+        /// it will stay at the current number of partitions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">Number of partitions</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Coalesce(int numPartitions) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("coalesce", numPartitions));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new Dataset that contains only the unique rows from this `DataFrame`.
+        /// This is an alias for DropDuplicates().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Distinct() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("distinct"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Persist this <see cref="DataFrame"/> with the default storage level MEMORY_AND_DISK.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Persist() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("persist"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Persist this <see cref="DataFrame"/> with the given storage level.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="storageLevel">
+        /// <see cref="StorageLevel"/> to persist the <see cref="DataFrame"/> to.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Persist(StorageLevel storageLevel) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("persist", storageLevel));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Persist this <see cref="DataFrame"/> with the default storage level MEMORY_AND_DISK.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Cache() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("cache"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the <see cref="DataFrame"/>'s current <see cref="StorageLevel"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns><see cref="StorageLevel"/> object</returns>
+        public StorageLevel StorageLevel() =>
+            new StorageLevel((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("storageLevel"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mark the Dataset as non-persistent, and remove all blocks for it from memory and disk.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This will not un-persist any cached data that is built upon this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="blocking"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DataFrame Unpersist(bool blocking = false) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("unpersist", blocking));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a local temporary view using the given name. The lifetime of this
+        /// temporary view is tied to the SparkSession that created this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">Name of the view</param>
+        public void CreateTempView(string viewName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("createTempView", viewName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates or replaces a local temporary view using the given name. The lifetime of this
+        /// temporary view is tied to the SparkSession that created this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">Name of the view</param>
+        public void CreateOrReplaceTempView(string viewName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("createOrReplaceTempView", viewName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a global temporary view using the given name. The lifetime of this
+        /// temporary view is tied to this Spark application.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">Name of the view</param>
+        public void CreateGlobalTempView(string viewName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("createGlobalTempView", viewName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates or replaces a global temporary view using the given name. The lifetime of this
+        /// temporary view is tied to this Spark application.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewName">Name of the view</param>
+        public void CreateOrReplaceGlobalTempView(string viewName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("createOrReplaceGlobalTempView", viewName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Interface for saving the content of the non-streaming Dataset out
+        /// into external storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Write() =>
+            new DataFrameWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("write"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Interface for saving the content of the streaming Dataset out into external storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter WriteStream() =>
+            new DataStreamWriter((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("writeStream"), this);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a best-effort snapshot of the files that compose this <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// This method simply asks each constituent BaseRelation for its respective files and takes
+        /// the union of all results. Depending on the source relations, this may not find all input
+        /// files. Duplicates are removed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Files that compose this DataFrame</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<string> InputFiles() => (string[])Reference.Invoke("inputFiles");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns `true` when the logical query plans inside both <see cref="DataFrame"/>s are
+        /// equal and therefore return same results.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The equality comparison here is simplified by tolerating the cosmetic differences
+        /// such as attribute names.
+        /// 
+        /// This API can compare both <see cref="DataFrame"/>s very fast but can still return `false`
+        /// on the <see cref="DataFrame"/> that return the same results, for instance, from different
+        /// plans. Such false negative semantic can be useful when caching as an example.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="other">Other DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// `true` when the logical query plans inside both <see cref="DataFrame"/>s are
+        /// equal and therefore return same results.
+        /// </returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public bool SameSemantics(DataFrame other) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("sameSemantics", other);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a hash code of the logical query plan against this <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Unlike the standard hash code, the hash is calculated against the query plan
+        /// simplified by tolerating the cosmetic differences such as attribute names.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Hash code of the logical query plan</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public int SemanticHash() =>
+            (int)Reference.Invoke("semanticHash");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns row objects based on the function (either "toPythonIterator",
+        /// "collectToPython", or "tailToPython").
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="funcName">String name of function to call</param>
+        /// <param name="args">Arguments to the function</param>
+        /// <returns>IEnumerable of Rows from Spark</returns>
+        private IEnumerable<Row> GetRows(string funcName, params object[] args)
+        {
+            (int port, string secret, _) = GetConnectionInfo(funcName, args);
+            using ISocketWrapper socket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            socket.Connect(IPAddress.Loopback, port, secret);
+            foreach (Row row in new RowCollector().Collect(socket))
+            {
+                yield return row;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a tuple of port number and secret string which are
+        /// used for connecting with Spark to receive rows for this `DataFrame`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A tuple of port number, secret string, and JVM socket auth server.</returns>
+        private (int, string, JvmObjectReference) GetConnectionInfo(
+            string funcName,
+            params object[] args)
+        {
+            object result = Reference.Invoke(funcName, args);
+            Version version = SparkEnvironment.SparkVersion;
+            return (version.Major, version.Minor) switch
+            {
+                // PythonFunction.serveIterator() returns a pair where the first is a port
+                // number and the second is the secret string to use for the authentication.
+                (2, 4) => ParseConnectionInfo(result, false),
+                (3, _) => ParseConnectionInfo(result, false),
+                (4, _) => ParseConnectionInfo(result, false),
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Spark {version} not supported.")
+            };
+        }
+
+        private (int, string, JvmObjectReference) ParseConnectionInfo(
+            object info,
+            bool parseServer)
+        {
+            var infos = (JvmObjectReference[])info;
+            return ((int)infos[0].Invoke("intValue"),
+                (string)infos[1].Invoke("toString"),
+                parseServer ? infos[2] : null);
+        }
+
+        private DataFrame WrapAsDataFrame(object obj) => new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+
+        private Column WrapAsColumn(object obj) => new Column((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+
+        private RelationalGroupedDataset WrapAsGroupedDataset(object obj) =>
+            new RelationalGroupedDataset((JvmObjectReference)obj, this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameFunctions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameFunctions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f755741b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameFunctions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Functions available for a managed DataFrame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class DataFrameFunctions
+    {
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column> VectorUdf<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+            where T : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply3;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply4;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply5;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply6;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply7;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply8;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply9;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a Vector UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The Vector UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the Vector UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> VectorUdf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T10 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return Functions.CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(
+                udf.Method.ToString(),
+                DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply10;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d98c25a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using FxDataFrame = Microsoft.Data.Analysis.DataFrame;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a Grouped Map UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// UDF serialization requires a "wrapper" object in order to serialize/deserialize.
+    /// </remarks>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly Func<FxDataFrame, FxDataFrame> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper(Func<FxDataFrame, FxDataFrame> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal FxDataFrame Execute(FxDataFrame input)
+        {
+            return _func(input);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameNaFunctions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameNaFunctions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..100072fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameNaFunctions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides functionalities for working with missing data in <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataFrameNaFunctions : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrameNaFunctions(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing any null or NaN values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop() => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing null or NaN values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If `how` is "any", then drop rows containing any null or NaN values.
+        /// If `how` is "all", then drop rows only if every column is null or NaN for that row.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="how">Determines the behavior of dropping rows</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(string how) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", how));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing any null or NaN values
+        /// in the specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing any null or NaN values
+        /// in the specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If `how` is "any", then drop rows containing any null or NaN values.
+        /// If `how` is "all", then drop rows only if every column is null or NaN for that row.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="how">Determines the behavior of dropping rows</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(string how, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", how, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing less than `minNonNulls`
+        /// non-null and non-NaN values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="minNonNulls"></param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(int minNonNulls) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", minNonNulls));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that drops rows containing less than `minNonNulls`
+        /// non-null and non-NaN values in the specified columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="minNonNulls"></param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Drop(int minNonNulls, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("drop", minNonNulls, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in numeric columns
+        /// with `value`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(long value) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in numeric columns
+        /// with `value`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(double value) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in numeric columns
+        /// with `value`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(string value) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in specified numeric
+        /// columns. If a specified column is not a numeric column, it is ignored.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(long value, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in specified numeric
+        /// columns. If a specified column is not a numeric column, it is ignored.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(double value, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in specified string
+        /// columns. If a specified column is not a string column, it is ignored.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(string value, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values in boolean columns with `value`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(bool value) => WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null or NaN values in specified boolean
+        /// columns. If a specified column is not a boolean column, it is ignored.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to replace with</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(bool value, IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", value, columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The key of the map is the column name, and the value of the map is the
+        /// replacement value.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="valueMap">Values to replace null values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(IDictionary<string, int> valueMap) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", valueMap));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The key of the map is the column name, and the value of the map is the
+        /// replacement value.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="valueMap">Values to replace null values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(IDictionary<string, long> valueMap) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", valueMap));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The key of the map is the column name, and the value of the map is the
+        /// replacement value.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="valueMap">Values to replace null values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(IDictionary<string, double> valueMap) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", valueMap));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The key of the map is the column name, and the value of the map is the
+        /// replacement value.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="valueMap">Values to replace null values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(IDictionary<string, string> valueMap) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", valueMap));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new `DataFrame` that replaces null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The key of the map is the column name, and the value of the map is the
+        /// replacement value.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="valueMap">Values to replace null values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Fill(IDictionary<string, bool> valueMap) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("fill", valueMap));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">
+        /// Name of the column to apply the value replacement. If `col` is "*", replacement
+        /// is applied on all string, numeric or boolean columns.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(string columnName, IDictionary<double, double> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnName, replacement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">
+        /// Name of the column to apply the value replacement. If `col` is "*", replacement
+        /// is applied on all string, numeric or boolean columns.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(string columnName, IDictionary<bool, bool> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnName, replacement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">
+        /// Name of the column to apply the value replacement. If `col` is "*", replacement
+        /// is applied on all string, numeric or boolean columns.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(string columnName, IDictionary<string, string> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnName, replacement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">
+        /// Name of the column to apply the value replacement. If `col` is "*", replacement
+        /// is applied on all string, numeric or boolean columns.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(
+            IEnumerable<string> columnNames,
+            IDictionary<double, double> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnNames, replacement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">list of columns to apply the value replacement.</param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(
+            IEnumerable<string> columnNames,
+            IDictionary<bool, bool> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnNames, replacement));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces values matching keys in `replacement` map with the corresponding values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">list of columns to apply the value replacement.</param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">Map that stores the replacement values</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Replace(
+            IEnumerable<string> columnNames,
+            IDictionary<string, string> replacement) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("replace", columnNames, replacement));
+
+        private DataFrame WrapAsDataFrame(object obj) => new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameReader.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameReader.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c070fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameReader.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// DataFrameReader provides functionality to load a <see cref="DataFrame"/>
+    /// from external storage systems (e.g. file systems, key-value stores, etc).
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataFrameReader : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrameReader(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the input data source format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Name of the data source</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Format(string source)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("format", source);
+            return this;
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the schema by using <see cref="StructType"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Some data sources (e.g. JSON) can infer the input schema automatically
+        /// from data. By specifying the schema here, the underlying data source can
+        /// skip the schema inference step, and thus speed up data loading.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="schema">The input schema</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Schema(StructType schema)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("schema", DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json));
+            return this;
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the schema by using the given DDL-formatted string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Some data sources (e.g. JSON) can infer the input schema automatically
+        /// from data. By specifying the schema here, the underlying data source can
+        /// skip the schema inference step, and thus speed up data loading.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="schemaString">DDL-formatted string</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Schema(string schemaString)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("schema", schemaString);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Option(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Option(string key, long value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Option(string key, double value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds input options for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">Key/value options</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Options(Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("options", options);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads input in as a DataFrame, for data sources that don't require a path
+        /// (e.g. external key-value stores).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Load() => new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads input in as a DataFrame, for data sources that require a path 
+        /// (e.g. data backed by a local or distributed file system).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Input path</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Load(string path) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads input in as a DataFrame from the given paths.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Paths can be empty if data sources don't require a path (e.g. external
+        /// key-value stores).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Load(params string[] paths) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load", (object)paths));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Construct a DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC URL
+        /// url named table and connection properties.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">JDBC database url of the form "jdbc:subprotocol:subname"</param>
+        /// <param name="table">Name of the table in the external database</param>
+        /// <param name="properties">JDBC database connection arguments</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC</returns>
+        public DataFrame Jdbc(string url, string table, Dictionary<string, string> properties) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "jdbc",
+                url,
+                table,
+                new Properties(Reference.Jvm, properties)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Construct a DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC URL
+        /// url named table. Partitions of the table will be retrieved in parallel based
+        /// on the parameters passed to this function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">JDBC database url of the form "jdbc:subprotocol:subname"</param>
+        /// <param name="table">Name of the table in the external database</param>
+        /// <param name="columnName">The name of a column of integral type that will be used
+        /// for partitioning</param>
+        /// <param name="lowerBound">The minimum value of columnName used to decide partition
+        /// stride.</param>
+        /// <param name="upperBound">The maximum value of columnName used to decide partition
+        /// stride</param>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">
+        /// The number of partitions. This, along with lowerBound (inclusive),
+        /// upperBound(exclusive), form partition strides for generated WHERE
+        /// clause expressions used to split the column columnName evenly.When
+        /// the input is less than 1, the number is set to 1.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="properties">JDBC database connection arguments</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC</returns>
+        public DataFrame Jdbc(
+            string url,
+            string table,
+            string columnName,
+            long lowerBound,
+            long upperBound,
+            int numPartitions,
+            Dictionary<string, string> properties) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "jdbc",
+                url,
+                table,
+                columnName,
+                lowerBound,
+                upperBound,
+                numPartitions,
+                new Properties(Reference.Jvm, properties)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Construct a DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC URL
+        /// url named table and connection properties. The predicates parameter gives a list
+        /// expressions suitable for inclusion in WHERE clauses; each one defines one partition
+        /// of the DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">JDBC database url of the form "jdbc:subprotocol:subname"</param>
+        /// <param name="table">Name of the table in the external database</param>
+        /// <param name="predicates">Condition in the WHERE clause for each partition</param>
+        /// <param name="properties">JDBC database connection arguments</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame representing the database table accessible via JDBC</returns>
+        public DataFrame Jdbc(
+            string url,
+            string table,
+            IEnumerable<string> predicates,
+            Dictionary<string, string> properties) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "jdbc",
+                url,
+                table,
+                predicates,
+                new Properties(Reference.Jvm, properties)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a JSON file (one object per line) and returns the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Json(params string[] paths) => LoadSource("json", paths);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads CSV files and returns the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Csv(params string[] paths) => LoadSource("csv", paths);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a Parquet file, returning the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Parquet(params string[] paths) => LoadSource("parquet", paths);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads an ORC file and returns the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Orc(params string[] paths) => LoadSource("orc", paths);
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the specified table as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of the table to read</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Table(string tableName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("table", tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads text files and returns a DataFrame whose schema starts with a string column
+        /// named "value", and followed by partitioned columns if there are any.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Text(params string[] paths) => LoadSource("text", paths);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to add given key/value pair as a new option.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        private DataFrameReader OptionInternal(string key, object value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to create a DataFrame with the given source and paths.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Name of the data source</param>
+        /// <param name="paths">Input paths</param>
+        /// <returns>A DataFrame object</returns>
+        private DataFrame LoadSource(string source, params string[] paths)
+        {
+            if (paths.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($"paths cannot be empty for source: {source}");
+            }
+
+            return new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(source, (object)paths));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameStatFunctions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameStatFunctions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e3c8293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameStatFunctions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides statistic functions for <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataFrameStatFunctions : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrameStatFunctions(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the approximate quantiles of a numerical column of a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This method implements a variation of the Greenwald-Khanna algorithm
+        /// (with some speed optimizations).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="probabilities">A list of quantile probabilities</param>
+        /// <param name="relativeError">
+        /// The relative target precision to achieve (greater than or equal to 0)
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>The approximate quantiles at the given probabilities</returns>
+        public double[] ApproxQuantile(
+            string columnName,
+            IEnumerable<double> probabilities,
+            double relativeError) =>
+            (double[])Reference.Invoke(
+                "approxQuantile", columnName, probabilities, relativeError);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculate the sample covariance of two numerical columns of a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName1">First column name</param>
+        /// <param name="colName2">Second column name</param>
+        /// <returns>The covariance of the two columns</returns>
+        public double Cov(string colName1, string colName2) =>
+            (double)Reference.Invoke("cov", colName1, colName2);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the correlation of two columns of a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Currently only the Pearson Correlation Coefficient is supported.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="colName1">First column name</param>
+        /// <param name="colName2">Second column name</param>
+        /// <param name="method">Method name for calculating correlation</param>
+        /// <returns>The Pearson Correlation Coefficient</returns>
+        public double Corr(string colName1, string colName2, string method) =>
+            (double)Reference.Invoke("corr", colName1, colName2, method);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the Pearson Correlation Coefficient of two columns of a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName1">First column name</param>
+        /// <param name="colName2">Second column name</param>
+        /// <returns>The Pearson Correlation Coefficient</returns>
+        public double Corr(string colName1, string colName2) =>
+            (double)Reference.Invoke("corr", colName1, colName2);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes a pair-wise frequency table of the given columns, also known as 
+        /// a contingency table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName1">First column name</param>
+        /// <param name="colName2">Second column name</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Crosstab(string colName1, string colName2) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("crosstab", colName1, colName2));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finding frequent items for columns, possibly with false positives.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <param name="support">
+        /// The minimum frequency for an item to be considered frequent.
+        /// Should be greater than 1e-4.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame FreqItems(IEnumerable<string> columnNames, double support) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("freqItems", columnNames, support));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finding frequent items for columns, possibly with false positives with
+        /// a default support of 1%.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Column names</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame FreqItems(IEnumerable<string> columnNames) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("freqItems", columnNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stratified sample without replacement based on the fraction given
+        /// on each stratum.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Stratum type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name that defines strata</param>
+        /// <param name="fractions">
+        /// Sampling fraction for each stratum. If a stratum is not specified, we treat
+        /// its fraction as zero.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame SampleBy<T>(
+            string columnName,
+            IDictionary<T, double> fractions,
+            long seed) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sampleBy", columnName, fractions, seed));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a stratified sample without replacement based on the fraction given
+        /// on each stratum.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Stratum type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="column">Column that defines strata</param>
+        /// <param name="fractions">
+        /// Sampling fraction for each stratum. If a stratum is not specified, we treat
+        /// its fraction as zero.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public DataFrame SampleBy<T>(Column column, IDictionary<T, double> fractions, long seed) =>
+            WrapAsDataFrame(Reference.Invoke("sampleBy", column, fractions, seed));
+
+        private DataFrame WrapAsDataFrame(object obj) => new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfRegistrationExtensions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfRegistrationExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcdf363b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfRegistrationExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extension methods for <see cref="UdfRegistration"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class DataFrameUdfRegistrationExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T, TResult> f)
+            where T : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T10 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, DataFrameUdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        private static void RegisterVector<TResult>(UdfRegistration udf, string name, Delegate func)
+        {
+            udf.Register<TResult>(name, func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7e387a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Sql.ArrowArrayHelpers;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An abstract class to detect DataFrameUdfWrapper derivatives at runtime
+    /// </summary>
+    internal abstract class DataFrameUdfWrapper
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T)columns[argOffsets[0]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]]);
+            }
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]],
+                    (T9)columns[argOffsets[8]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> : DataFrameUdfWrapper
+        where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+        where T10 : DataFrameColumn
+        where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+    {
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal DataFrameUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal DataFrameColumn Execute(ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<DataFrameColumn> columns = input.Span;
+            long length = columns[0]?.Length ?? 0;
+
+            if (length > 0)
+            {
+                return _func(
+                    (T1)columns[argOffsets[0]],
+                    (T2)columns[argOffsets[1]],
+                    (T3)columns[argOffsets[2]],
+                    (T4)columns[argOffsets[3]],
+                    (T5)columns[argOffsets[4]],
+                    (T6)columns[argOffsets[5]],
+                    (T7)columns[argOffsets[6]],
+                    (T8)columns[argOffsets[7]],
+                    (T9)columns[argOffsets[8]],
+                    (T10)columns[argOffsets[9]]);
+            }
+
+            return CreateEmptyColumn<TResult>();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWorkerFunction.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWorkerFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e604533b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWorkerFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using FxDataFrame = Microsoft.Data.Analysis.DataFrame;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function that will be executed in the worker using a <see cref="Microsoft.Data.Analysis.DataFrame"/> that supports the Apache Arrow format.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class DataFrameWorkerFunction : WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Type of the UDF to run. Refer to <see cref="ArrowUdfWrapper{T, T}"/>.Execute.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">unpickled data, representing a row</param>
+        /// <param name="argOffsets">offsets to access input</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal delegate DataFrameColumn ExecuteDelegate(
+            ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input,
+            int[] argOffsets);
+
+        internal DataFrameWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used to chain functions.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static DataFrameWorkerFunction Chain(
+            DataFrameWorkerFunction innerWorkerFunction,
+            DataFrameWorkerFunction outerWorkerFunction)
+        {
+            return new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+                new WorkerFuncChainHelper(
+                    innerWorkerFunction.Func,
+                    outerWorkerFunction.Func).Execute);
+        }
+
+        private class WorkerFuncChainHelper
+        {
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _innerFunc;
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _outerFunc;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The outer function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one
+            /// return value from an inner function.
+            /// </summary>
+            private static readonly int[] s_outerFuncArgOffsets = { 0 };
+
+            internal WorkerFuncChainHelper(ExecuteDelegate inner, ExecuteDelegate outer)
+            {
+                _innerFunc = inner;
+                _outerFunc = outer;
+            }
+
+            internal DataFrameColumn Execute(
+                ReadOnlyMemory<DataFrameColumn> input,
+                int[] argOffsets)
+            {
+                // For chaining, create an array with one element, which is a result from the inner
+                // function. Only the inner function will expect the given offsets, and the outer
+                // function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one value in the
+                // input.
+                return _outerFunc(
+                   new[] { _innerFunc(input, argOffsets) },
+                   s_outerFuncArgOffsets);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function for Grouped Map Vector UDFs using a <see cref="Microsoft.Data.Analysis.DataFrame"/> that supports the Apache Arrow format.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class DataFrameGroupedMapWorkerFunction : WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A delegate to invoke a Grouped Map Vector UDF.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The input data frame.</param>
+        /// <returns>The resultant data frame.</returns>
+        internal delegate FxDataFrame ExecuteDelegate(FxDataFrame input);
+
+        internal DataFrameGroupedMapWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriter.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d36d9f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface used to write a DataFrame to external storage systems (e.g. file systems,
+    /// key-value stores, etc).
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataFrameWriter : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrameWriter(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the behavior when data or table already exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Options include:
+        ///   - SaveMode.Overwrite: overwrite the existing data.
+        ///   - SaveMode.Append: append the data.
+        ///   - SaveMode.Ignore: ignore the operation (i.e. no-op).
+        ///   - SaveMode.ErrorIfExists: default option, throw an exception at runtime.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="saveMode">Save mode enum</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Mode(SaveMode saveMode) => Mode(saveMode.ToString());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the behavior when data or table already exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Options include:
+        ///   - "overwrite": overwrite the existing data.
+        ///   - "append": append the data.
+        ///   - "ignore": ignore the operation (i.e.no-op).
+        ///   - "error" or "errorifexists": default option, throw an exception at runtime.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="saveMode">Save mode string</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Mode(string saveMode)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("mode", saveMode);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the underlying output data source. Built-in options include
+        /// "parquet", "json", etc.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Data source name</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Format(string source)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("format", source);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Option(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Option(string key, long value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Option(string key, double value)
+        {
+            return OptionInternal(key, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds output options for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">Key/value options</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter Options(Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("options", options);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Partitions the output by the given columns on the file system. If specified,
+        /// the output is laid out on the file system similar to Hive's partitioning scheme.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Column names to partition by</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter PartitionBy(params string[] colNames)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("partitionBy", (object)colNames);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Buckets the output by the given columns. If specified, the output is laid out
+        /// on the file system similar to Hive's bucketing scheme.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numBuckets">Number of buckets to save</param>
+        /// <param name="colName">A column name</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter BucketBy(
+            int numBuckets,
+            string colName,
+            params string[] colNames)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("bucketBy", numBuckets, colName, colNames);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sorts the output in each bucket by the given columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">A name of a column</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriter SortBy(string colName, params string[] colNames)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("sortBy", colName, colNames);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Save(string path) => Reference.Invoke("save", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame as the specified table.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Save() => Reference.Invoke("save");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts the content of the DataFrame to the specified table. It requires that
+        /// the schema of the DataFrame is the same as the schema of the table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of the table</param>
+        public void InsertInto(string tableName) => Reference.Invoke("insertInto", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame as the specified table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of the table</param>
+        public void SaveAsTable(string tableName) => Reference.Invoke("saveAsTable", tableName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame to a external database table via JDBC
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">JDBC database URL of the form "jdbc:subprotocol:subname"</param>
+        /// <param name="table">Name of the table in the external database</param>
+        /// <param name="properties">JDBC database connection arguments</param>
+        public void Jdbc(string url, string table, Dictionary<string, string> properties)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("jdbc", url, table, new Properties(Reference.Jvm, properties));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame in JSON format at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Json(string path) => Reference.Invoke("json", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame in Parquet format at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Parquet(string path) => Reference.Invoke("parquet", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame in ORC format at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Orc(string path) => Reference.Invoke("orc", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame in a text file at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Text(string path) => Reference.Invoke("text", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the content of the DataFrame in CSV format at the specified path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to save the content</param>
+        public void Csv(string path) => Reference.Invoke("csv", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to add given key/value pair as a new option.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriter object</returns>
+        private DataFrameWriter OptionInternal(string key, object value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriterV2.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriterV2.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d38f3ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/DataFrameWriterV2.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface used to write a <see cref="DataFrame"/> to external storage using the v2
+    /// API.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+    public sealed class DataFrameWriterV2 : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataFrameWriterV2(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies a provider for the underlying output data source. Spark's default catalog
+        /// supports "parquet", "json", etc.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="provider">Provider name</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Using(string provider)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("using", provider);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">string value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">bool value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Option(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Long value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Option(string key, long value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Double value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Option(string key, double value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds output options for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">Key/value options</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 Options(Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("options", options);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a table property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">Name of property</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the property</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 TableProperty(string property, string value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("tableProperty", property, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Partition the output table created by <see cref="Create"/>,
+        /// <see cref="CreateOrReplace"/>, or <see cref="Replace"/> using the given columns or
+        /// transforms.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column name to partition on</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to partition on</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameWriterV2 object</returns>
+        public DataFrameWriterV2 PartitionedBy(Column column, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("partitionedBy", column, columns);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new table from the contents of the data frame.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Create() => Reference.Invoke("create");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replace an existing table with the contents of the data frame.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Replace() => Reference.Invoke("replace");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new table or replace an existing table with the contents of the data frame.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void CreateOrReplace() => Reference.Invoke("createOrReplace");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Append the contents of the data frame to the output table.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Append() => Reference.Invoke("append");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overwrite rows matching the given filter condition with the contents of the data frame
+        /// in the output table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition filter to overwrite based on</param>
+        public void Overwrite(Column condition) => Reference.Invoke("overwrite", condition);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overwrite all partition for which the data frame contains at least one row with the
+        /// contents of the data frame in the output table.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void OverwritePartitions() => Reference.Invoke("overwritePartitions");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/UserDefinedFunction.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/UserDefinedFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3d905f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/UserDefinedFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UserDefinedFunction is not exposed to the user directly.
+    /// Use Functions.Udf to create this object indirectly.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class UserDefinedFunction : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal static UserDefinedFunction Create(
+            string name,
+            byte[] command,
+            UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType,
+            string returnType)
+        {
+            return Create(SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge, name, command, evalType, returnType);
+        }
+
+        internal static UserDefinedFunction Create(
+            IJvmBridge jvm,
+            string name,
+            byte[] command,
+            UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType,
+            string returnType)
+        {
+            return new UserDefinedFunction(
+                jvm.CallConstructor(
+                    "org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python.UserDefinedPythonFunction",
+                    name,
+                    UdfUtils.CreatePythonFunction(jvm, command),
+                    DataType.FromJson(jvm, returnType),
+                    (int)evalType,
+                    true // udfDeterministic
+                    ));
+        }
+
+        internal UserDefinedFunction(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        // Apply0 and Apply10 is defined so that a corresponding Func<> can
+        // be constructed in Functions.Udf.
+
+        internal Column Apply0()
+        {
+            return Apply();
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply1(Column col)
+        {
+            return Apply(col);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply2(Column col1, Column col2)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply3(Column col1, Column col2, Column col3)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply4(Column col1, Column col2, Column col3, Column col4)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply5(Column col1, Column col2, Column col3, Column col4, Column col5)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply6(
+            Column col1,
+            Column col2,
+            Column col3,
+            Column col4,
+            Column col5,
+            Column col6)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply7(
+            Column col1,
+            Column col2,
+            Column col3,
+            Column col4,
+            Column col5,
+            Column col6,
+            Column col7)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6, col7);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply8(
+            Column col1,
+            Column col2,
+            Column col3,
+            Column col4,
+            Column col5,
+            Column col6,
+            Column col7,
+            Column col8)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6, col7, col8);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply9(
+            Column col1,
+            Column col2,
+            Column col3,
+            Column col4,
+            Column col5,
+            Column col6,
+            Column col7,
+            Column col8,
+            Column col9)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6, col7, col8, col9);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply10(
+            Column col1,
+            Column col2,
+            Column col3,
+            Column col4,
+            Column col5,
+            Column col6,
+            Column col7,
+            Column col8,
+            Column col9,
+            Column col10)
+        {
+            return Apply(col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6, col7, col8, col9, col10);
+        }
+
+        internal Column Apply(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return new Column((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("apply", (object)columns));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/Window.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/Window.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b59440a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/Window.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Utility functions for defining window in DataFrames.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class Window
+    {
+        private static IJvmBridge Jvm { get; } = SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge;
+        private static readonly string s_windowClassName =
+            "org.apache.spark.sql.expressions.Window";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Value representing the first row in the partition, equivalent to
+        /// "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING" in SQL.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static long UnboundedPreceding =>
+            (long)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_windowClassName, "unboundedPreceding");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Value representing the last row in the partition, equivalent to
+        /// "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING" in SQL.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static long UnboundedFollowing =>
+            (long)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_windowClassName, "unboundedFollowing");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Value representing the current row.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static long CurrentRow =>
+            (long)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(s_windowClassName, "currentRow");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the partitioning defined.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Name of column</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec PartitionBy(string colName, params string[] colNames) =>
+            Apply("partitionBy", colName, colNames);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the partitioning defined.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec PartitionBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            Apply("partitionBy", (object)columns);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the ordering defined.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Name of column</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec OrderBy(string colName, params string[] colNames) =>
+            Apply("orderBy", colName, colNames);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the ordering defined.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec OrderBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            Apply("orderBy", (object)columns);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the frame boundaries defined,
+        /// from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// the minimum long value `Window.s_unboundedPreceding`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is the
+        /// maximum long value `Window.s_unboundedFollowing`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec RowsBetween(long start, long end) =>
+            Apply("rowsBetween", start, end);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the frame boundaries defined,
+        /// from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// the minimum long value `Window.s_unboundedPreceding`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// maximum long value `Window.s_unboundedFollowing`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public static WindowSpec RangeBetween(long start, long end) =>
+            Apply("rangeBetween", start, end);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a `WindowSpec` with the frame boundaries defined,
+        /// from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 2.4 and removed in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if the expression is
+        /// `Microsoft.Spark.Sql.Functions.UnboundedPreceding()`
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if the expression is
+        /// `Microsoft.Spark.Sql.Functions.UnboundedFollowing()`
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Removed(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static WindowSpec RangeBetween(Column start, Column end) =>
+            Apply("rangeBetween", start, end);
+
+        private static WindowSpec Apply(string methodName, object arg)
+        {
+            return new WindowSpec(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_windowClassName,
+                    methodName,
+                    arg));
+        }
+
+        private static WindowSpec Apply(string methodName, object arg1, object arg2)
+        {
+            return new WindowSpec(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_windowClassName,
+                    methodName,
+                    arg1,
+                    arg2));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/WindowSpec.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/WindowSpec.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..893b1f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Expressions/WindowSpec.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A window specification that defines the partitioning, ordering, and frame boundaries.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class WindowSpec : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal WindowSpec(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the partitioning columns in a `WindowSpec`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Name of column</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec PartitionBy(string colName, params string[] colNames) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("partitionBy", colName, colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the partitioning columns in a `WindowSpec`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec PartitionBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("partitionBy", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the ordering columns in a `WindowSpec`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colName">Name of column</param>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec OrderBy(string colName, params string[] colNames) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("orderBy", colName, colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the ordering columns in a `WindowSpec`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Column expressions</param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec OrderBy(params Column[] columns) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("orderBy", (object)columns));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the frame boundaries, from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// the minimum long value `Window.s_unboundedPreceding`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is the
+        /// maximum long value `Window.s_unboundedFollowing`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec RowsBetween(long start, long end) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("rowsBetween", start, end));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the frame boundaries, from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// the minimum long value `Window.s_unboundedPreceding`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is
+        /// maximum long value `Window.s_unboundedFollowing`.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        public WindowSpec RangeBetween(long start, long end) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("rangeBetween", start, end));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Defines the frame boundaries, from `start` (inclusive) to `end` (inclusive).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 2.4 and removed in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="start">
+        /// Boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if the expression is
+        /// `Microsoft.Spark.Sql.Functions.UnboundedPreceding()`
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="end">
+        /// Boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if the expression is
+        /// `Microsoft.Spark.Sql.Functions.UnboundedFollowing()`
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>WindowSpec object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Removed(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public WindowSpec RangeBetween(Column start, Column end) =>
+            WrapAsWindowSpec(Reference.Invoke("rangeBetween", start, end));
+
+        private WindowSpec WrapAsWindowSpec(object obj) => new WindowSpec((JvmObjectReference)obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ForeachWriter.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ForeachWriter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fd4100b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/ForeachWriter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for writing custom logic to process data generated by a query. This is
+    /// often used to write the output of a streaming query to arbitrary storage systems.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// Any implementation of this interface will be used by Spark in the following way:
+    /// <list type="bullet">
+    /// <item>
+    /// <description>
+    /// A single instance of this class is responsible of all the data generated by a single task
+    /// in a query. In other words, one instance is responsible for processing one partition of the
+    /// data generated in a distributed manner.
+    /// </description>
+    /// </item>
+    /// <item>
+    /// <description>
+    /// Any implementation of this class must be <see cref="SerializableAttribute"/> because each
+    /// task will get a fresh serialized-deserialized copy of the provided object. Hence, it is
+    /// strongly recommended that any initialization for writing data (e.g.opening a connection or
+    /// starting a transaction) is done after the <see cref="Open(long, long)"/> method has been
+    /// called, which signifies that the task is ready to generate data.
+    /// </description>
+    /// </item>
+    /// <item>
+    /// <description>
+    /// The lifecycle of the methods are as follows:
+    /// <example>
+    /// <para/>For each partition with <c>partitionId</c>:
+    /// <para/>... For each batch/epoch of streaming data(if its streaming query) with <c>epochId</c>:
+    /// <para/>....... Method <c>Open(partitionId, epochId)</c> is called.
+    /// <para/>....... If <c>Open</c> returns true:
+    /// <para/>........... For each row in the partition and batch/epoch, method <c>Process(row)</c> is called.
+    /// <para/>....... Method <c>Close(errorOrNull)</c> is called with error(if any) seen while processing rows.
+    /// </example>
+    /// </description>
+    /// </item>
+    /// </list>
+    /// </para>
+    ///
+    /// <para>
+    /// Important points to note:
+    /// <list type="bullet">
+    /// <item>
+    /// <description>
+    /// The <c>partitionId</c> and <c>epochId</c> can be used to deduplicate generated data
+    /// when failures cause reprocessing of some input data. This depends on the execution
+    /// mode of the query. If the streaming query is being executed in the micro-batch
+    /// mode, then every partition represented by a unique tuple(partition_id, epoch_id)
+    /// is guaranteed to have the same data. Hence, (partition_id, epoch_id) can be used
+    /// to deduplicate and/or transactionally commit data and achieve exactly-once
+    /// guarantees. However, if the streaming query is being executed in the continuous
+    /// mode, then this guarantee does not hold and therefore should not be used for
+    /// deduplication.
+    /// </description>
+    /// </item>
+    /// </list>
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    public interface IForeachWriter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when starting to process one partition of new data in the executor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="partitionId">The partition id.</param>
+        /// <param name="epochId">A unique id for data deduplication.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if successful, false otherwise.</returns>
+        bool Open(long partitionId, long epochId);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called to process each <see cref="Row"/> in the executor side. This method
+        /// will be called only if <c>Open</c> returns <c>true</c>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="row">The row to process.</param>
+        void Process(Row row);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when stopping to process one partition of new data in the executor side. This is
+        /// guaranteed to be called either <see cref="Open(long, long)"/> returns <c>true</c> or
+        /// <c>false</c>. However, <see cref="Close(Exception)"/> won't be called in the following
+        /// cases:
+        /// <list type="bullet">
+        /// <item>
+        /// <description>
+        /// CLR/JVM crashes without throwing a <see cref="Exception"/>.
+        /// </description>
+        /// </item>
+        /// <item>
+        /// <description>
+        /// <see cref="Open(long, long)"/> throws an <see cref="Exception"/>.
+        /// </description>
+        /// </item>
+        /// </list>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="errorOrNull">
+        /// The <see cref="Exception"/> thrown during processing or null if there was no error.
+        /// </param>
+        void Close(Exception errorOrNull);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps a <see cref="IForeachWriter"/> and calls the appropriate methods as decribed in
+    /// the lifecycle documentation for the interface.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class ForeachWriterWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly IForeachWriter _foreachWriter;
+
+        internal ForeachWriterWrapper(IForeachWriter foreachWriter) =>
+            _foreachWriter = foreachWriter;
+
+        internal IEnumerable<object> Process(int partitionId, IEnumerable<Row> rows)
+        {
+            if (!TaskContextHolder.Get().LocalProperties.TryGetValue(
+                "streaming.sql.batchId",
+                out string epochIdStr) || !long.TryParse(epochIdStr, out long epochId))
+            {
+                throw new Exception(
+                    $"Could not get or parse batch id from TaskContext - batchId: {epochIdStr}");
+            }
+
+            Exception error = null;
+            bool opened = _foreachWriter.Open(partitionId, epochId);
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (opened)
+                {
+                    foreach (Row row in rows)
+                    {
+                        _foreachWriter.Process(row);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                error = e;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _foreachWriter.Close(error);
+
+                if (error != null)
+                {
+                    throw error;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // An empty IEnumerable is returned because ForEach is a sink operation,
+            // but something needs to be returned to work within the UDF framework.
+            return Enumerable.Empty<object>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a <see cref="ForeachWriterWrapper"/> UDF.
+    /// When this UdfWrapper is processed, the PythonEvalType is
+    /// <see cref="Utils.UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.NON_UDF"/>. The CommandExecutor expects the 
+    /// <see cref="Execute(int, IEnumerable{object})"/> method to match the
+    /// <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/> delegate. This UdfWrapper helps map 
+    /// the UDF for <see cref="ForeachWriterWrapper"/> to <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class ForeachWriterWrapperUdfWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly Func<int, IEnumerable<Row>, IEnumerable<object>> _func;
+
+        internal ForeachWriterWrapperUdfWrapper(
+            Func<int, IEnumerable<Row>, IEnumerable<object>> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal IEnumerable<object> Execute(int pid, IEnumerable<object> input)
+        {
+            // input is an IEnumerable<Row[]>, where each Row[] is batched using the
+            // org.apache.spark.api.python.SerDeUtil.AutoBatchedPickler algorithm.
+            // Refer to spark/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/
+            // PythonForeachWriter.scala for more information.
+            return _func(pid, input.Cast<Row[]>().SelectMany(row => row));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Functions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Functions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5955eef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Functions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,4735 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Functions available for DataFrame operations.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class Functions
+    {
+        private static IJvmBridge Jvm { get; } = SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge;
+        private static readonly string s_functionsClassName = "org.apache.spark.sql.functions";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a Column based on the given column name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Column(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("col", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a Column based on the given column name. Alias for Column().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Col(string columnName)
+        {
+            return Column(columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Column of literal value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="literal">Literal value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lit(object literal)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    "lit",
+                    literal));
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Sort functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Asc(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asc", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the column,
+        /// and null values return before non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column AscNullsFirst(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asc_nulls_first", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the column,
+        /// and null values appear after non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column AscNullsLast(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asc_nulls_last", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Desc(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("desc", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the column,
+        /// and null values return before non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DescNullsFirst(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("desc_nulls_first", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the column,
+        /// and null values appear after non-null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DescNullsLast(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("desc_nulls_last", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Aggregate functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the approximate number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ApproxCountDistinct(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("approx_count_distinct", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the approximate number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ApproxCountDistinct(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("approx_count_distinct", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the approximate number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="rsd">Maximum estimation error allowed</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ApproxCountDistinct(Column column, double rsd)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("approx_count_distinct", column, rsd);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the approximate number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="rsd">Maximum estimation error allowed</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ApproxCountDistinct(string columnName, double rsd)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("approx_count_distinct", columnName, rsd);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the average of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Avg(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("avg", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the average of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Avg(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("avg", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of objects with duplicates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CollectList(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("collect_list", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of objects with duplicates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CollectList(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("collect_list", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a set of objects with duplicate elements eliminated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CollectSet(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("collect_set", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a set of objects with duplicate elements eliminated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CollectSet(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("collect_set", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column1">Column one to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="column2">Column two to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Corr(Column column1, Column column2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("corr", column1, column2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName1">Column one name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnName2">Column two name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Corr(string columnName1, string columnName2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("corr", columnName1, columnName2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Count(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("count", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Count(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("count", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// An alias of `Count_Distinct`, and it is encouraged to use `Count_Distinct` directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CountDistinct(Column column, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("countDistinct", column, columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CountDistinct(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("countDistinct", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Additional columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Count_Distinct(Column column, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("count_distinct", column, columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population covariance for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column1">Column one to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="column2">Column two to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CovarPop(Column column1, Column column2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("covar_pop", column1, column2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population covariance for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName1">Column one name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnName2">Column two name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CovarPop(string columnName1, string columnName2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("covar_pop", columnName1, columnName2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sample covariance for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column1">Column one to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="column2">Column two to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CovarSamp(Column column1, Column column2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("covar_samp", column1, column2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sample covariance for two columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName1">Column one name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnName2">Column two name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CovarSamp(string columnName1, string columnName2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("covar_samp", columnName1, columnName2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first value of a column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The function by default returns the first values it sees. It will return
+        /// the first non-null value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true.
+        /// If all values are null, then null is returned.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">To ignore null or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column First(Column column, bool ignoreNulls = false)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("first", column, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first value of a column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The function by default returns the first values it sees. It will return
+        /// the first non-null value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true.
+        /// If all values are null, then null is returned.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">To ignore null or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column First(string columnName, bool ignoreNulls = false)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("first", columnName, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether a specified column in a GROUP BY list is aggregated
+        /// or not, returning 1 for aggregated or 0 for not aggregated in the result set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Grouping(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("grouping", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether a specified column in a GROUP BY list is aggregated
+        /// or not, returning 1 for aggregated or 0 for not aggregated in the result set.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Grouping(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("grouping", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The list of columns should match with grouping columns exactly, or empty
+        /// (meaning all the grouping columns).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column GroupingId(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("grouping_id", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of distinct items in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The list of columns should match with grouping columns exactly.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column GroupingId(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("grouping_id", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the kurtosis of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Kurtosis(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("kurtosis", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the kurtosis of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Kurtosis(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("kurtosis", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the last value of a column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The function by default returns the last values it sees. It will return
+        /// the last non-null value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true.
+        /// If all values are null, then null is returned.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">To ignore null or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Last(Column column, bool ignoreNulls = false)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("last", column, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the last value of a column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The function by default returns the last values it sees. It will return
+        /// the last non-null value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true.
+        /// If all values are null, then null is returned.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">To ignore null or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Last(string columnName, bool ignoreNulls = false)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("last", columnName, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the maximum value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Max(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("max", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the maximum value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Max(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("max", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the average value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Mean(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("mean", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the average value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Mean(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("mean", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minimum value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Min(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("min", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minimum value of the column in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Min(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("min", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the approximate `percentile` of the numeric column `col` which
+        /// is the smallest value in the ordered `col` values (sorted from least to greatest) such that
+        /// no more than `percentage` of `col` values is less than the value or equal to that value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="percentage">
+        /// If it is a single floating point value, it must be between 0.0 and 1.0.
+        /// When percentage is an array, each value of the percentage array must be between 0.0 and 1.0.
+        /// In this case, returns the approximate percentile array of column col
+        /// at the given percentage array.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="accuracy">
+        /// Positive numeric literal which controls approximation accuracy at the cost of memory.
+        /// Higher value of accuracy yields better accuracy, 1.0/accuracy is the relative error of the
+        /// approximation.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column PercentileApprox(Column column, Column percentage, Column accuracy)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("percentile_approx", column, percentage, accuracy);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the product of all numerical elements in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Product(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("product", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the skewness of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Skewness(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("skewness", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the skewness of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Skewness(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("skewness", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alias for StddevSamp().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Stddev(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alias for StddevSamp().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Stddev(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sample standard deviation of the expression in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column StddevSamp(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev_samp", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sample standard deviation of the expression in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column StddevSamp(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev_samp", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population standard deviation of the expression in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column StddevPop(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev_pop", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population standard deviation of the expression in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column StddevPop(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("stddev_pop", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sum of all values in the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sum(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sum", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sum of all values in the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sum(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sum", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sum of distinct values in the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column SumDistinct(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sumDistinct", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sum of distinct values in the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column SumDistinct(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sumDistinct", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the sum of distinct values in the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Sum_Distinct(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sum_distinct", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alias for <see cref="VarSamp(Sql.Column)"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Variance(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("variance", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alias for <see cref="VarSamp(string)"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Variance(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("variance", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the unbiased variance of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column VarSamp(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("var_samp", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the unbiased variance of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column VarSamp(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("var_samp", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population variance of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column VarPop(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("var_pop", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the population variance of the values in a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column VarPop(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("var_pop", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Window functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the special frame boundary that represents the first
+        /// row in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 2.4 and removed in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Removed(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column UnboundedPreceding()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unboundedPreceding");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the special frame boundary that represents the last
+        /// row in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 2.4 and removed in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Removed(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column UnboundedFollowing()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unboundedFollowing");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the special frame boundary that represents the current
+        /// row in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 2.4 and removed in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Removed(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column CurrentRow()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("currentRow");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the cumulative distribution of values within a window
+        /// partition, i.e. the fraction of rows that are below the current row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CumeDist()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cume_dist");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the rank of rows within a window partition, without any gaps.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the DENSE_RANK function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DenseRank()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("dense_rank");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows before the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows before the current row.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the previous row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the LAG function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lag(Column column, int offset, object defaultValue = null)
+        {
+            return (defaultValue != null) ?
+                ApplyFunction("lag", column, offset, defaultValue) :
+                ApplyFunction("lag", column, offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows before the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows before the current row.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the previous row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the LAG function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lag(string columnName, int offset, object defaultValue = null)
+        {
+            return (defaultValue != null) ?
+                ApplyFunction("lag", columnName, offset, defaultValue) :
+                ApplyFunction("lag", columnName, offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows before the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows before the current row.
+        /// 'ignoreNulls' determines whether null values of row are included in or eliminated from the 
+        /// calculation.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the previous row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">Boolean to determine whether null values are included or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Lag(Column column, int offset, object defaultValue, bool ignoreNulls)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("lag", column, offset, defaultValue, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows after the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows after the current row.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the next row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the LEAD function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lead(Column column, int offset, object defaultValue = null)
+        {
+            return (defaultValue != null) ?
+                ApplyFunction("lead", column, offset, defaultValue) :
+                ApplyFunction("lead", column, offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows after the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows after the current row.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the next row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the LEAD function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lead(string columnName, int offset, object defaultValue = null)
+        {
+            return (defaultValue != null) ?
+                ApplyFunction("lead", columnName, offset, defaultValue) :
+                ApplyFunction("lead", columnName, offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the value that is 'offset' rows after the current row,
+        /// and null if there is less than 'offset' rows after the current row.
+        /// 'ignoreNulls' determines whether null values of row are included in or eliminated from the 
+        /// calculation.
+        /// For example, an 'offset' of one will return the next row at any given point
+        /// in the window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value when the offset row doesn't exist</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">Boolean to determine whether null values are included or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Lead(Column column, int offset, object defaultValue, bool ignoreNulls)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("lead", column, offset, defaultValue, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value that is the `offset`th row of the window frame
+        /// (counting from 1), and `null` if the size of window frame is less than `offset` rows.
+        ///
+        /// It will return the `offset`th non-null value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true.
+        /// If all values are null, then null is returned.
+        ///
+        /// This is equivalent to the nth_value function in SQL.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset from the current row</param>
+        /// <param name="ignoreNulls">To ignore null or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column NthValue(Column column, int offset, bool ignoreNulls = false)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("nth_value", column, offset, ignoreNulls);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the ntile group id (from 1 to `n` inclusive) in an ordered
+        /// window partition. For example, if `n` is 4, the first quarter of the rows will get
+        /// value 1, the second quarter will get 2, the third quarter will get 3, and the last
+        /// quarter will get 4.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the NTILE function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="n">Number of buckets</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ntile(int n)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ntile", n);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the relative rank (i.e. percentile) of rows within
+        /// a window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the PERCENT_RANK function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column PercentRank()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("percent_rank");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns the rank of rows within a window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is equivalent to the RANK function in SQL.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rank()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rank");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Window function: returns a sequential number starting at 1 within a window partition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column RowNumber()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("row_number");
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Non-aggregate functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the absolute value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Abs(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("abs", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new array column. The input columns must all have the same data type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Array(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new array column. The input columns must all have the same data type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Array(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new map column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The input columns must be grouped as key-value pairs, e.g.
+        /// (key1, value1, key2, value2, ...). The key columns must all have the same data type,
+        /// and can't be null. The value columns must all have the same data type.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Map(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new map column. The array in the first column is used for keys. The array
+        /// in the second column is used for values. All elements in the array for key should
+        /// not be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Column expression for key</param>
+        /// <param name="values">Column expression for values</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column MapFromArrays(Column key, Column values)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_from_arrays", key, values);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Marks a DataFrame as small enough for use in broadcast joins.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="df">DataFrame to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public static DataFrame Broadcast(DataFrame df)
+        {
+            return new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    "broadcast",
+                    df));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the first column that is not null, or null if all inputs are null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Coalesce(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("coalesce", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a string column for the file name of the current Spark task.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column InputFileName()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("input_file_name");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true iff the column is NaN.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column IsNaN(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("isnan", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true iff the column is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column IsNull(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("isnull", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A column expression that generates monotonically increasing 64-bit integers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column MonotonicallyIncreasingId()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("monotonically_increasing_id");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns col1 if it is not NaN, or col2 if col1 is NaN.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Both inputs should be floating point columns (DoubleType or FloatType).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column1">Column one to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="column2">Column two to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column NaNvl(Column column1, Column column2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("nanvl", column1, column2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unary minus, i.e. negate the expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Negate(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("negate", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inversion of boolean expression, i.e. NOT.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Not(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("not", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a random column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
+        /// samples from U[0.0, 1.0].
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is non-deterministic when data partitions are not fixed.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="seed">Random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rand(long seed)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rand", seed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a random column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
+        /// samples from U[0.0, 1.0].
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rand()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rand");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a random column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
+        /// samples from the standard normal distribution.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is non-deterministic when data partitions are not fixed.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="seed">Random seed</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Randn(long seed)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("randn", seed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a random column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
+        /// samples from the standard normal distribution.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Randn()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("randn");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Partition ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is non-deterministic because it depends on data partitioning and task scheduling.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column SparkPartitionId()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("spark_partition_id");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the square root of the specified float value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sqrt(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sqrt", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the square root of the specified float value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sqrt(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sqrt", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new struct column that composes multiple input columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Struct(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("struct", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new struct column that composes multiple input columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Struct(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("struct", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates a condition and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.
+        /// If otherwise is not defined at the end, null is returned for
+        /// unmatched conditions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="condition">The condition to check.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set if the condition is true.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column When(Column condition, object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("when", condition, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes bitwise NOT.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column BitwiseNOT(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bitwiseNOT", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes bitwise NOT of a number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Bitwise_Not(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bitwise_not", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses the expression string into the column that it represents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="expr">Expression string</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Expr(string expr)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("expr", expr);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Math functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse cosine of `column` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.acos`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Acos(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("acos", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse cosine of `columnName` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.acos`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Acos(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("acos", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic cosine of <paramref name="column"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Acosh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("acosh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic cosine of <paramref name="columnName"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Acosh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("acosh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse sine of `column` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.asin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Asin(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asin", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse sine of `columnName` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.asin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Asin(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asin", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic sine of <paramref name="column"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Asinh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asinh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic sine of <paramref name="columnName"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Asinh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("asinh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse tangent of `column` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.atan`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse tangent of `columnName` in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.atan`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="y">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="x">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(Column y, Column x)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", y, x);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="y">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="xName">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(Column y, string xName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", y, xName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="yName">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="x">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(string yName, Column x)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", yName, x);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="yName">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="xName">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(string yName, string xName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", yName, xName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="y">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="xValue">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(Column y, double xValue)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", y, xValue);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="yName">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="xValue">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(string yName, double xValue)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", yName, xValue);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="yValue">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="x">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(double yValue, Column x)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", yValue, x);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes atan2 for the given `x` and `y`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="yValue">Coordinate on y-axis</param>
+        /// <param name="xName">Coordinate on x-axis</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Atan2(double yValue, string xName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atan2", yValue, xName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic tangent of <paramref name="column"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Atanh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atanh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse hyperbolic tangent of <paramref name="columnName"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Atanh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("atanh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that returns the string representation of the binary value
+        /// of the given long column. For example, bin("12") returns "1100".
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Bin(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bin", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An expression that returns the string representation of the binary value
+        /// of the given long column. For example, bin("12") returns "1100".
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Bin(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bin", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the cube-root of the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cbrt(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cbrt", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the cube-root of the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cbrt(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cbrt", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the ceiling of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ceil(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ceil", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the ceiling of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ceil(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ceil", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert a number in a string column from one base to another.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="fromBase">Source base number</param>
+        /// <param name="toBase">Target base number</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Conv(Column column, int fromBase, int toBase)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("conv", column, fromBase, toBase);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cos`
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cos(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cos", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cos`
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cos(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cos", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cosh`
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cosh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cosh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cosh`
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Cosh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("cosh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the exponential of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Exp(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("exp", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the exponential of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Exp(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("exp", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the exponential of the given value minus one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Expm1(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("expm1", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the exponential of the given value minus one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Expm1(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("expm1", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the factorial of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Factorial(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("factorial", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the floor of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Floor(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("floor", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the floor of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Floor(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("floor", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the greatest value of the list of values, skipping null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Greatest(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("greatest", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the greatest value of the list of column names, skipping null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Greatest(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("greatest", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hex value of the given column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hex(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hex", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inverse of hex. Interprets each pair of characters as a hexadecimal number
+        /// and converts to the byte representation of number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Unhex(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unhex", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(Column left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(Column left, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", left, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(string leftName, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", leftName, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(string leftName, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", leftName, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(Column left, double right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(string leftName, double right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", leftName, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side value</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(double left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side value</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hypot(double left, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hypot", left, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the least value of the list of values, skipping null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Least(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("least", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the least value of the list of values, skipping null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <param name="columnNames">Additional column names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Least(string columnName, params string[] columnNames)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("least", columnName, columnNames);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the natural logarithm of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the natural logarithm of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the first argument-base logarithm of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="logBase">Base for logarithm</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log(double logBase, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log", logBase, column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the first argument-base logarithm of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="logBase">Base for logarithm</param>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log(double logBase, string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log", logBase, columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the logarithm of the given value in base 10.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log10(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log10", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the logarithm of the given value in base 10.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log10(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log10", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the natural logarithm of the given value plus one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log1p(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log1p", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the natural logarithm of the given value plus one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log1p(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log1p", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the logarithm of the given column in base 2.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log2(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log2", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the logarithm of the given column in base 2.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Log2(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("log2", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(Column left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(Column left, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", left, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(string leftName, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", leftName, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(string leftName, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", leftName, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(Column left, double right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="leftName">Left side column name</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(string leftName, double right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", leftName, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side value</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(double left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side value</param>
+        /// <param name="rightName">Right side column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pow(double left, string rightName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pow", left, rightName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the positive value of dividend mod divisor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Pmod(Column left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("pmod", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and
+        /// is equal to a mathematical integer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rint(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rint", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and
+        /// is equal to a mathematical integer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rint(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rint", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the `column` rounded to 0 decimal places with
+        /// HALF_UP round mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Round(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("round", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the `column` rounded to `scale` decimal places with
+        /// HALF_UP round mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="scale">Scale factor</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Round(Column column, int scale)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("round", column, scale);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the `column` rounded to 0 decimal places with
+        /// HALF_EVEN round mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Bround(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bround", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of the `column` rounded to `scale` decimal places with
+        /// HALF_EVEN round mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="scale">Scale factor</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Bround(Column column, int scale)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bround", column, scale);
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shift the given value `numBits` left.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column ShiftLeft(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftLeft", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shift the given value `numBits` left.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Shiftleft(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftleft", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// (Signed) shift the given value `numBits` right.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column ShiftRight(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftRight", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// (Signed) shift the given value `numBits` right.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Shiftright(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftright", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unsigned shift the given value `numBits` right.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column ShiftRightUnsigned(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftRightUnsigned", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unsigned shift the given value `numBits` right.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">Number of bits to shift</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Shiftrightunsigned(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shiftrightunsigned", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the signum of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Signum(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("signum", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the signum of the given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Signum(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("signum", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes sine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sin(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sin", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes sine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sin(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sin", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic sine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sinh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sinh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic sine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sin`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sinh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sinh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes tangent of the given value, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.tan`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Tan(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("tan", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes tangent of the given value, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.tan`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Tan(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("tan", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic tangent of the given value, as if computed by
+        /// `java.lang.Math.tanh`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Tanh(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("tanh", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes hyperbolic tangent of the given value, as if computed by
+        /// `java.lang.Math.tanh`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Tanh(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("tanh", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle
+        /// measured in degrees.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Degrees(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("degrees", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle
+        /// measured in degrees.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Degrees(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("degrees", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle
+        /// measured in radians.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Radians(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("radians", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle
+        /// measured in radians.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Radians(string columnName)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("radians", columnName);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Misc functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the MD5 digest of a binary column and returns the value
+        /// as a 32 character hex string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Md5(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("md5", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the SHA-1 digest of a binary column and returns the value
+        /// as a 40 character hex string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sha1(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sha1", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the SHA-2 family of hash functions of a binary column and
+        /// returns the value as a hex string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="numBits">One of 224, 256, 384 or 512</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Sha2(Column column, int numBits)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sha2", column, numBits);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the cyclic redundancy check value  (CRC32) of a binary column and
+        /// returns the value as a bigint.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Crc32(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("crc32", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the hash code of given columns, and returns the result as an int column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hash(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hash", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the hash code of given columns using the 64-bit variant of the xxHash
+        /// algorithm, and returns the result as a long column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column XXHash64(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("xxhash64", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns null if the condition is true, and throws an exception otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column AssertTrue(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("assert_true", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns null if the condition is true; throws an exception with the error message otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="errMsg">Error message</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column AssertTrue(Column column, Column errMsg)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("assert_true", column, errMsg);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Throws an exception with the provided error message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="errMsg">Error message</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column RaiseError(Column errMsg)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("raise_error", errMsg);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // String functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the numeric value of the first character of the string column, and returns
+        /// the result as an int column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ascii(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ascii", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the BASE64 encoding of a binary column and returns it as a string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is the reverse of unbase64.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Base64(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("base64", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates multiple input string columns together into a single string column,
+        /// using the given separator.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sep">Separator used for string concatenation</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ConcatWs(string sep, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("concat_ws", sep, columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the first argument into a string from a binary using the provided
+        /// character set (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE',
+        /// 'UTF-16')
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="charset">Character set</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Decode(Column column, string charset)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("decode", column, charset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the first argument into a binary from a string using the provided
+        /// character set (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE',
+        /// 'UTF-16')
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="charset">Character set</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Encode(Column column, string charset)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("encode", column, charset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Formats the given numeric `column` to a format like '#,###,###.##',
+        /// rounded to the given `d` decimal places with HALF_EVEN round mode,
+        /// and returns the result as a string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="d">Decimal places for rounding</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column FormatNumber(Column column, int d)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("format_number", column, d);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Formats the arguments in printf-style and returns the result as a string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="format">Printf-style format</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column FormatString(string format, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("format_string", format, columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a new string column by converting the first letter of each word to uppercase.
+        /// Words are delimited by whitespace.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column InitCap(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("initcap", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Locate the position of the first occurrence of the given substring.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if the given substring
+        /// could not be found.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="substring">Substring to find</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Instr(Column column, string substring)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("instr", column, substring);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the character length of a given string or number of bytes of a binary string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The length of character strings includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary
+        /// strings includes binary zeros.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Length(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("length", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a string column to lower case.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lower(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("lower", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the Levenshtein distance of the two given string columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Levenshtein(Column left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("levenshtein", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Locate the position of the first occurrence of the given substring.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if the given substring
+        /// could not be found.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="substring">Substring to find</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Locate(string substring, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("locate", substring, column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Locate the position of the first occurrence of the given substring
+        /// starting from the given position offset.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if the given substring
+        /// could not be found.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="substring">Substring to find</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pos">Offset to start the search</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Locate(string substring, Column column, int pos)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("locate", substring, column, pos);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Left-pad the string column with pad to the given length `len`. If the string column is
+        /// longer than `len`, the return value is shortened to `len` characters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Length of padded string</param>
+        /// <param name="pad">String used for padding</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Lpad(Column column, int len, string pad)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("lpad", column, len, pad);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the spaces from left end for the given string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ltrim(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ltrim", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the specified character string from left end for the given string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="trimString">String to trim</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Ltrim(Column column, string trimString)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("ltrim", column, trimString);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extract a specific group matched by a Java regex, from the specified string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarkes>
+        /// If the regex did not match, or the specified group did not match,
+        /// an empty string is returned.
+        /// </remarkes>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="exp">Regular expression to match</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIdx">Group index to extract</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column RegexpExtract(Column column, string exp, int groupIdx)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("regexp_extract", column, exp, groupIdx);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replace all substrings of the specified string value that match the pattern with
+        /// the given replacement string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pattern">Regular expression to match</param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">String to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column RegexpReplace(Column column, string pattern, string replacement)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("regexp_replace", column, pattern, replacement);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replace all substrings of the specified string value that match the pattern with
+        /// the given replacement string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pattern">Regular expression to match</param>
+        /// <param name="replacement">String to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column RegexpReplace(Column column, Column pattern, Column replacement)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("regexp_replace", column, pattern, replacement);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Decodes a BASE64 encoded string column and returns it as a binary column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Unbase64(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unbase64", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Right-pad the string column with pad to the given length `len`. If the string column is
+        /// longer than `len`, the return value is shortened to `len` characters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Length of padded string</param>
+        /// <param name="pad">String used for padding</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rpad(Column column, int len, string pad)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rpad", column, len, pad);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Repeats a string column `n` times, and returns it as a new string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="n">Repeatation number</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Repeat(Column column, int n)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("repeat", column, n);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the spaces from right end for the specified string value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rtrim(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rtrim", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the specified character string from right end for the given string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="trimString">String to trim</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Rtrim(Column column, string trimString)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("rtrim", column, trimString);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the soundex code for the specified expression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Soundex(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("soundex", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splits string with a regular expression pattern.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pattern">Regular expression pattern</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Split(Column column, string pattern)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("split", column, pattern);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splits str around matches of the given pattern.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pattern">Regular expression pattern</param>
+        /// <param name="limit">An integer expression which controls the number of times the regex
+        /// is applied.
+        /// 1. limit greater than 0: The resulting array's length will not be more than limit, and
+        /// the resulting array's last entry will contain all input beyond the last matched regex.
+        /// 2. limit less than or equal to 0: `regex` will be applied as many times as possible,
+        /// and the resulting array can be of any size.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Split(Column column, string pattern, int limit)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("split", column, pattern, limit);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the substring (or slice of byte array) starting from the given
+        /// position for the given length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The position is not zero based, but 1 based index.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="pos">Starting position</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Length of the substring</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Substring(Column column, int pos, int len)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("substring", column, pos, len);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the substring from the given string before `count` occurrences of
+        /// the given delimiter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="delimiter">Delimiter to find</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of occurrences of delimiter</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column SubstringIndex(Column column, string delimiter, int count)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("substring_index", column, delimiter, count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overlay the specified portion of `src` with `replace`, starting from byte position
+        /// `pos` of `src` and proceeding for `len` bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="src">Source column to replace</param>
+        /// <param name="replace">Replacing column</param>
+        /// <param name="pos">Byte position to start overlaying from</param>
+        /// <param name="len">Number of bytes to overlay</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Overlay(Column src, Column replace, Column pos, Column len)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("overlay", src, replace, pos, len);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overlay the specified portion of `src` with `replace`, starting from byte position
+        /// `pos` of `src`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="src">Source column to replace</param>
+        /// <param name="replace">Replacing column</param>
+        /// <param name="pos">Byte position to start overlaying from</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Overlay(Column src, Column replace, Column pos)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("overlay", src, replace, pos);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splits a string into arrays of sentences, where each sentence is an array of words.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="str">String to split</param>
+        /// <param name="language">Language of the locale</param>
+        /// <param name="country">Country of the locale</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Sentences(Column str, Column language, Column country)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sentences", str, language, country);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splits a string into arrays of sentences, where each sentence is an array of words.
+        /// The default locale is used.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="str">String to split</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Sentences(Column str)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sentences", str);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Translate any characters that match with the given `matchingString` in the column
+        /// by the given `replaceString`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="matchingString">String to match</param>
+        /// <param name="replaceString">String to replace with</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Translate(Column column, string matchingString, string replaceString)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("translate", column, matchingString, replaceString);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the spaces from both ends for the specified string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Trim(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("trim", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Trim the specified character from both ends for the specified string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="trimString">String to trim</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Trim(Column column, string trimString)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("trim", column, trimString);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a string column to upper case.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Upper(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("upper", column);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // DateTime functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `numMonths` after `startDate`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startDate">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="numMonths">Number of months to add to start date</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column AddMonths(Column startDate, int numMonths)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("add_months", startDate, numMonths);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `numMonths` after `startDate`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startDate">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="numMonths">A column of the number of months to add to start date</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column AddMonths(Column startDate, Column numMonths)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("add_months", startDate, numMonths);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the current date as a date column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CurrentDate()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("current_date");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the current timestamp as a timestamp column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column CurrentTimestamp()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("current_timestamp");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a date/timestamp/string to a value of string in the format specified
+        /// by the date format given by the second argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dateExpr">Date expression</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format string to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DateFormat(Column dateExpr, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_format", dateExpr, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `days` days after `start`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="days">Number of days to add to start data</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DateAdd(Column start, int days)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_add", start, days);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `days` days after `start`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="days">A column of number of days to add to start data</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column DateAdd(Column start, Column days)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_add", start, days);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `days` days before `start`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="days">Number of days to subtract from start data</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DateSub(Column start, int days)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_sub", start, days);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the date that is `days` days before `start`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="days">A column of number of days to subtract from start data</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column DateSub(Column start, Column days)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_sub", start, days);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of days from `start` to `end`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start date</param>
+        /// <param name="end">End date</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DateDiff(Column end, Column start)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("datediff", end, start);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the year as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Year(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("year", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the quarter as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Quarter(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("quarter", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the month as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Month(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("month", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the day of the week as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DayOfWeek(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("dayofweek", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the day of the month as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DayOfMonth(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("dayofmonth", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the day of the year as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DayOfYear(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("dayofyear", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the hours as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Hour(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hour", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the last day of the month which the given date belongs to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column LastDay(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("last_day", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the minutes as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Minute(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("minute", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns number of months between dates `end` and `stasrt`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="end">Date column</param>
+        /// <param name="start">Date column</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column MonthsBetween(Column end, Column start)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("months_between", end, start);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns number of months between dates `end` and `start`. If `roundOff` is set to true,
+        /// the result is rounded off to 8 digits; it is not rounded otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="end">Date column</param>
+        /// <param name="start">Date column</param>
+        /// <param name="roundOff">To round or not</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column MonthsBetween(Column end, Column start, bool roundOff)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("months_between", end, start, roundOff);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a date column, returns the first date which is later than the value of
+        /// the date column that is on the specified day of the week.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="date">Date column</param>
+        /// <param name="dayOfWeek">
+        /// One of the following (case-insensitive):
+        ///   "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun".
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column NextDay(Column date, string dayOfWeek)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("next_day", date, dayOfWeek);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a date column, returns the first date which is later than the value of
+        /// the date column that is on the specified day of the week.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="date">Date column</param>
+        /// <param name="dayOfWeek">
+        /// A column of the day of week. One of the following (case-insensitive):
+        ///   "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun".
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column NextDay(Column date, Column dayOfWeek)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("next_day", date, dayOfWeek);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the seconds as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Second(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("second", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts the week number as an integer from a given date/timestamp/string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column WeekOfYear(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("weekofyear", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the number of seconds from UNIX epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to a string
+        /// representing the timestamp of that moment in the current system time zone with
+        /// a default format "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss".
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column FromUnixTime(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("from_unixtime", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the number of seconds from UNIX epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to a string
+        /// representing the timestamp of that moment in the current system time zone with
+        /// the given format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the timestamp</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column FromUnixTime(Column column, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("from_unixtime", column, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the current Unix timestamp (in seconds).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// All calls of `UnixTimestamp` within the same query return the same value
+        /// (i.e. the current timestamp is calculated at the start of query evaluation).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column UnixTimestamp()
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unix_timestamp");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts time string in format yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss to Unix timestamp (in seconds),
+        /// using the default timezone and the default locale.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column UnixTimestamp(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unix_timestamp", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts time string with given format to Unix timestamp (in seconds).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Supported date format can be found:
+        /// http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/format/simpleDateFormat.html
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Date format</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column UnixTimestamp(Column column, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("unix_timestamp", column, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert time string to a Unix timestamp (in seconds) by casting rules to
+        /// `TimestampType`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ToTimestamp(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_timestamp", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert time string to a Unix timestamp (in seconds) with specified format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Supported date format can be found:
+        /// http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/format/simpleDateFormat.html
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Date format</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ToTimestamp(Column column, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_timestamp", column, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the column into `DateType` by casting rules to `DateType`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ToDate(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_date", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the column into a `DateType` with a specified format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Supported date format can be found:
+        /// http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/format/simpleDateFormat.html
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Date format</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ToDate(Column column, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_date", column, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns date truncated to the unit specified by the format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="format">
+        /// 'year', 'yyyy', 'yy' for truncate by year, or
+        /// 'month', 'mon', 'mm' for truncate by month
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Trunc(Column column, string format)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("trunc", column, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns timestamp truncated to the unit specified by the format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="format">
+        /// 'year', 'yyyy', 'yy' for truncate by year, or
+        /// 'month', 'mon', 'mm' for truncate by month, or
+        /// 'day', 'dd' for truncate by day, or
+        /// 'second', 'minute', 'hour', 'week', 'month', 'quarter'
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column DateTrunc(string format, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("date_trunc", format, column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in UTC,
+        /// and renders that time as a timestamp in the given time zone. For example, 'GMT+1'
+        /// would yield '2017-07-14 03:40:00.0'.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="tz">Timezone string</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column FromUtcTimestamp(Column column, string tz)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("from_utc_timestamp", column, tz);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in UTC,
+        /// and renders that time as a timestamp in the given time zone. For example, 'GMT+1'
+        /// would yield '2017-07-14 03:40:00.0'.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="tz">Timezone expression</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column FromUtcTimestamp(Column column, Column tz)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("from_utc_timestamp", column, tz);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in the
+        /// given time zone, and renders that time as a timestamp in UTC. For example, 'GMT+1'
+        /// would yield '2017-07-14 01:40:00.0'.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="tz">Timezone string</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column ToUtcTimestamp(Column column, string tz)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_utc_timestamp", column, tz);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in the
+        /// given time zone, and renders that time as a timestamp in UTC. For example, 'GMT+1'
+        /// would yield '2017-07-14 01:40:00.0'.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This API is deprecated in Spark 3.0.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="tz">Timezone expression</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column ToUtcTimestamp(Column column, Column tz)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_utc_timestamp", column, tz);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bucketize rows into one or more time windows given a timestamp column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Refer to org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.CalendarInterval for the duration strings.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">The column to use as the timestamp for windowing by time</param>
+        /// <param name="windowDuration">A string specifying the width of the window</param>
+        /// <param name="slideDuration">
+        /// A string specifying the sliding interval of the window
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="startTime">
+        /// The offset with respect to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC with which to start window intervals
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Window(
+            Column column,
+            string windowDuration,
+            string slideDuration,
+            string startTime)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("window", column, windowDuration, slideDuration, startTime);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bucketize rows into one or more time windows given a timestamp column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Refer to org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.CalendarInterval for the duration strings.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">The column to use as the timestamp for windowing by time</param>
+        /// <param name="windowDuration">A string specifying the width of the window</param>
+        /// <param name="slideDuration">
+        /// A string specifying the sliding interval of the window
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Window(
+            Column column,
+            string windowDuration,
+            string slideDuration)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("window", column, windowDuration, slideDuration);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates tumbling time windows given a timestamp specifying column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">The column to use as the timestamp for windowing by time</param>
+        /// <param name="windowDuration">
+        /// A string specifying the width of the window.
+        /// Refer to org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.CalendarInterval for the duration strings.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Window(Column column, string windowDuration)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("window", column, windowDuration);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates session window given a timestamp specifying column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timeColumn">The column or the expression to use as the timestamp for windowing by 
+        /// time</param>
+        /// <param name="gapDuration">A string specifying the timeout of the session, e.g. '10 minutes',
+        /// '1 second'</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Session_Window(Column timeColumn, string gapDuration)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("session_window", timeColumn, gapDuration);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates session window given a timestamp specifying column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timeColumn">The column or the expression to use as the timestamp for windowing by 
+        /// time</param>
+        /// <param name="gapDuration">A column specifying the timeout of the session. It could be static 
+        /// value, e.g. `10 minutes`, `1 second`, or an expression/UDF that specifies gap duration 
+        /// dynamically based on the input row.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Session_Window(Column timeColumn, Column gapDuration)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("session_window", timeColumn, gapDuration);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates timestamp from the number of seconds since UTC epoch.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column TimestampSeconds(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("timestamp_seconds", column);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Collection functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns null if the array is null, true if the array contains `value`,
+        /// and false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to check for existence</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ArrayContains(Column column, object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_contains", column, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if `a1` and `a2` have at least one non-null element in common.
+        /// If not and both arrays are non-empty and any of them contains a null,
+        /// it returns null. It returns false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="a1">Left side array</param>
+        /// <param name="a2">Right side array</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArraysOverlap(Column a1, Column a2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("arrays_overlap", a1, a2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array containing all the elements in `column` from index `start`
+        /// (or starting from the end if `start` is negative) with the specified `length`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="start">Start position in the array</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Length for slicing</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column Slice(Column column, int start, int length)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("slice", column, start, length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array containing all the elements in `column` from index `start`
+        /// (or starting from the end if `start` is negative) with the specified `length`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="start">Start position in the array</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Length for slicing</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public static Column Slice(Column column, Column start, Column length)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("slice", column, start, length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the elements of `column` using the `delimiter`.
+        /// Null values are replaced with `nullReplacement`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="delimiter">Delimiter for join</param>
+        /// <param name="nullReplacement">String to replace null value</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayJoin(Column column, string delimiter, string nullReplacement)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_join", column, delimiter, nullReplacement);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the elements of `column` using the `delimiter`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="delimiter">Delimiter for join</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayJoin(Column column, string delimiter)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_join", column, delimiter);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates multiple input columns together into a single column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If all inputs are binary, concat returns an output as binary.
+        /// Otherwise, it returns as string.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Concat(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("concat", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Locates the position of the first occurrence of the value in the given array as long.
+        /// Returns null if either of the arguments are null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The position is not zero based, but 1 based index.
+        /// Returns 0 if value could not be found in array.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to locate</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayPosition(Column column, object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_position", column, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns element of array at given index in `value` if column is array.
+        /// Returns value for the given key in `value` if column is map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to locate</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ElementAt(Column column, object value)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("element_at", column, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sorts the input array in ascending order. The elements of the input array must
+        /// be sortable. Null elements will be placed at the end of the returned array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArraySort(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_sort", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove all elements that equal to element from the given array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="element">Element to remove</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayRemove(Column column, object element)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_remove", column, element);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes duplicate values from the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayDistinct(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_distinct", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of the elements in the intersection of the given two arrays,
+        /// without duplicates.
+        /// </summary>s
+        /// <param name="col1">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="col2">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayIntersect(Column col1, Column col2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_intersect", col1, col2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of the elements in the union of the given two arrays,
+        /// without duplicates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="col1">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="col2">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayUnion(Column col1, Column col2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_union", col1, col2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of the elements in the `col1` but not in the `col2`,
+        /// without duplicates. The order of elements in the result is nondeterministic.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="col1">Left side column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="col2">Right side column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayExcept(Column col1, Column col2)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_except", col1, col2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new row for each element in the given array or map column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Explode(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("explode", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new row for each element in the given array or map column.
+        /// Unlike Explode(), if the array/map is null or empty then null is produced.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ExplodeOuter(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("explode_outer", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new row for each element with position in the given array or map column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column PosExplode(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("posexplode", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new row for each element with position in the given array or map column.
+        /// Unlike Posexplode(), if the array/map is null or empty then the row(null, null)
+        /// is produced.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column PosExplodeOuter(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("posexplode_outer", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Extracts JSON object from a JSON string based on path specified, and returns JSON
+        /// string of the extracted JSON object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="path">JSON file path</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column GetJsonObject(Column column, string path)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("get_json_object", column, path);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new row for a JSON column according to the given field names.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="fields">Field names</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column JsonTuple(Column column, params string[] fields)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("json_tuple", column, fields);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a column containing a JSON string into a `StructType` or `ArrayType`
+        /// of `StructType`s with the specified schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">JSON format string or DDL-formatted string for a schema</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options for JSON parsing</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column FromJson(
+            Column column,
+            string schema,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options = null)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(
+                "from_json",
+                column,
+                schema,
+                options ?? new Dictionary<string, string>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a column containing a JSON string into a `StructType` or `ArrayType`
+        /// of `StructType`s with the specified schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">String column containing JSON data</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">The schema to use when parsing the JSON string</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options for JSON parsing</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column FromJson(
+            Column column,
+            Column schema,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options = null)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(
+                "from_json",
+                column,
+                schema,
+                options ?? new Dictionary<string, string>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JSON string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON string</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfJson(string json)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_json", json);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JSON string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">String literal containing a JSON string.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfJson(Column json)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_json", json);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JSON string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">String literal containing a JSON string.</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the json is parsed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfJson(Column json, Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_json", json, options);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a column containing a `StructType`, `ArrayType` of `StructType`s,
+        /// a `MapType` or `ArrayType` of `MapType`s into a JSON string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options for JSON conversion</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column ToJson(
+            Column column,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options = null)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(
+                "to_json",
+                column,
+                options ?? new Dictionary<string, string>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns length of array or map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Size(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("size", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sorts the input array for the given column in ascending (default) or
+        /// descending order, the natural ordering of the array elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="asc">True for ascending order and false for descending order</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column SortArray(Column column, bool asc = true)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sort_array", column, asc);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minimum value in the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayMin(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_min", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the maximum value in the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayMax(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_max", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a random permutation of the given array.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column Shuffle(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("shuffle", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reverses the string column and returns it as a new string column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column Reverse(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("reverse", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a single array from an array of arrays. If a structure of nested arrays
+        /// is deeper than two levels, only one level of nesting is removed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column Flatten(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("flatten", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a sequence of integers from `start` to `stop`, incrementing by `step`.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start expression</param>
+        /// <param name="stop">Stop expression</param>
+        /// <param name="step">Step to increment</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column Sequence(Column start, Column stop, Column step)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sequence", start, stop, step);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a sequence of integers from start to stop, incrementing by 1 if start is
+        /// less than or equal to stop, otherwise -1.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Start expression</param>
+        /// <param name="stop">Stop expression</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column Sequence(Column start, Column stop)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("sequence", start, stop);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an array containing the `left` argument repeated the number of times given by
+        /// the `right` argument.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left column expression</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Right column expression</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayRepeat(Column left, Column right)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_repeat", left, right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an array containing the `left` argument repeated the `count` number of times.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">Left column expression</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of times to repeat</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArrayRepeat(Column left, int count)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("array_repeat", left, count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an unordered array containing the keys of the map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column MapKeys(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_keys", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an unordered array containing the values of the map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        public static Column MapValues(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_values", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an unordered array of all entries in the given map.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column MapEntries(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_entries", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a map created from the given array of entries.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column MapFromEntries(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_from_entries", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a merged array of structs in which the N-th struct contains all
+        /// N-th values of input arrays.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to zip</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column ArraysZip(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("arrays_zip", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the union of all the given maps.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static Column MapConcat(params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("map_concat", (object)columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a column containing a CSV string into a `StructType` with the specified schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">The schema to use when parsing the CSV string</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the CSV is parsed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column FromCsv(
+            Column column,
+            StructType schema,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction(
+                "from_csv",
+                column,
+                DataType.FromJson(Jvm, schema.Json),
+                options);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a column containing a CSV string into a `StructType` with the specified schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">The schema to use when parsing the CSV string</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the CSV is parsed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column FromCsv(
+            Column column,
+            Column schema,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("from_csv", column, schema, options);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a CSV string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="csv">CSV string to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfCsv(string csv)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_csv", csv);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a CSV string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="csv">CSV string to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfCsv(Column csv)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_csv", csv);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a CSV string and infers its schema in DDL format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="csv">CSV string to parse</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the CSV is parsed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column SchemaOfCsv(Column csv, Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("schema_of_csv", csv, options);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a column containing a `StructType` into a CSV string with the specified
+        /// schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column ToCsv(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_csv", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a column containing a `StructType` into a CSV string with the specified
+        /// schema.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <param name="options">Options to control how the struct column is converted into a CSV
+        /// string</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column ToCsv(Column column, Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("to_csv", column, options);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for timestamps and dates to partition data into years.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Years(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("years", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for timestamps and dates to partition data into months.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Months(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("months", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for timestamps and dates to partition data into days.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Days(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("days", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for timestamps to partition data into hours.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="column">A column containing a struct.</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Hours(Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("hours", column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for any type that partitions by a hash of the input column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numBuckets">A column containing number of buckets</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Bucket(Column numBuckets, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bucket", numBuckets, column);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A transform for any type that partitions by a hash of the input column.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="numBuckets">Number of buckets</param>
+        /// <param name="column">Column to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public static Column Bucket(int numBuckets, Column column)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("bucket", numBuckets, column);
+        }
+
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // UDF helper functions
+        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column> Udf<TResult>(Func<TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column> Udf<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply3;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply4;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply5;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply6;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply7;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply8;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>A delegate that when invoked will return a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.</returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply9;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf)).Apply10;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column> Udf(Func<Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column> Udf<T>(Func<T, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2>(
+            Func<T1, T2, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply3;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply4;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply5;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply6;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply7;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply8;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>A delegate that when invoked will return a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.</returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply9;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Creates a UDF from the specified delegate.</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A delegate that returns a <see cref="Column"/> for the result of the UDF.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Func<Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column, Column> Udf<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, Row> udf, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(udf.Method.ToString(), UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(udf), returnType).Apply10;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call a user-defined function registered via SparkSession.Udf().Register().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="udfName">Name of the registered UDF</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Deprecated(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column CallUDF(string udfName, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("callUDF", udfName, columns);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Call a user-defined function registered via SparkSession.Udf().Register().
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="udfName">Name of the registered UDF</param>
+        /// <param name="columns">Columns to apply</param>
+        /// <returns>Column object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_2_0)]
+        public static Column Call_UDF(string udfName, params Column[] columns)
+        {
+            return ApplyFunction("call_udf", udfName, columns);
+        }
+
+        private static UserDefinedFunction CreateUdf<TResult>(string name, Delegate execute)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(name, execute, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF);
+        }
+
+        private static UserDefinedFunction CreateUdf(string name, Delegate execute, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf(name, execute, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF, returnType);
+        }
+
+        internal static UserDefinedFunction CreateVectorUdf<TResult>(string name, Delegate execute)
+        {
+            return CreateUdf<TResult>(name, execute, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF);
+        }
+
+        private static UserDefinedFunction CreateUdf<TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Delegate execute,
+            UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType) =>
+            CreateUdf(name, execute, evalType, UdfUtils.GetReturnType(typeof(TResult)));
+
+        private static UserDefinedFunction CreateUdf(
+            string name,
+            Delegate execute,
+            UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType,
+            StructType returnType) =>
+            CreateUdf(name, execute, evalType, returnType.Json);
+
+        private static UserDefinedFunction CreateUdf(
+            string name,
+            Delegate execute,
+            UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType,
+            string returnType)
+        {
+            return UserDefinedFunction.Create(
+                name,
+                CommandSerDe.Serialize(
+                    execute,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row),
+                evalType,
+                returnType);
+        }
+
+        private static Column ApplyFunction(string funcName)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    funcName));
+        }
+
+        private static Column ApplyFunction(string funcName, object arg)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    funcName,
+                    arg));
+        }
+
+        private static Column ApplyFunction(string funcName, object arg1, object arg2)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    funcName,
+                    arg1,
+                    arg2));
+        }
+
+        private static Column ApplyFunction(string funcName, params object[] args)
+        {
+            return new Column(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_functionsClassName,
+                    funcName,
+                    args));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/GenericRow.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/GenericRow.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e31b02f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/GenericRow.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a row object in RDD, equivalent to GenericRow in Spark.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class GenericRow
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for the GenericRow class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="values">Column values for a row</param>        
+        public GenericRow(object[] values)
+        {
+            Values = values;           
+        }
+       
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Values representing this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        public object[] Values { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of columns in this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Number of columns in this row</returns>
+        public int Size() => Values.Length;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value</returns>
+        public object this[int index] => Get(index);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value</returns>
+        public object Get(int index)
+        {
+            if (index >= Size())
+            {
+                throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"index ({index}) >= column counts ({Size()})");
+            }
+            else if (index < 0)
+            {
+                throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"index ({index}) < 0)");
+            }
+
+            return Values[index];
+        }        
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string version of this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>String version of this row</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            var cols = new List<string>();
+            foreach (object item in Values)
+            {
+                cols.Add(item?.ToString() ?? string.Empty);
+            }
+
+            return $"[{(string.Join(",", cols.ToArray()))}]";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index, as a type T.
+        /// TODO: If the original type is "long" and its value can be
+        /// fit into the "int", Pickler will serialize the value as int.
+        /// Since the value is boxed, <see cref="GetAs{T}(int)"/> will throw an exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to convert to</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value as a type T</returns>
+        public T GetAs<T>(int index) => (T)Get(index);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
+            ReferenceEquals(this, obj) ||
+            ((obj is GenericRow row) && Values.SequenceEqual(row.Values));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => base.GetHashCode();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/PicklingUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/PicklingUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2a27bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/PicklingUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.TypeConverter;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<TResult>
+    {
+        private readonly Func<TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            return _func();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private bool? _sameT = null;
+
+        private readonly Func<T, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            return _func((_sameT ??= param is T) ? (T)param : ConvertTo<T>(param));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[2];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[3];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[4];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[5];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[6];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            object param6 = input[argOffsets[5]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5),
+                (_sameT[5] ??= param6 is T6) ? (T6)param6 : ConvertTo<T6>(param6));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[7];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            object param6 = input[argOffsets[5]];
+            object param7 = input[argOffsets[6]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5),
+                (_sameT[5] ??= param6 is T6) ? (T6)param6 : ConvertTo<T6>(param6),
+                (_sameT[6] ??= param7 is T7) ? (T7)param7 : ConvertTo<T7>(param7));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[8];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            object param6 = input[argOffsets[5]];
+            object param7 = input[argOffsets[6]];
+            object param8 = input[argOffsets[7]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5),
+                (_sameT[5] ??= param6 is T6) ? (T6)param6 : ConvertTo<T6>(param6),
+                (_sameT[6] ??= param7 is T7) ? (T7)param7 : ConvertTo<T7>(param7),
+                (_sameT[7] ??= param8 is T8) ? (T8)param8 : ConvertTo<T8>(param8));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[9];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            object param6 = input[argOffsets[5]];
+            object param7 = input[argOffsets[6]];
+            object param8 = input[argOffsets[7]];
+            object param9 = input[argOffsets[8]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5),
+                (_sameT[5] ??= param6 is T6) ? (T6)param6 : ConvertTo<T6>(param6),
+                (_sameT[6] ??= param7 is T7) ? (T7)param7 : ConvertTo<T7>(param7),
+                (_sameT[7] ??= param8 is T8) ? (T8)param8 : ConvertTo<T8>(param8),
+                (_sameT[8] ??= param9 is T9) ? (T9)param9 : ConvertTo<T9>(param9));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wraps the given Func object, which represents a UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+    /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal class PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>
+    {
+        [NonSerialized]
+        private readonly bool?[] _sameT = new bool?[10];
+
+        private readonly Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> _func;
+
+        internal PicklingUdfWrapper(Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal object Execute(int splitIndex, object[] input, int[] argOffsets)
+        {
+            object param1 = input[argOffsets[0]];
+            object param2 = input[argOffsets[1]];
+            object param3 = input[argOffsets[2]];
+            object param4 = input[argOffsets[3]];
+            object param5 = input[argOffsets[4]];
+            object param6 = input[argOffsets[5]];
+            object param7 = input[argOffsets[6]];
+            object param8 = input[argOffsets[7]];
+            object param9 = input[argOffsets[8]];
+            object param10 = input[argOffsets[9]];
+            return _func(
+                (_sameT[0] ??= param1 is T1) ? (T1)param1 : ConvertTo<T1>(param1),
+                (_sameT[1] ??= param2 is T2) ? (T2)param2 : ConvertTo<T2>(param2),
+                (_sameT[2] ??= param3 is T3) ? (T3)param3 : ConvertTo<T3>(param3),
+                (_sameT[3] ??= param4 is T4) ? (T4)param4 : ConvertTo<T4>(param4),
+                (_sameT[4] ??= param5 is T5) ? (T5)param5 : ConvertTo<T5>(param5),
+                (_sameT[5] ??= param6 is T6) ? (T6)param6 : ConvertTo<T6>(param6),
+                (_sameT[6] ??= param7 is T7) ? (T7)param7 : ConvertTo<T7>(param7),
+                (_sameT[7] ??= param8 is T8) ? (T8)param8 : ConvertTo<T8>(param8),
+                (_sameT[8] ??= param9 is T9) ? (T9)param9 : ConvertTo<T9>(param9),
+                (_sameT[9] ??= param10 is T10) ? (T10)param10 : ConvertTo<T10>(param10));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RelationalGroupedDataset.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RelationalGroupedDataset.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75c13572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RelationalGroupedDataset.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using FxDataFrame = Microsoft.Data.Analysis.DataFrame;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A set of methods for aggregations on a DataFrame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class RelationalGroupedDataset : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly DataFrame _dataFrame;
+
+        internal RelationalGroupedDataset(JvmObjectReference jvmObject, DataFrame dataFrame)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+            _dataFrame = dataFrame;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute aggregates by specifying a series of aggregate columns.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="expr">Column to aggregate on</param>
+        /// <param name="exprs">Additional columns to aggregate on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with aggregation applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Agg(Column expr, params Column[] exprs) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("agg", expr, exprs));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Count the number of rows for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with count applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Count() =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("count"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute the mean value for each numeric columns for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to compute mean on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with mean applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Mean(params string[] colNames) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("mean", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute the max value for each numeric columns for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to compute max on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with max applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Max(params string[] colNames) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("max", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute the average value for each numeric columns for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to compute average on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with average applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Avg(params string[] colNames) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("avg", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute the min value for each numeric columns for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to compute min on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with min applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Min(params string[] colNames) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("min", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compute the sum for each numeric columns for each group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Name of columns to compute sum on</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with sum applied</returns>
+        public DataFrame Sum(params string[] colNames) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("sum", (object)colNames));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pivots a column of the current DataFrame and performs the specified aggregation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pivotColumn">Name of the column to pivot</param>
+        /// <returns>New RelationalGroupedDataset object with pivot applied</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Pivot(string pivotColumn) => 
+            new RelationalGroupedDataset(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("pivot", pivotColumn), _dataFrame);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pivots a column of the current DataFrame and performs the specified aggregation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pivotColumn">Name of the column to pivot of type string</param>
+        /// <param name="values">List of values that will be translated to columns in the
+        /// output DataFrame.</param>
+        /// <returns>New RelationalGroupedDataset object with pivot applied</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Pivot(string pivotColumn, IEnumerable<object> values) =>
+            new RelationalGroupedDataset(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("pivot", pivotColumn, values), _dataFrame);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pivots a column of the current DataFrame and performs the specified aggregation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pivotColumn">The column to pivot</param>
+        /// <returns>New RelationalGroupedDataset object with pivot applied</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Pivot(Column pivotColumn) => 
+            new RelationalGroupedDataset(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("pivot", pivotColumn), _dataFrame);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pivots a column of the current DataFrame and performs the specified aggregation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pivotColumn">The column to pivot of type <see cref="Column"/></param>
+        /// <param name="values">List of values that will be translated to columns in the
+        /// output DataFrame.</param>
+        /// <returns>New RelationalGroupedDataset object with pivot applied</returns>
+        public RelationalGroupedDataset Pivot(Column pivotColumn, IEnumerable<object> values) =>
+            new RelationalGroupedDataset(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("pivot", pivotColumn, values), _dataFrame);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maps each group of the current DataFrame using a UDF and
+        /// returns the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// 
+        /// The user-defined function should take an <see cref="FxDataFrame"/>
+        /// and return another <see cref="FxDataFrame"/>. For each group, all
+        /// columns are passed together as an <see cref="FxDataFrame"/> to the user-function and
+        /// the returned FxDataFrame are combined as a DataFrame.
+        ///
+        /// The returned <see cref="FxDataFrame"/> can be of arbitrary length and its schema must
+        /// match <paramref name="returnType"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="returnType">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> that represents the schema of the return data set.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="func">A grouped map user-defined function.</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with the UDF applied.</returns>
+        public DataFrame Apply(StructType returnType, Func<FxDataFrame, FxDataFrame> func)
+        {
+            DataFrameGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate wrapper =
+                new DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper(func).Execute;
+
+            var udf = UserDefinedFunction.Create(
+                Reference.Jvm,
+                func.Method.ToString(),
+                CommandSerDe.Serialize(
+                    wrapper,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row),
+                UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
+                returnType.Json);
+
+            IReadOnlyList<string> columnNames = _dataFrame.Columns();
+            var columns = new Column[columnNames.Count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < columnNames.Count; ++i)
+            {
+                columns[i] = _dataFrame[columnNames[i]];
+            }
+
+            Column udfColumn = udf.Apply(columns);
+
+            return new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "flatMapGroupsInPandas",
+                udfColumn.Expr()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maps each group of the current DataFrame using a UDF and
+        /// returns the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// 
+        /// The user-defined function should take an Apache Arrow RecordBatch
+        /// and return another Apache Arrow RecordBatch. For each group, all
+        /// columns are passed together as a RecordBatch to the user-function and
+        /// the returned RecordBatch are combined as a DataFrame.
+        ///
+        /// The returned <see cref="RecordBatch"/> can be of arbitrary length and its
+        /// schema must match <paramref name="returnType"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="returnType">
+        /// The <see cref="StructType"/> that represents the shape of the return data set.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="func">A grouped map user-defined function.</param>
+        /// <returns>New DataFrame object with the UDF applied.</returns>
+        public DataFrame Apply(StructType returnType, Func<RecordBatch, RecordBatch> func)
+        {
+            ArrowGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate wrapper =
+                new ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper(func).Execute;
+
+            UserDefinedFunction udf = UserDefinedFunction.Create(
+                Reference.Jvm,
+                func.Method.ToString(),
+                CommandSerDe.Serialize(
+                    wrapper,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row,
+                    CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row),
+                UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
+                returnType.Json);
+
+            IReadOnlyList<string> columnNames = _dataFrame.Columns();
+            var columns = new Column[columnNames.Count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < columnNames.Count; ++i)
+            {
+                columns[i] = _dataFrame[columnNames[i]];
+            }
+
+            Column udfColumn = udf.Apply(columns);
+
+            return new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "flatMapGroupsInPandas",
+                udfColumn.Expr()));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Row.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Row.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69d6c01e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Row.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a row object in RDD, equivalent to GenericRowWithSchema in Spark.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Row
+    {
+        private readonly GenericRow _genericRow;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for the Row class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="values">Column values for a row</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">Schema associated with a row</param>
+        internal Row(object[] values, StructType schema)
+        {
+            _genericRow = new GenericRow(values);
+            Schema = schema;
+
+            int schemaColumnCount = Schema.Fields.Count;
+            if (Size() != schemaColumnCount)
+            {
+                throw new Exception(
+                    $"Column count mismatches: data:{Size()}, schema:{schemaColumnCount}");
+            }
+
+            Convert();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for the schema-less Row class used for chained UDFs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="genericRow">GenericRow object</param>
+        internal Row(GenericRow genericRow)
+        {
+            _genericRow = genericRow;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns schema-less Row which can happen within chained UDFs (same behavior as PySpark).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The use of this conversion operator is discouraged except for the UDF that returns
+        /// a Row object.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>schema-less Row</returns>
+        public static implicit operator Row(GenericRow genericRow)
+        {
+            return new Row(genericRow);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Schema associated with this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        public StructType Schema { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Values representing this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        public object[] Values => _genericRow.Values;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of columns in this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Number of columns in this row</returns>
+        public int Size() => _genericRow.Size();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value</returns>
+        public object this[int index] => Get(index);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value</returns>
+        public object Get(int index) => _genericRow.Get(index);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value whose column name is given.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value</returns>
+        public object Get(string columnName) =>
+            Get(Schema.Fields.FindIndex(f => f.Name == columnName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string version of this row.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>String version of this row</returns>
+        public override string ToString() => _genericRow.ToString();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value at the given index, as a type T.
+        /// TODO: If the original type is "long" and its value can be
+        /// fit into the "int", Pickler will serialize the value as int.
+        /// Since the value is boxed, <see cref="GetAs{T}(int)"/> will throw an exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to convert to</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="index">Index to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value as a type T</returns>
+        public T GetAs<T>(int index) => TypeConverter.ConvertTo<T>(Get(index));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the column value whose column name is given, as a type T.
+        /// TODO: If the original type is "long" and its value can be
+        /// fit into the "int", Pickler will serialize the value as int.
+        /// Since the value is boxed, <see cref="GetAs{T}(string)"/> will throw an exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to convert to</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="columnName">Column name to look up</param>
+        /// <returns>A column value as a type T</returns>
+        public T GetAs<T>(string columnName) => TypeConverter.ConvertTo<T>(Get(columnName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
+            ReferenceEquals(this, obj) ||
+            ((obj is Row row) && _genericRow.Equals(row._genericRow)) && Schema.Equals(row.Schema);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => base.GetHashCode();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the values to .NET values. Currently, only the simple types such as
+        /// int, string, etc. are supported (which are already converted correctly by
+        /// the Pickler). Note that explicit type checks against the schema are not performed.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void Convert()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < Size(); ++i)
+            {
+                DataType dataType = Schema.Fields[i].DataType;
+                if (dataType.NeedConversion())
+                {
+                    Values[i] = dataType.FromInternal(Values[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowCollector.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowCollector.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1925ecfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowCollector.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// RowCollector collects Row objects from a socket.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class RowCollector
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Collects pickled row objects from the given socket.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="socket">Socket the get the stream from.</param>
+        /// <returns>Collection of row objects.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Collect(ISocketWrapper socket)
+        {
+            Stream inputStream = socket.InputStream;
+
+            int? length;
+            while (((length = SerDe.ReadBytesLength(inputStream)) != null) &&
+                (length.GetValueOrDefault() > 0))
+            {
+                object[] unpickledObjects =
+                    PythonSerDe.GetUnpickledObjects(inputStream, length.GetValueOrDefault());
+
+                foreach (object unpickled in unpickledObjects)
+                {
+                    yield return unpickled as Row;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Collects pickled row objects from the given socket. Collects rows in partitions
+        /// by leveraging <see cref="Collect(ISocketWrapper)"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="socket">Socket the get the stream from.</param>
+        /// <param name="server">The JVM socket auth server.</param>
+        /// <returns>Collection of row objects.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Row> Collect(ISocketWrapper socket, JvmObjectReference server) =>
+            new LocalIteratorFromSocket(socket, server);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// LocalIteratorFromSocket creates a synchronous local iterable over
+        /// a socket.
+        /// 
+        /// Note that the implementation mirrors _local_iterator_from_socket in
+        /// PySpark: spark/python/pyspark/rdd.py
+        /// </summary>
+        private class LocalIteratorFromSocket : IEnumerable<Row>
+        {
+            private readonly ISocketWrapper _socket;
+            private readonly JvmObjectReference _server;
+
+            private int _readStatus = 1;
+            private IEnumerable<Row> _currentPartitionRows = null;
+
+            internal LocalIteratorFromSocket(ISocketWrapper socket, JvmObjectReference server)
+            {
+                _socket = socket;
+                _server = server;
+            }
+
+            ~LocalIteratorFromSocket()
+            {
+                // If iterator is not fully consumed.
+                if ((_readStatus == 1) && (_currentPartitionRows != null))
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        // Finish consuming partition data stream.
+                        foreach (Row _ in _currentPartitionRows)
+                        {
+                        }
+
+                        // Tell Java to stop sending data and close connection.
+                        Stream outputStream = _socket.OutputStream;
+                        SerDe.Write(outputStream, 0);
+                        outputStream.Flush();
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                        // Ignore any errors, socket may be automatically closed
+                        // when garbage-collected.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<Row> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                Stream inputStream = _socket.InputStream;
+                Stream outputStream = _socket.OutputStream;
+
+                while (_readStatus == 1)
+                {
+                    // Request next partition data from Java.
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, 1);
+                    outputStream.Flush();
+
+                    // If response is 1 then there is a partition to read, if 0 then
+                    // fully consumed.
+                    _readStatus = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+                    if (_readStatus == 1)
+                    {
+                        // Load the partition data from stream and read each item.
+                        _currentPartitionRows = new RowCollector().Collect(_socket);
+                        foreach (Row row in _currentPartitionRows)
+                        {
+                            yield return row;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (_readStatus == -1)
+                    {
+                        // An error occurred, join serving thread and raise any exceptions from
+                        // the JVM. The exception stack trace will appear in the driver logs.
+                        _server.Invoke("getResult");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(_readStatus == 0);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowConstructor.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowConstructor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b8f1f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RowConstructor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Razorvine.Pickle;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// RowConstructor is a custom unpickler for GenericRowWithSchema in Spark.
+    /// Refer to spark/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/
+    /// EvaluatePython.scala how GenericRowWithSchema is being pickled.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class RowConstructor : IObjectConstructor
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Cache the schemas of the rows being received. Multiple schemas may be
+        /// sent per batch if there are nested rows contained in the row. Note that
+        /// this is thread local variable because one RowConstructor object is
+        /// registered to the Unpickler and there could be multiple threads unpickling
+        /// the data using the same registered object.
+        /// </summary>
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static IDictionary<string, StructType> s_schemaCache;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used by Unpickler to pass unpickled schema for handling. The Unpickler
+        /// will reuse the <see cref="RowConstructor"/> object when
+        /// it needs to start constructing a <see cref="Row"/>. The schema is passed
+        /// to <see cref="construct(object[])"/> and the returned
+        /// <see cref="IObjectConstructor"/> is used to build the rest of the <see cref="Row"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="args">Unpickled schema</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// New <see cref="RowWithSchemaConstructor"/>object capturing the schema.
+        /// </returns>
+        public object construct(object[] args)
+        {
+            if (s_schemaCache is null)
+            {
+                s_schemaCache = new Dictionary<string, StructType>();
+            }
+
+            Debug.Assert((args != null) && (args.Length == 1) && (args[0] is string));
+            return new RowWithSchemaConstructor(GetSchema(s_schemaCache, (string)args[0]));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears the schema cache. Spark sends rows in batches and for each
+        /// row there is an accompanying set of schemas and row entries. If the
+        /// schema was not cached, then it would need to be parsed and converted
+        /// to a StructType for every row in the batch. A new batch may contain
+        /// rows from a different table, so calling <see cref="Reset"/> after each
+        /// batch would aid in preventing the cache from growing too large.
+        /// Caching the schemas for each batch, ensures that each schema is
+        /// only parsed and converted to a StructType once per batch.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal void Reset()
+        {
+            s_schemaCache?.Clear();
+        }
+
+        private static StructType GetSchema(IDictionary<string, StructType> schemaCache, string schemaString)
+        {
+            if (!schemaCache.TryGetValue(schemaString, out StructType schema))
+            {
+                schema = (StructType)DataType.ParseDataType(schemaString);
+                schemaCache.Add(schemaString, schema);
+            }
+
+            return schema;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Created from <see cref="RowConstructor"/> and subsequently used
+    /// by the Unpickler to construct a <see cref="Row"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class RowWithSchemaConstructor : IObjectConstructor
+    {
+        private readonly StructType _schema;
+
+        internal RowWithSchemaConstructor(StructType schema)
+        {
+            _schema = schema;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used by Unpickler to pass unpickled row values for handling.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="args">Unpickled row values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Row object.</returns>
+        public object construct(object[] args) => new Row(args, _schema);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RuntimeConfig.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RuntimeConfig.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21943d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/RuntimeConfig.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Runtime configuration interface for Spark.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class RuntimeConfig : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal RuntimeConfig(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the given Spark runtime configuration property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Config name</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Config value</param>
+        public void Set(string key, string value) => Reference.Invoke("set", key, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the given Spark runtime configuration property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Config name</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Config value</param>
+        public void Set(string key, bool value) => Reference.Invoke("set", key, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the given Spark runtime configuration property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Config name</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Config value</param>
+        public void Set(string key, long value) => Reference.Invoke("set", key, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of Spark runtime configuration property for the given key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to use</param>
+        public string Get(string key) => (string)Reference.Invoke("get", key);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the value of Spark runtime configuration property for the given key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to use</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultValue">Default value to use</param>
+        public string Get(string key, string defaultValue) =>
+            (string)Reference.Invoke("get", key, defaultValue);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Resets the configuration property for the given key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to unset</param>
+        public void Unset(string key) => Reference.Invoke("unset", key);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether the configuration property with the given key
+        /// is modifiable in the current session.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Key to check</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// true if the configuration property is modifiable. For static SQL, Spark
+        /// Core, invalid(not existing) and other non-modifiable configuration properties,
+        /// the returned value is false.
+        /// </returns>
+        public bool IsModifiable(string key) => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isModifiable", key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SaveMode.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SaveMode.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e2c35e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SaveMode.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// SaveMode is used to specify the expected behavior of saving a DataFrame to a data source.
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum SaveMode
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Append mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data/table already
+        /// exists, contents of the DataFrame are expected to be appended to existing data.
+        /// </summary>
+        Append,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Overwrite mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source,
+        /// if data/table already exists, existing data is expected to be overwritten by the
+        /// contents of the DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        Overwrite,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// ErrorIfExists mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data already
+        /// exists, an exception is expected to be thrown.
+        /// </summary>
+        ErrorIfExists,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ignore mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data already exists,
+        /// the save operation is expected to not save the contents of the DataFrame and to not
+        /// change the existing data.
+        /// </summary>
+        Ignore
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SparkSession.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SparkSession.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0386c61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/SparkSession.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Scala;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The entry point to programming Spark with the Dataset and DataFrame API.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class SparkSession : IDisposable, IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly Lazy<SparkContext> _sparkContext;
+        private readonly Lazy<Catalog.Catalog> _catalog;
+
+        private static readonly string s_sparkSessionClassName =
+            "org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for SparkSession.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">Reference to the JVM SparkSession object</param>
+        internal SparkSession(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+            _sparkContext = new Lazy<SparkContext>(
+                () => new SparkContext(
+                    (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("sparkContext")));
+            _catalog = new Lazy<Catalog.Catalog>(
+                () => new Catalog.Catalog((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("catalog")));
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns SparkContext object associated with this SparkSession.
+        /// </summary>
+        public SparkContext SparkContext => _sparkContext.Value;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Interface through which the user may create, drop, alter or query underlying databases,
+        /// tables, functions etc.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Catalog object</returns>
+        public Catalog.Catalog Catalog => _catalog.Value;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Builder object for SparkSession.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Builder object</returns>
+        public static Builder Builder() => new Builder();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Changes the SparkSession that will be returned in this thread when 
+        /// <see cref="Builder.GetOrCreate"/> is called. This can be used to ensure that a given
+        /// thread receives a SparkSession with an isolated session, instead of the global
+        /// (first created) context.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="session">SparkSession object</param>
+        public static void SetActiveSession(SparkSession session) =>
+            session.Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_sparkSessionClassName, "setActiveSession", session);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears the active SparkSession for current thread. Subsequent calls to
+        /// <see cref="Builder.GetOrCreate"/> will return the first created context
+        /// instead of a thread-local override.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void ClearActiveSession() =>
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_sparkSessionClassName, "clearActiveSession");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the active SparkSession for the current thread, returned by the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Return null, when calling this function on executors</returns>
+        public static SparkSession GetActiveSession()
+        {
+            var optionalSession = new Option(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_sparkSessionClassName, "getActiveSession"));
+
+            return optionalSession.IsDefined()
+                ? new SparkSession((JvmObjectReference)optionalSession.Get())
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the default SparkSession that is returned by the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="session">SparkSession object</param>
+        public static void SetDefaultSession(SparkSession session) =>
+            session.Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_sparkSessionClassName, "setDefaultSession", session);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears the default SparkSession that is returned by the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void ClearDefaultSession() =>
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                s_sparkSessionClassName, "clearDefaultSession");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the default SparkSession that is returned by the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>SparkSession object or null if called on executors</returns>
+        public static SparkSession GetDefaultSession()
+        {
+            var optionalSession = new Option(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_sparkSessionClassName, "getDefaultSession"));
+
+            return optionalSession.IsDefined()
+                ? new SparkSession((JvmObjectReference)optionalSession.Get())
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the currently active SparkSession, otherwise the default one.
+        /// If there is no default SparkSession, throws an exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>SparkSession object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public static SparkSession Active() =>
+            new SparkSession(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_sparkSessionClassName, "active"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synonym for Stop().
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Stop();
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Runtime configuration interface for Spark.
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This is the interface through which the user can get and set all Spark and Hadoop
+        /// configurations that are relevant to Spark SQL. When getting the value of a config,
+        /// this defaults to the value set in the underlying SparkContext, if any.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The RuntimeConfig object</returns>
+        public RuntimeConfig Conf() =>
+            new RuntimeConfig((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("conf"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a <see cref="StreamingQueryManager"/> that allows managing all the
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery"/> instances active on <c>this</c> context.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns><see cref="StreamingQueryManager"/> object</returns>
+        public StreamingQueryManager Streams() =>
+            new StreamingQueryManager((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("streams"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Start a new session with isolated SQL configurations, temporary tables, registered
+        /// functions are isolated, but sharing the underlying SparkContext and cached data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Other than the SparkContext, all shared state is initialized lazily.
+        /// This method will force the initialization of the shared state to ensure that parent
+        /// and child sessions are set up with the same shared state. If the underlying catalog
+        /// implementation is Hive, this will initialize the metastore, which may take some time.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>New SparkSession object</returns>
+        public SparkSession NewSession() =>
+            new SparkSession((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("newSession"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string that represents the version of Spark on which this application is running.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A string that represents the version of Spark on which this application is running.
+        /// </returns>
+        public string Version() => (string)Reference.Invoke("version");
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the specified table/view as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of a table or view</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Table(string tableName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("table", tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a <see cref="DataFrame"/> from an <see cref="IEnumerable"/> containing
+        /// <see cref="GenericRow"/>s using the given schema.
+        /// It is important to make sure that the structure of every <see cref="GenericRow"/> of
+        /// the provided <see cref="IEnumerable"/> matches
+        /// the provided schema. Otherwise, there will be runtime exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">List of Row objects</param>
+        /// <param name="schema">Schema as StructType</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<GenericRow> data, StructType schema) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "createDataFrame",
+                data,
+                DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json)));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="int"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="int"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<int> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new IntegerType(), false));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Int32}"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Int32}"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<int?> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new IntegerType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="string"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="string"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<string> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new StringType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="double"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="double"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<double> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new DoubleType(), false));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Double}"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Double}"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<double?> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new DoubleType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="bool"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="bool"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<bool> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new BooleanType(), false));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Boolean}"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Nullable{Boolean}"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<bool?> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new BooleanType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="Date"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="Date"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<Date> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new DateType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a Dataframe given data as <see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type
+        /// <see cref="Timestamp"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data"><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="Timestamp"/></param>
+        /// <returns>Dataframe object</returns>
+        public DataFrame CreateDataFrame(IEnumerable<Timestamp> data) =>
+            CreateDataFrame(ToGenericRows(data), SchemaWithSingleColumn(new TimestampType()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes a SQL query using Spark, returning the result as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sqlText">SQL query text</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Sql(string sqlText) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("sql", sqlText));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Execute an arbitrary string command inside an external execution engine rather than
+        /// Spark. This could be useful when user wants to execute some commands out of Spark. For
+        /// example, executing custom DDL/DML command for JDBC, creating index for ElasticSearch,
+        /// creating cores for Solr and so on.
+        /// The command will be eagerly executed after this method is called and the returned
+        /// DataFrame will contain the output of the command(if any).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="runner">The class name of the runner that implements
+        /// `ExternalCommandRunner`</param>
+        /// <param name="command">The target command to be executed</param>
+        /// <param name="options">The options for the runner</param>
+        /// <returns>>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_0_0)]
+        public DataFrame ExecuteCommand(
+            string runner,
+            string command,
+            Dictionary<string, string> options) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(
+                "executeCommand",
+                runner,
+                command,
+                options));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a DataFrameReader that can be used to read non-streaming data in
+        /// as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        public DataFrameReader Read() =>
+            new DataFrameReader((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("read"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a DataFrame with a single column named id, containing elements in
+        /// a range from 0 to end (exclusive) with step value 1.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="end">The end value (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Range(long end) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("range", end));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a DataFrame with a single column named id, containing elements in 
+        /// a range from start to end (exclusive) with step value 1.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">The start value</param>
+        /// <param name="end">The end value (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Range(long start, long end) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("range", start, end));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a DataFrame with a single column named id, containing elements in
+        /// a range from start to end (exclusive) with a step value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">The start value</param>
+        /// <param name="end">The end value (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <param name="step">Step value to use when creating the range</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Range(long start, long end, long step) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("range", start, end, step));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a DataFrame with a single column named id, containing elements in
+        /// a range from start to end (exclusive) with a step value, with partition
+        /// number specified.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">The start value</param>
+        /// <param name="end">The end value (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <param name="step">Step value to use when creating the range</param>
+        /// <param name="numPartitions">The number of partitions of the DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Range(long start, long end, long step, int numPartitions) =>
+            new DataFrame(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("range", start, end, step, numPartitions));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a DataStreamReader that can be used to read streaming data in as a DataFrame.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader ReadStream() =>
+            new DataStreamReader((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("readStream"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns UDFRegistraion object with which user-defined functions (UDF) can 
+        /// be registered.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>UDFRegistration object</returns>
+        public UdfRegistration Udf() =>
+            new UdfRegistration((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("udf"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Stops the underlying SparkContext.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Stop() => Reference.Invoke("stop");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a single column schema of the given datatype.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataType">Datatype of the column</param>
+        /// <param name="isNullable">Indicates if values of the column can be null</param>
+        /// <returns>Schema as StructType</returns>
+        private StructType SchemaWithSingleColumn(DataType dataType, bool isNullable = true) =>
+            new StructType(new[] { new StructField("_1", dataType, isNullable) });
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// This method is transforming each element of IEnumerable of type T input into a single 
+        /// columned GenericRow.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Datatype of values in rows</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="rows">List of values of type T</param>
+        /// <returns><see cref="IEnumerable"/> of type <see cref="GenericRow"/></returns>
+        private IEnumerable<GenericRow> ToGenericRows<T>(IEnumerable<T> rows) =>
+            rows.Select(r => new GenericRow(new object[] { r }));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/StorageLevel.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/StorageLevel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e0ef357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/StorageLevel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Flags for controlling the storage of an RDD. Each StorageLevel records whether to use
+    /// memory, whether to drop the RDD to disk if it falls out of memory, whether to keep the
+    /// data in memory in a JAVA-specific serialized format, and whether to replicate the RDD
+    /// partitions on multiple nodes. Also contains static properties for some commonly used
+    /// storage levels, MEMORY_ONLY.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StorageLevel : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_storageLevelClassName =
+            "org.apache.spark.storage.StorageLevel";
+        private static StorageLevel s_none;
+        private static StorageLevel s_diskOnly;
+        private static StorageLevel s_diskOnly2;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryOnly;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryOnly2;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryOnlySer;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryOnlySer2;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryAndDisk;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryAndDisk2;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryAndDiskSer;
+        private static StorageLevel s_memoryAndDiskSer2;
+        private static StorageLevel s_offHeap;
+        private bool? _useDisk;
+        private bool? _useMemory;
+        private bool? _useOffHeap;
+        private bool? _deserialized;
+        private int? _replication;
+
+        internal StorageLevel(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public StorageLevel(
+            bool useDisk,
+            bool useMemory,
+            bool useOffHeap,
+            bool deserialized,
+            int replication = 1)
+            : this(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "apply",
+                    useDisk,
+                    useMemory,
+                    useOffHeap,
+                    deserialized,
+                    replication))
+        {
+            _useDisk = useDisk;
+            _useMemory = useMemory;
+            _useOffHeap = useOffHeap;
+            _deserialized = deserialized;
+            _replication = replication;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel object with all parameters set to false.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel NONE =>
+            s_none ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "NONE"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk, serialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel DISK_ONLY =>
+            s_diskOnly ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "DISK_ONLY"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk, serialized and replicated twice.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel DISK_ONLY_2 =>
+            s_diskOnly2 ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "DISK_ONLY_2"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Memory, deserialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_ONLY =>
+            s_memoryOnly ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_ONLY"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Memory, deserialized and replicated twice.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_ONLY_2 =>
+            s_memoryOnly2 ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_ONLY_2"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Memory, serialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_ONLY_SER =>
+            s_memoryOnlySer ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_ONLY_SER"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Memory, serialized and replicated twice.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_ONLY_SER_2 =>
+            s_memoryOnlySer2 ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_ONLY_SER_2"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk and Memory, deserialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_AND_DISK =>
+            s_memoryAndDisk ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_AND_DISK"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk and Memory, deserialized and replicated twice.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_AND_DISK_2 =>
+            s_memoryAndDisk2 ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_AND_DISK_2"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk and Memory, serialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER =>
+            s_memoryAndDiskSer ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk and Memory, serialized and replicated twice.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER_2 =>
+            s_memoryAndDiskSer2 ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER_2"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the StorageLevel to Disk, Memory and Offheap, serialized and replicated once.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static StorageLevel OFF_HEAP =>
+            s_offHeap ??= new StorageLevel(
+                (JvmObjectReference)SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_storageLevelClassName,
+                    "OFF_HEAP"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns bool value of UseDisk of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool UseDisk => _useDisk ??= (bool)Reference.Invoke("useDisk");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns bool value of UseMemory of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool UseMemory => _useMemory ??= (bool)Reference.Invoke("useMemory");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns bool value of UseOffHeap of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool UseOffHeap => _useOffHeap ??= (bool)Reference.Invoke("useOffHeap");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns bool value of Deserialized of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool Deserialized => _deserialized ??= (bool)Reference.Invoke("deserialized");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns int value of Replication of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Replication => _replication ??= (int)Reference.Invoke("replication");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the description string of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Description as string.</returns>
+        public string Description() => (string)Reference.Invoke("description");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the string representation of this StorageLevel.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>representation as string value.</returns>
+        public override string ToString() => (string)Reference.Invoke("toString");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (!(obj is StorageLevel that))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            
+            return (UseDisk == that.UseDisk) && (UseMemory == that.UseMemory) &&
+                (UseOffHeap == that.UseOffHeap) && (Deserialized == that.Deserialized) &&
+                (Replication == that.Replication);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => base.GetHashCode();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamReader.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamReader.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5167537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamReader.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// DataStreamReader provides functionality to load a streaming <see cref="DataFrame"/>
+    /// from external storage systems (e.g. file systems, key-value stores, etc).
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataStreamReader : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal DataStreamReader(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the input data source format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Name of the data source</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Format(string source)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("format", source);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the schema by using <see cref="StructType"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Some data sources (e.g. JSON) can infer the input schema automatically
+        /// from data. By specifying the schema here, the underlying data source can
+        /// skip the schema inference step, and thus speed up data loading.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="schema">The input schema</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Schema(StructType schema)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("schema", DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, schema.Json));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the schema by using the given DDL-formatted string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Some data sources (e.g. JSON) can infer the input schema automatically
+        /// from data. By specifying the schema here, the underlying data source can
+        /// skip the schema inference step, and thus speed up data loading.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="schemaString">DDL-formatted string</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Schema(string schemaString)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("schema", schemaString);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Option(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Option(string key, long value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an input option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Option(string key, double value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds input options for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">Key/value options</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamReader object</returns>
+        public DataStreamReader Options(Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("options", options);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads input data stream in as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>, for data streams
+        /// that don't require a path (e.g.external key-value stores).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Load() => new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads input in as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>, for data streams that read
+        /// from some path. 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Load(string path) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("load", path));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a JSON file stream and returns the results as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Json(string path) => LoadSource("json", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a CSV file stream and returns the result as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Csv(string path) => LoadSource("csv", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a ORC file stream and returns the result as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Orc(string path) => LoadSource("orc", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads a Parquet file stream and returns the result as a <see cref="DataFrame"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Parquet(string path) => LoadSource("parquet", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Define a Streaming DataFrame on a Table. The DataSource corresponding to the table should
+        /// support streaming mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of the table</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public DataFrame Table(string tableName) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("table", tableName));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads text files and returns a <see cref="DataFrame"/> whose schema starts
+        /// with a string column named "value", and followed by partitioned columns
+        /// if there are any.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        public DataFrame Text(string path) => LoadSource("text", path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to add given key/value pair as a new option.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataFrameReader object</returns>
+        private DataStreamReader OptionInternal(string key, object value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to load the source for a given path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Name of the source</param>
+        /// <param name="path">File path for streaming</param>
+        /// <returns>DataFrame object</returns>
+        private DataFrame LoadSource(string source, string path) =>
+            new DataFrame((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke(source, path));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamWriter.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamWriter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b77ef63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/DataStreamWriter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// DataStreamWriter provides functionality to write a streaming <see cref="DataFrame"/>
+    /// to external storage systems (e.g. file systems, key-value stores, etc).
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DataStreamWriter : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly DataFrame _df;
+
+        internal DataStreamWriter(JvmObjectReference jvmObject, DataFrame df)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+            _df = df;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies how data of a streaming DataFrame is written to a streaming sink.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The following mode is supported:
+        /// "append": Only the new rows in the streaming DataFrame/Dataset will be written to
+        ///           the sink.
+        /// "complete": All the rows in the streaming DataFrame/Dataset will be written to the sink
+        ///             every time there are some updates.
+        /// "update": Only the rows that were updated in the streaming DataFrame will
+        ///           be written to the sink every time there are some updates. If the query
+        ///           doesn't contain aggregations, it will be equivalent to `append` mode.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="outputMode">Output mode name</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter OutputMode(string outputMode)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("outputMode", outputMode);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies how data of a streaming DataFrame is written to a streaming sink.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputMode">Output mode enum</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter OutputMode(OutputMode outputMode) =>
+            OutputMode(outputMode.ToString());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the underlying output data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Name of the data source</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Format(string source)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("format", source);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Partitions the output by the given columns on the file system. If specified,
+        /// the output is laid out on the file system similar to Hive's partitioning scheme.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="colNames">Column names to partition by</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter PartitionBy(params string[] colNames)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("partitionBy", (object)colNames);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Option(string key, string value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Option(string key, bool value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Option(string key, long value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an output option for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Option(string key, double value)
+        {
+            OptionInternal(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds output options for the underlying data source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">Key/value options</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Options(Dictionary<string, string> options)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("options", options);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the trigger for the stream query.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="trigger">Trigger object</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter Trigger(Trigger trigger)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("trigger", trigger);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the name of the <see cref="StreamingQuery"/> 
+        /// that can be started with `start()`.
+        /// This name must be unique among all the currently active queries 
+        /// in the associated SQLContext.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="queryName">Query name</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        public DataStreamWriter QueryName(string queryName)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("queryName", queryName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the execution of the streaming query.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Optional output path</param>
+        /// <returns>StreamingQuery object</returns>
+        public StreamingQuery Start(string path = null)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
+            {
+                return new StreamingQuery((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("start", path));
+            }
+            return new StreamingQuery((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("start"));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the execution of the streaming query, which will continually output results to the
+        /// given table as new data arrives. The returned <see cref="StreamingQuery"/> object can be
+        /// used to interact with the stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// For v1 table, partitioning columns provided by <see cref="PartitionBy(string[])"/> will be
+        /// respected no matter the table exists or not. A new table will be created if the table not
+        /// exists.
+        ///
+        /// For v2 table, <see cref="PartitionBy(string[])"/> will be ignored if the table already exists.
+        /// <see cref="PartitionBy(string[])"/> will be respected only if the v2 table does not exist.
+        /// Besides, the v2 table created by this API lacks some functionalities (e.g., customized
+        /// properties, options, and serde info). If you need them, please create the v2 table manually
+        /// before the execution to avoid creating a table with incomplete information.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="tableName">Name of the table</param>
+        /// <returns>StreamingQuery object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V3_1_0)]
+        public StreamingQuery ToTable(string tableName)
+        {
+            return new StreamingQuery((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("toTable", tableName));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the output of the streaming query to be processed using the provided
+        /// writer object. See <see cref="IForeachWriter"/> for more details on the
+        /// lifecycle and semantics.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="writer"></param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public DataStreamWriter Foreach(IForeachWriter writer)
+        {
+            RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate wrapper =
+                new ForeachWriterWrapperUdfWrapper(
+                    new ForeachWriterWrapper(writer).Process).Execute;
+
+            Reference.Invoke(
+                "foreach",
+                Reference.Jvm.CallConstructor(
+                    "org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python.PythonForeachWriter",
+                    UdfUtils.CreatePythonFunction(
+                        Reference.Jvm,
+                        CommandSerDe.Serialize(
+                            wrapper,
+                            CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row,
+                            CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row)),
+                    DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, _df.Schema().Json)));
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the output of the streaming query to be processed using the provided
+        /// function. This is supported only in the micro-batch execution modes (that
+        /// is, when the trigger is not continuous). In every micro-batch, the provided
+        /// function will be called in every micro-batch with (i) the output rows as a
+        /// <see cref="DataFrame"/> and (ii) the batch identifier. The batchId can be used
+        /// to deduplicate and transactionally write the output (that is, the provided
+        /// Dataset) to external systems. The output <see cref="DataFrame"/> is guaranteed
+        /// to exactly same for the same batchId (assuming all operations are deterministic
+        /// in the query).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="func">The function to apply to the DataFrame</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        [Since(Versions.V2_4_0)]
+        public DataStreamWriter ForeachBatch(Action<DataFrame, long> func)
+        {
+            int callbackId = SparkEnvironment.CallbackServer.RegisterCallback(
+                new ForeachBatchCallbackHandler(Reference.Jvm, func));
+            Reference.Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet.DotnetForeachBatchHelper",
+                "callForeachBatch",
+                SparkEnvironment.CallbackServer.JvmCallbackClient,
+                this,
+                callbackId);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to add given key/value pair as a new option.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">Name of the option</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value of the option</param>
+        /// <returns>This DataStreamWriter object</returns>
+        private DataStreamWriter OptionInternal(string key, object value)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("option", key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/OutputMode.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/OutputMode.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a79888ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/OutputMode.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Output modes for specifying how data of a streaming DataFrame is written to a
+    /// streaming sink.
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum OutputMode
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// OutputMode in which only the new rows in the streaming DataFrame/Dataset will be
+        /// written to the sink. This output mode can be only be used in queries that do not
+        /// contain any aggregation.
+        /// </summary>
+        Append,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// OutputMode in which all the rows in the streaming DataFrame/Dataset will be written
+        /// to the sink every time these is some updates. This output mode can only be used in
+        /// queries that contain aggregations.
+        /// </summary>
+        Complete,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// OutputMode in which only the rows in the streaming DataFrame/Dataset that were updated
+        /// will be written to the sink every time these is some updates. If the query doesn't
+        /// contain aggregations, it will be equivalent to Append mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        Update
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQuery.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQuery.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d97e6c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQuery.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Scala;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A handle to a query that is executing continuously in the background as new data arrives.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StreamingQuery : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal StreamingQuery(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the user-specified name of the query, or null if not specified.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Name => (string)Reference.Invoke("name");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the unique id of this query that persists across restarts from checkpoint data.
+        /// That is, this id is generated when a query is started for the first time, and
+        /// will be the same every time it is restarted from checkpoint data. Also see
+        /// <see cref="RunId"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Id =>
+            (string)((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("id")).Invoke("toString");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the unique id of this run of the query. That is, every start/restart of
+        /// a query will generated a unique runId. Therefore, every time a query is restarted
+        /// from checkpoint, it will have the same <see cref="Id"/> but different
+        /// <see cref="RunId"/>s.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string RunId =>
+            (string)((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("runId")).Invoke("toString");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if this query is actively running.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if this query is actively running</returns>
+        public bool IsActive() => (bool)Reference.Invoke("isActive");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Waits for the termination of this query, either by Stop() or by an exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void AwaitTermination() => Reference.Invoke("awaitTermination");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if this query is terminated within the timeout in milliseconds.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// If the query has terminated, then all subsequent calls to this method will either
+        /// return true immediately (if the query was terminated by Stop()), or throw an
+        /// exception immediately (if the query has terminated with an exception).
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="timeoutMs">Timeout value in milliseconds</param>
+        /// <returns>true if this query is terminated within timeout</returns>
+        public bool AwaitTermination(long timeoutMs) =>
+            (bool)Reference.Invoke("awaitTermination", timeoutMs);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Blocks until all available data in the source has been processed and committed to the
+        /// sink. This method is intended for testing. Note that in the case of continually
+        /// arriving data, this method may block forever. Additionally, this method is only
+        /// guaranteed to block until data that has been synchronously appended data to a
+        /// `org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.Source` prior to invocation.
+        /// (i.e. `getOffset` must immediately reflect the addition).
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ProcessAllAvailable() => Reference.Invoke("processAllAvailable");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Stops the execution of this query if it is running. This method blocks until the
+        /// threads performing execution stop.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Stop() => Reference.Invoke("stop");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Prints the physical plan to the console for debugging purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="extended">Whether to do extended explain or not</param>
+        public void Explain(bool extended = false) => Reference.Invoke("explain", extended);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The <see cref="StreamingQueryException"/> if the query was terminated by an exception,
+        /// null otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        public StreamingQueryException Exception()
+        {
+            var optionalException = new Option((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("exception"));
+            if (optionalException.IsDefined())
+            {
+                var exception = (JvmObjectReference)optionalException.Get();
+                return new StreamingQueryException((string)exception.Invoke("toString"));
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryException.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryException.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5c96b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryException.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Exception that stopped a <see cref="StreamingQuery"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class StreamingQueryException : JvmException
+    {
+        public StreamingQueryException(string message)
+            : base(message)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryManager.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryManager.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b24d0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/StreamingQueryManager.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A class to manage all the <see cref="StreamingQuery"/> active
+    /// in a <see cref="SparkSession"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StreamingQueryManager : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal StreamingQueryManager(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of active queries associated with this SQLContext.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Active queries associated with this SQLContext.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<StreamingQuery> Active() =>
+            ((JvmObjectReference[])Reference.Invoke("active"))
+                .Select(sq => new StreamingQuery(sq));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an active query from this SQLContext or throws exception if an active
+        /// query with this name doesn't exist.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="StreamingQuery"/>.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery"/> if there is an active query with the given id.
+        /// </returns>
+        public StreamingQuery Get(string id) =>
+            new StreamingQuery((JvmObjectReference)Reference.Invoke("get", id));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Wait until any of the queries on the associated SQLContext has terminated since the
+        /// creation of the context, or since <see cref="ResetTerminated"/> was called. If any
+        /// query was terminated with an exception, then the exception will be thrown.
+        ///
+        /// If a query has terminated, then subsequent calls to <see cref="AwaitAnyTermination()"/>
+        /// will either return immediately (if the query was terminated by
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery.Stop"/>), or throw the exception immediately (if the query
+        /// was terminated with exception). Use <see cref="ResetTerminated"/> to clear past
+        /// terminations and wait for new terminations.
+        ///
+        /// In the case where multiple queries have terminated since <see cref="ResetTerminated"/>
+        /// was called, if any query has terminated with exception, then
+        /// <see cref="AwaitAnyTermination()"/> will throw any of the exception. For correctly
+        /// documenting exceptions across multiple queries, users need to stop all of them after
+        /// any of them terminates with exception, and then check the
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery.Exception"/> for each query.
+        ///
+        /// Throws StreamingQueryException on the JVM if any query has terminated with an
+        /// exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void AwaitAnyTermination() => Reference.Invoke("awaitAnyTermination");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Wait until any of the queries on the associated SQLContext has terminated since the
+        /// creation of the context, or since <see cref="ResetTerminated"/> was called. If any
+        /// query was terminated with an exception, then the exception will be thrown.
+        ///
+        /// If a query has terminated, then subsequent calls to <see cref="AwaitAnyTermination()"/>
+        /// will either return immediately (if the query was terminated by
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery.Stop"/>), or throw the exception immediately (if the query
+        /// was terminated with exception). Use <see cref="ResetTerminated"/> to clear past
+        /// terminations and wait for new terminations.
+        ///
+        /// In the case where multiple queries have terminated since <see cref="ResetTerminated"/>
+        /// was called, if any query has terminated with exception, then
+        /// <see cref="AwaitAnyTermination()"/> will throw any of the exception. For correctly
+        /// documenting exceptions across multiple queries, users need to stop all of them after
+        /// any of them terminates with exception, and then check the
+        /// <see cref="StreamingQuery.Exception"/> for each query.
+        ///
+        /// Throws StreamingQueryException on the JVM if any query has terminated with an
+        /// exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timeoutMs">
+        /// Milliseconds to wait for query to terminate. Returns whether the query has terminated
+        /// or not.
+        /// </param>
+        public void AwaitAnyTermination(long timeoutMs) =>
+            Reference.Invoke("awaitAnyTermination", timeoutMs);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Forget about past terminated queries so that <see cref="AwaitAnyTermination()"/> can be
+        /// used again to wait for new terminations
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ResetTerminated() => Reference.Invoke("resetTerminated");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/Trigger.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/Trigger.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a90cd633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Streaming/Trigger.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Streaming
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Policy used to indicate how often results should be produced by a 
+    /// <see cref="StreamingQuery"/>
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Trigger : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        private static IJvmBridge Jvm { get; } = SparkEnvironment.JvmBridge;
+        private static readonly string s_triggerClassName = 
+            "org.apache.spark.sql.streaming.Trigger";
+
+        internal Trigger(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) => Reference = jvmObject;
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A trigger policy that runs a query periodically based on an interval 
+        /// in processing time.
+        /// If `interval` is 0, the query will run as fast as possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="intervalMs">Milliseconds</param>
+        /// <returns>Trigger Object</returns>
+        public static Trigger ProcessingTime(long intervalMs)
+        {
+            return Apply("ProcessingTime", intervalMs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A trigger policy that runs a query periodically based on an interval 
+        /// in processing time.
+        /// If `interval` is effectively 0, the query will run as fast as possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="interval">string representation for interval. eg. "10 seconds"</param>
+        /// <returns>Trigger Object</returns>
+        public static Trigger ProcessingTime(string interval)
+        {
+            return Apply("ProcessingTime", interval);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A trigger that process only one batch of data in a streaming query 
+        /// then terminates the query.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Trigger Object</returns>
+        public static Trigger Once()
+        {
+            return Apply("Once");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A trigger that continuously processes streaming data,
+        /// asynchronously checkpointing at the specified interval.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="intervalMs">Milliseconds</param>
+        /// <returns>Trigger Object</returns>
+        public static Trigger Continuous(long intervalMs)
+        {
+            return Apply("Continuous", intervalMs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A trigger that continuously processes streaming data,
+        /// asynchronously checkpointing at the specified interval.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="interval">string representation for interval. eg. "10 seconds"</param>
+        /// <returns>Trigger Object</returns>
+        public static Trigger Continuous(string interval)
+        {
+            return Apply("Continuous", interval);
+        }
+
+        private static Trigger Apply(string funcName, params object[] args)
+        {
+            return new Trigger(
+                (JvmObjectReference)Jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    s_triggerClassName,
+                    funcName,
+                    args));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/ComplexTypes.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/ComplexTypes.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc96e14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/ComplexTypes.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An array type containing multiple values of a type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ArrayType : DataType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for ArrayType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="elementType">The data type of elements in this array</param>
+        /// <param name="containsNull">Indicates if elements can be null</param>
+        public ArrayType(DataType elementType, bool containsNull = true)
+        {
+            ElementType = elementType;
+            ContainsNull = containsNull;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for ArrayType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object to create the array type from</param>
+        internal ArrayType(JObject json) => FromJson(json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the data type of the elements in an array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DataType ElementType { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the array can contain null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ContainsNull { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Readable string representation for this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string SimpleString =>
+            string.Format("array<{0}>", ElementType.SimpleString);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns JSON object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal override object JsonValue =>
+            new JObject(
+                new JProperty("type", TypeName),
+                new JProperty("elementType", ElementType.JsonValue),
+                new JProperty("containsNull", ContainsNull));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a ArrayType object from a JSON object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object used to construct a ArrayType object</param>
+        /// <returns>ArrayType object</returns>
+        private DataType FromJson(JObject json)
+        {
+            ElementType = ParseDataType(json["elementType"]);
+            ContainsNull = (bool)json["containsNull"];
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        internal override bool NeedConversion() => ElementType.NeedConversion();
+
+        internal override object FromInternal(object obj)
+        {
+            if (!NeedConversion() || obj == null)
+            {
+                return obj;
+            }
+            
+            var arrayList = (ArrayList)obj;
+            for (int i = 0; i < arrayList.Count; ++i)
+            {
+                arrayList[i] = ElementType.FromInternal(arrayList[i]);
+            }
+
+            return arrayList;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The data type for a map. 
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class MapType : DataType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for MapType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="keyType">The data type of keys in this map</param>
+        /// <param name="valueType">The data type of values in this map</param>
+        /// <param name="valueContainsNull">Indicates if values can be null</param>
+        public MapType(DataType keyType, DataType valueType, bool valueContainsNull = true)
+        {
+            KeyType = keyType;
+            ValueType = valueType;
+            ValueContainsNull = valueContainsNull;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for MapType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object to create the map type from</param>
+        internal MapType(JObject json) => FromJson(json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the data type of the keys in the map.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DataType KeyType { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the data type of the values in the map.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DataType ValueType { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the value can contain null values.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ValueContainsNull { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Readable string representation for this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string SimpleString =>
+            string.Format("map<{0},{1}>", KeyType.SimpleString, ValueType.SimpleString);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns JSON object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal override object JsonValue =>
+            new JObject(
+                new JProperty("type", TypeName),
+                new JProperty("keyType", KeyType.JsonValue),
+                new JProperty("valueType", ValueType.JsonValue),
+                new JProperty("valueContainsNull", ValueContainsNull));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a MapType object from a JSON object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object used to construct a MapType object</param>
+        /// <returns>MapType object</returns>
+        private DataType FromJson(JObject json)
+        {
+            KeyType = ParseDataType(json["keyType"]);
+            ValueType = ParseDataType(json["valueType"]);
+            ValueContainsNull = (bool)json["valueContainsNull"];
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        internal override bool NeedConversion() =>
+            KeyType.NeedConversion() || ValueType.NeedConversion();
+
+        internal override object FromInternal(object obj)
+        {
+            if (!NeedConversion() || obj == null)
+            {
+                return obj;
+            }
+
+            var hashTable = (Hashtable)obj;
+            var convertedHashtable = new Hashtable(hashTable.Count);
+            foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in hashTable)
+            {
+                convertedHashtable[KeyType.FromInternal(entry.Key)] =
+                    ValueType.FromInternal(entry.Value);
+            }
+
+            return convertedHashtable;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A type that represents a field inside StructType.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StructField
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for StructFieldType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of this field</param>
+        /// <param name="dataType">The data type of this field</param>
+        /// <param name="isNullable">Indicates if values of this field can be null</param>
+        /// <param name="metadata">The metadata of this field</param>
+        public StructField(
+            string name,
+            DataType dataType,
+            bool isNullable = true,
+            JObject metadata = null)
+        {
+            Name = name;
+            DataType = dataType;
+            IsNullable = isNullable;
+            Metadata = metadata ?? new JObject();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for StructFieldType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object to construct a StructFieldType object</param>
+        internal StructField(JObject json)
+        {
+            Name = json["name"].ToString();
+            DataType = DataType.ParseDataType(json["type"]);
+            IsNullable = (bool)json["nullable"];
+            Metadata = (JObject)json["metadata"];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The name of this field.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Name { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The data type of this field.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DataType DataType { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if values of this field can be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsNullable { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The metadata of this field.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal JObject Metadata { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a readable string that represents this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string ToString() => $"StructField({Name},{DataType.SimpleString})";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns JSON object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal object JsonValue =>
+            new JObject(
+                new JProperty("name", Name),
+                new JProperty("type", DataType.JsonValue),
+                new JProperty("nullable", IsNullable),
+                new JProperty("metadata", Metadata));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Struct type represents a struct with multiple fields.
+    /// This type is also used to represent a Row object in Spark.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StructType : DataType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for StructType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object to construct a StructType object</param>
+        internal StructType(JObject json) => FromJson(json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for StructType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">StructType object on JVM</param>
+        internal StructType(JvmObjectReference jvmObject) =>
+            FromJson(JObject.Parse((string)jvmObject.Invoke("json")));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of StructFieldType objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<StructField> Fields { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for StructType class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fields">A collection of StructFieldType objects</param>
+        public StructType(IEnumerable<StructField> fields)
+        {
+            Fields = fields.ToList();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a readable string that represents this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string SimpleString =>
+            $"struct<{string.Join(",", Fields.Select(f => $"{f.Name}:{f.DataType.SimpleString}"))}>";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns JSON object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal override object JsonValue =>
+            new JObject(
+                new JProperty("type", TypeName),
+                new JProperty("fields", Fields.Select(f => f.JsonValue).ToArray()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a StructType object from a JSON object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON object used to construct a StructType object</param>
+        /// <returns>A StuructType object</returns>
+        private DataType FromJson(JObject json)
+        {
+            IEnumerable<JObject> fieldsJObjects = json["fields"].Select(f => (JObject)f);
+            Fields = fieldsJObjects.Select(
+                fieldJObject => new StructField(fieldJObject)).ToList();
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/DataType.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/DataType.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..651d45d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/DataType.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The base type of all Spark SQL data types.
+    /// Note that the implementation mirrors PySpark: spark/python/pyspark/sql/types.py
+    /// The Scala version is spark/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/*.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class DataType
+    {
+        private static readonly Type[] s_simpleTypes = new[] {
+            typeof(NullType),
+            typeof(StringType),
+            typeof(BinaryType),
+            typeof(BooleanType),
+            typeof(DateType),
+            typeof(TimestampType),
+            typeof(DoubleType),
+            typeof(FloatType),
+            typeof(ByteType),
+            typeof(IntegerType),
+            typeof(LongType),
+            typeof(ShortType),
+            typeof(DecimalType) };
+
+        private static readonly Type[] s_complexTypes = new[] {
+            typeof(ArrayType),
+            typeof(MapType),
+            typeof(StructType) };
+
+        private static readonly Lazy<string[]> s_simpleTypeNormalizedNames =
+            new Lazy<string[]>(
+                () => s_simpleTypes.Select(t => NormalizeTypeName(t.Name)).ToArray());
+
+        private static readonly Lazy<string[]> s_complexTypeNormalizedNames =
+            new Lazy<string[]>(
+                () => s_complexTypes.Select(t => NormalizeTypeName(t.Name)).ToArray());
+
+        private string _typeName;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Normalized type name.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string TypeName => _typeName ??= NormalizeTypeName(GetType().Name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Simple string version of the current data type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual string SimpleString => TypeName;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The compact JSON representation of this data type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Json
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                object jObject = (JsonValue is JObject) ?
+                    ((JObject)JsonValue).SortProperties() :
+                    JsonValue;
+                return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(jObject, Formatting.None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// JSON value of this data type.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal virtual object JsonValue => TypeName;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JSON string to create a <see cref="JvmObjectReference"/>.
+        /// It references a <see cref="StructType"/> on the JVM side.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON string to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>The new JvmObjectReference created from the JSON string</returns>
+        internal static JvmObjectReference FromJson(IJvmBridge jvm, string json)
+        {
+            return (JvmObjectReference)jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType",
+                "fromJson",
+                json);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JSON string to construct a DataType.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JSON string to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>The new DataType instance from the JSON string</returns>
+        public static DataType ParseDataType(string json) => ParseDataType(JToken.Parse(json));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object by
+        /// checking the string version of this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (obj is DataType otherDataType)
+            {
+                return SimpleString == otherDataType.SimpleString;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => SimpleString.GetHashCode();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JToken object to construct a DataType.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JToken object to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>The new DataType instance from the JSON string</returns>
+        internal static DataType ParseDataType(JToken json)
+        {
+            if (json.Type == JTokenType.Object)
+            {
+                var typeJObject = (JObject)json;
+                if (typeJObject.TryGetValue("type", out JToken type))
+                {
+                    string typeName = type.ToString();
+
+                    int typeIndex = Array.IndexOf(s_complexTypeNormalizedNames.Value, typeName);
+
+                    if (typeIndex != -1)
+                    {
+                        return (DataType)Activator.CreateInstance(
+                            s_complexTypes[typeIndex],
+                            BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance,
+                            null,
+                            new object[] { typeJObject },
+                            null);
+                    }
+                    else if (typeName == "udt")
+                    {
+                        if (typeJObject.TryGetValue("class", out JToken classToken))
+                        {
+                            if (typeJObject.TryGetValue("sqlType", out JToken sqlTypeToken))
+                            {
+                                return new StructType((JObject)sqlTypeToken);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        throw new NotImplementedException();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Could not parse data type: {type}");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return ParseSimpleType(json);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Does this type need to conversion between C# object and internal SQL object.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal virtual bool NeedConversion() => false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an internal SQL object into a native C# object.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal virtual object FromInternal(object obj) => obj;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses a JToken object that represents a simple type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="json">JToken object to parse</param>
+        /// <returns>The new DataType instance from the JSON string</returns>
+        private static DataType ParseSimpleType(JToken json)
+        {
+            string typeName = json.ToString();
+
+            int typeIndex = Array.IndexOf(s_simpleTypeNormalizedNames.Value, typeName);
+
+            if (typeIndex != -1)
+            {
+                return (DataType)Activator.CreateInstance(s_simpleTypes[typeIndex]);
+            }
+
+            Match decimalMatch = DecimalType.s_fixedDecimal.Match(typeName);
+            if (decimalMatch.Success)
+            {
+                return new DecimalType(
+                    int.Parse(decimalMatch.Groups[1].Value),
+                    int.Parse(decimalMatch.Groups[2].Value));
+            }
+
+            throw new ArgumentException($"Could not parse data type: {json}");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove "Type" from the end of type name and lower cases to align with Scala type name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="typeName">Type name to normalize</param>
+        /// <returns>Normalized type name</returns>
+        private static string NormalizeTypeName(string typeName)
+        {
+#if !NETSTANDARD2_0
+            return string.Create(typeName.Length - 4, typeName, (span, name) =>
+            {
+                name.AsSpan(0, name.Length - 4).ToLower(span, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
+            });
+#else
+            return typeName.Substring(0, typeName.Length - 4).ToLower();
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Date.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Date.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74885191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Date.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents Date containing year, month, and day.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Date
+    {
+        private readonly DateTime _dateTime;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for Date class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dateTime">DateTime object</param>
+        public Date(DateTime dateTime)
+        {
+            _dateTime = dateTime;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for Date class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="year">The year (1 through 9999)</param>
+        /// <param name="month">The month (1 through 12)</param>
+        /// <param name="day">The day (1 through the number of days in month)</param>
+        public Date(int year, int month, int day)
+        {
+            _dateTime = new DateTime(year, month, day);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the year component of the date.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Year => _dateTime.Year;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the month component of the date.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Month => _dateTime.Month;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the day component of the date.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Day => _dateTime.Day;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Readable string representation for this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string ToString() => _dateTime.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
+            ReferenceEquals(this, obj) ||
+            ((obj is Date date) && Year.Equals(date.Year) && Month.Equals(date.Month) &&
+                Day.Equals(date.Day));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => base.GetHashCode();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns DateTime object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DateTime object of the current object</returns>
+        public DateTime ToDateTime() => _dateTime;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an integer object that represents a count of days from 1970-01-01.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Integer object that represents a count of days from 1970-01-01</returns>
+        internal int GetInterval() => (_dateTime - DateType.s_unixTimeEpoch).Days;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/SimpleTypes.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/SimpleTypes.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01c3c1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/SimpleTypes.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An internal type used to represent everything that is not null, arrays, structs, and maps.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class AtomicType : DataType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a numeric type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class NumericType : AtomicType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents an integral type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class IntegralType : NumericType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a fractional type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class FractionalType : NumericType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a null type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class NullType : DataType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a string type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class StringType : AtomicType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a binary (byte array) type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class BinaryType : AtomicType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a boolean type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class BooleanType : AtomicType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a date type. It represents a valid date in the proleptic Gregorian
+    /// calendar. Valid range is [0001-01-01, 9999-12-31].
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DateType : AtomicType
+    {
+        internal static readonly DateTime s_unixTimeEpoch =
+            new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+        internal override bool NeedConversion() => true;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Internally, a date is stored as a simple incrementing count of days as int
+        /// where day 0 is 1970-01-01. This will convert internal SQL DateType objects
+        /// from count of days into native C# Date objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal override object FromInternal(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return new Date(new DateTime((int)obj * TimeSpan.TicksPerDay + s_unixTimeEpoch.Ticks));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a timestamp type. It represents a time instant in microsecond precision.
+    /// Valid range is [0001-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z, 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999Z] where
+    /// the left/right-bound is a date and time of the proleptic Gregorian calendar in UTC+00:00.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class TimestampType : AtomicType
+    {
+        internal override bool NeedConversion() => true;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Internally, a timestamp is stored as the number of microseconds as long from the epoch
+        /// of 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z(UTC+00:00). This will convert internal SQL TimestampType
+        /// objects from the number of microseconds into native C# Timestamp objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal override object FromInternal(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // Known issue that if the original type is "long" and its value can be fit into the
+            // "int", Pickler will serialize the value as int.
+            long val = (obj is long v) ? v : (int)obj;
+            return new Timestamp(
+                new DateTime(val * 10 + DateType.s_unixTimeEpoch.Ticks, DateTimeKind.Utc));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a double type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DoubleType : FractionalType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a float type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class FloatType : FractionalType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a byte type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ByteType : IntegralType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents an int type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class IntegerType : IntegralType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a long type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class LongType : IntegralType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a short type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ShortType : IntegralType
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a decimal type.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DecimalType : FractionalType
+    {
+        internal static Regex s_fixedDecimal =
+            new Regex(@"decimal\(\s*(\d+)\s*,\s*(\-?\d+)\s*\)", RegexOptions.Compiled);
+
+        private readonly int _precision;
+        private readonly int _scale;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the <see cref="DecimalType"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Default values of precision and scale are from Scala:
+        /// sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/DecimalType.scala.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="precision">Number of digits in a number</param>
+        /// <param name="scale">
+        /// Number of digits to the right of the decimal point in a number
+        /// </param>
+        public DecimalType(int precision = 10, int scale = 0)
+        {
+            _precision = precision;
+            _scale = scale;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns simple string version of DecimalType.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string SimpleString => $"decimal({_precision},{_scale})";
+
+        internal override object JsonValue => SimpleString;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Timestamp.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Timestamp.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..895add7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/Types/Timestamp.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents Timestamp containing year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond in
+    /// Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Timestamp
+    {
+        private readonly DateTime _dateTime;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for Timestamp class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dateTime">DateTime object</param>
+        public Timestamp(DateTime dateTime)
+        {
+            _dateTime = dateTime.ToUniversalTime();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor for Timestamp class, the defaut timezone is
+        /// Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="year">The year (1 through 9999)</param>
+        /// <param name="month">The month (1 through 12)</param>
+        /// <param name="day">The day (1 through the number of days in month)</param>
+        /// <param name="hour">The hour (0 through 23)</param>
+        /// <param name="minute">The minute (0 through 59)</param>
+        /// <param name="second">The second (0 through 59)</param>
+        /// <param name="microsecond">The microsecond (0 through 999999)</param>
+        public Timestamp(
+            int year,
+            int month,
+            int day,
+            int hour,
+            int minute,
+            int second,
+            int microsecond)
+        {
+            if ((0 <= microsecond) && (microsecond <= 999999))
+            {
+                // Create DateTime and AddTicks based on the microsecond value.
+                _dateTime = new DateTime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, DateTimeKind.Utc)
+                    .AddTicks(microsecond * 10);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Invalid microsecond value {microsecond}. " +
+                    $"The microsecond should be in the range of [0, 999999].");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the year component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Year => _dateTime.Year;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the month component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Month => _dateTime.Month;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the day component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Day => _dateTime.Day;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hour component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Hour => _dateTime.Hour;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minute component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Minute => _dateTime.Minute;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the second component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Second => _dateTime.Second;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the microsecond component of the timestamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Microsecond => (int)(_dateTime.Ticks % 10000000 / 10);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Readable string representation for this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override string ToString() => _dateTime.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.ffffffZ");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the given object is same as the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Other object to compare against</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the other object is equal</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
+            ReferenceEquals(this, obj) ||
+            ((obj is Timestamp timestamp) && _dateTime.Equals(timestamp._dateTime));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code of the current object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The hash code of the current object</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode() => _dateTime.GetHashCode();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns DateTime object describing this type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>DateTime object of the current object</returns>
+        public DateTime ToDateTime() => _dateTime;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a double object that represents the number of microseconds from the epoch
+        /// of 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z(UTC+00:00) in the second unit to serialize and
+        /// deserialize between CLR and JVM.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Double object that represents the number of seconds from the epoch of
+        /// 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z(UTC+00:00)</returns>
+        internal double GetIntervalInSeconds() =>
+            (_dateTime.Ticks - DateType.s_unixTimeEpoch.Ticks) / 10000000.0;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a long object that represents the number of microseconds from the epoch of
+        /// 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z(UTC+00:00).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Long object that represents the number of microseconds from the epoch of
+        /// 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z(UTC+00:00)</returns>
+        internal long GetIntervalInMicroseconds() =>
+            (_dateTime.Ticks - DateType.s_unixTimeEpoch.Ticks) / 10;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UDFRegistration.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UDFRegistration.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5581289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UDFRegistration.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Functions for registering user-defined functions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class UdfRegistration : IJvmObjectReferenceProvider
+    {
+        internal UdfRegistration(JvmObjectReference jvmObject)
+        {
+            Reference = jvmObject;
+        }
+
+        public JvmObjectReference Reference { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<TResult>(string name, Func<TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T, TResult>(string name, Func<T, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, TResult>(string name, Func<T1, T2, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> f)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register(string name, Func<Row> f, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T>(string name, Func<T, Row> f, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with this row</param>
+        public void Register<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10>(
+            string name,
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, Row> f,
+            StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, UdfUtils.CreateUdfWrapper(f), returnType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Register a Java UDF class using reflection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the UDF</param>
+        /// <param name="className">Class name that defines UDF</param>
+        public void RegisterJava<TResult>(string name, string className)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("registerJava", name, className, GetDataType<TResult>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Register a Java UDAF class using reflection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the UDAF</param>
+        /// <param name="className">Class name that defines UDAF</param>
+        public void RegisterJavaUDAF(string name, string className)
+        {
+            Reference.Invoke("registerJavaUDAF", name, className);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to register wrapped udf.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Return type of the udf</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the udf</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Wrapped UDF function</param>
+        private void Register<TResult>(string name, Delegate func)
+        {
+            Register<TResult>(name, func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to register wrapped udf.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the udf</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Wrapped UDF function</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">Schema associated with the udf</param>
+        private void Register(string name, Delegate func, StructType returnType)
+        {
+            Register(name, func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF, returnType.Json);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to register wrapped udf.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Return type of the udf</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the udf</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Wrapped UDF function</param>
+        /// <param name="evalType">The EvalType of the function</param>
+        internal void Register<TResult>(string name, Delegate func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType)
+        {
+            Register(name, func, evalType, UdfUtils.GetReturnType(typeof(TResult)));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper function to register wrapped udf.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the udf</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Wrapped UDF function</param>
+        /// <param name="evalType">The EvalType of the function</param>
+        /// <param name="returnType">The return type of the function in JSON format</param>
+        private void Register(string name, Delegate func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType evalType, string returnType)
+        {
+            byte[] command = CommandSerDe.Serialize(
+                func,
+                CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row,
+                CommandSerDe.SerializedMode.Row);
+
+            UserDefinedFunction udf = UserDefinedFunction.Create(
+                Reference.Jvm,
+                name,
+                command,
+                evalType,
+                returnType);
+
+            Reference.Invoke("registerPython", name, udf);
+        }
+
+        private JvmObjectReference GetDataType<T>()
+        {
+            return DataType.FromJson(Reference.Jvm, UdfUtils.GetReturnType(typeof(T)));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UdfRegistrationExtensions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UdfRegistrationExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77a46261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/UdfRegistrationExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extension methods for <see cref="UdfRegistration"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class UdfRegistrationExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T, TResult> f)
+            where T : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the given delegate as a vector user-defined function with the specified name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T1">Specifies the type of the first argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T2">Specifies the type of the second argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T3">Specifies the type of the third argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T4">Specifies the type of the fourth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T5">Specifies the type of the fifth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T6">Specifies the type of the sixth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T7">Specifies the type of the seventh argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T8">Specifies the type of the eighth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T9">Specifies the type of the ninth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="T10">Specifies the type of the tenth argument to the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Specifies the return type of the UDF.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="udf">The <see cref="UdfRegistration"/> object to invoke the register the Vector UDF.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The UDF name.</param>
+        /// <param name="f">The UDF function implementation.</param>
+        public static void RegisterVector<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            this UdfRegistration udf, string name, Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> f)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where T10 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            RegisterVector<TResult>(udf, name, UdfUtils.CreateVectorUdfWrapper(f));
+        }
+
+        private static void RegisterVector<TResult>(UdfRegistration udf, string name, Delegate func)
+        {
+            udf.Register<TResult>(name, func, UdfUtils.PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/WorkerFunction.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/WorkerFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40deb47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Sql/WorkerFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Sql
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function that will be executed in the worker.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal abstract class WorkerFunction
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function that will be executed in the worker using the Apache Arrow format.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ArrowWorkerFunction : WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Type of the UDF to run. Refer to <see cref="ArrowUdfWrapper{T, T}"/>.Execute.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">unpickled data, representing a row</param>
+        /// <param name="argOffsets">offsets to access input</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal delegate IArrowArray ExecuteDelegate(
+            ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input,
+            int[] argOffsets);
+
+        internal ArrowWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used to chain functions.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static ArrowWorkerFunction Chain(
+            ArrowWorkerFunction innerWorkerFunction,
+            ArrowWorkerFunction outerWorkerFunction)
+        {
+            return new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+                new WorkerFuncChainHelper(
+                    innerWorkerFunction.Func,
+                    outerWorkerFunction.Func).Execute);
+        }
+
+        private class WorkerFuncChainHelper
+        {
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _innerFunc;
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _outerFunc;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The outer function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one
+            /// return value from an inner function.
+            /// </summary>
+            private static readonly int[] s_outerFuncArgOffsets = { 0 };
+
+            internal WorkerFuncChainHelper(ExecuteDelegate inner, ExecuteDelegate outer)
+            {
+                _innerFunc = inner;
+                _outerFunc = outer;
+            }
+
+            internal IArrowArray Execute(
+                ReadOnlyMemory<IArrowArray> input,
+                int[] argOffsets)
+            {
+                // For chaining, create an array with one element, which is a result from the inner
+                // function. Only the inner function will expect the given offsets, and the outer
+                // function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one value in the
+                // input.
+                return _outerFunc(
+                    new[] { _innerFunc(input, argOffsets) },
+                    s_outerFuncArgOffsets);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function for Grouped Map Vector UDFs using the Apache Arrow format.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ArrowGroupedMapWorkerFunction : WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A delegate to invoke a Grouped Map Vector UDF.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The input data frame.</param>
+        /// <returns>The resultant data frame.</returns>
+        internal delegate RecordBatch ExecuteDelegate(RecordBatch input);
+
+        internal ArrowGroupedMapWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Function that will be executed in the worker using the Python pickling format.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class PicklingWorkerFunction : WorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Type of the UDF to run. Refer to <see cref="PicklingUdfWrapper{T}"/>.Execute.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="splitId">split id for the current task</param>
+        /// <param name="input">unpickled data, representing a row</param>
+        /// <param name="argOffsets">offsets to access input</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal delegate object ExecuteDelegate(int splitId, object[] input, int[] argOffsets);
+
+        internal PicklingWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used to chain functions.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static PicklingWorkerFunction Chain(
+            PicklingWorkerFunction innerWorkerFunction,
+            PicklingWorkerFunction outerWorkerFunction)
+        {
+            return new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+                new WorkerFuncChainHelper(
+                    innerWorkerFunction.Func,
+                    outerWorkerFunction.Func).Execute);
+        }
+
+        private class WorkerFuncChainHelper
+        {
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _innerFunc;
+            private readonly ExecuteDelegate _outerFunc;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The outer function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one
+            /// return value from an inner function.
+            /// </summary>
+            private static readonly int[] s_outerFuncArgOffsets = { 0 };
+
+            internal WorkerFuncChainHelper(ExecuteDelegate inner, ExecuteDelegate outer)
+            {
+                _innerFunc = inner;
+                _outerFunc = outer;
+            }
+
+            internal object Execute(int splitId, object input, int[] argOffsets)
+            {
+                // For chaining, create an array with one element, which is a result from the inner
+                // function. Only the inner function will expect the given offsets, and the outer
+                // function will always take 0 as an offset since there is only one value in the
+                // input.
+                return _outerFunc(
+                    splitId,
+                    new[] { _innerFunc(splitId, (object[])input, argOffsets) },
+                    s_outerFuncArgOffsets);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/TaskContext.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/TaskContext.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cebd07b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/TaskContext.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// TaskContext stores information related to a task.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class TaskContext
+    {
+        internal int StageId { get; set; }
+
+        internal int PartitionId { get; set; }
+
+        internal int AttemptNumber { get; set; }
+
+        internal long AttemptId { get; set; }
+
+        internal int CPUs { get; set; }
+
+        internal bool IsBarrier { get; set; }
+
+        internal int Port { get; set; }
+
+        internal string Secret { get; set; }
+
+        internal IEnumerable<Resource> Resources { get; set; } = new List<Resource>();
+
+        internal Dictionary<string, string> LocalProperties { get; set; } =
+            new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (!(obj is TaskContext other))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return (StageId == other.StageId) &&
+                (PartitionId == other.PartitionId) &&
+                (AttemptNumber == other.AttemptNumber) &&
+                (AttemptId == other.AttemptId) &&
+                Resources.SequenceEqual(other.Resources) &&
+                (LocalProperties.Count == other.LocalProperties.Count) &&
+                !LocalProperties.Except(other.LocalProperties).Any();
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return StageId;
+        }
+
+        internal class Resource
+        {
+            internal string Key { get; set; }
+            internal string Value { get; set; }
+            internal IEnumerable<string> Addresses { get; set; } = new List<string>();
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is Resource other))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                return (Key == other.Key) &&
+                    (Value == other.Value) &&
+                    Addresses.SequenceEqual(Addresses);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return Key.GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TaskContextHolder contains the TaskContext for the current Thread.
+    internal static class TaskContextHolder
+    {
+        // Multiple Tasks can be assigned to a Worker process. Each
+        // Task will run in its own thread until completion. Therefore
+        // we set this field as a thread local variable, where each
+        // thread will have its own copy of the TaskContext.
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        internal static TaskContext s_taskContext;
+
+        internal static TaskContext Get() => s_taskContext;
+
+        internal static void Set(TaskContext tc) => s_taskContext = tc;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyInfoProvider.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyInfoProvider.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..403e6442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyInfoProvider.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Provides the <see cref="AssemblyInfo"/> for the "Flowthru.Spark" assembly
+  /// within the current execution context.
+  /// </summary>
+  internal static class AssemblyInfoProvider
+  {
+    private const string FlowthruSparkAssemblyName = "Flowthru.Spark";
+
+    private static readonly Lazy<AssemblyInfo> s_microsoftSparkAssemblyInfo =
+      new Lazy<AssemblyInfo>(() => CreateAssemblyInfo(FlowthruSparkAssemblyName));
+
+    internal static AssemblyInfo MicrosoftSparkAssemblyInfo() => s_microsoftSparkAssemblyInfo.Value;
+
+    private static AssemblyInfo CreateAssemblyInfo(string assemblyName)
+    {
+      Assembly assembly = AppDomain
+        .CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies()
+        .Single(asm => asm.GetName().Name == assemblyName);
+
+      AssemblyName asmName = assembly.GetName();
+      return new AssemblyInfo
+      {
+        AssemblyName = asmName.Name,
+        AssemblyVersion = asmName.Version.ToString(),
+        HostName = Dns.GetHostName(),
+      };
+    }
+
+    internal class AssemblyInfo
+    {
+      internal string AssemblyName { get; set; }
+      internal string AssemblyVersion { get; set; }
+      internal string HostName { get; set; }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyLoader.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyLoader.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c26dbdbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/AssemblyLoader.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    internal static class AssemblySearchPathResolver
+    {
+        internal const string AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName = "DOTNET_ASSEMBLY_SEARCH_PATHS";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the paths to search when loading assemblies in the following order of
+        /// precedence:
+        /// 1) Comma-separated paths specified in DOTNET_ASSEMBLY_SEARCH_PATHS environment
+        /// variable. Note that if a path starts with ".", the working directory will be prepended.
+        /// 2) The path of the files added through
+        /// <see cref="SparkContext.AddFile(string, bool)"/>.
+        /// 3) The working directory.
+        /// 4) The directory of the application.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The reason that the working directory has higher precedence than the directory
+        /// of the application is for cases when spark is launched on YARN. The executors are run
+        /// inside 'containers' and files that are passed via 'spark-submit --files' will be pushed
+        /// to these 'containers'. This path is the working directory and the 1st probing path that
+        /// will be checked.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>Assembly search paths</returns>
+        internal static string[] GetAssemblySearchPaths()
+        {
+            var searchPaths = new List<string>();
+            string searchPathsStr =
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(searchPathsStr))
+            {
+                foreach (string searchPath in searchPathsStr.Split(','))
+                {
+                    string trimmedSearchPath = searchPath.Trim();
+                    if (trimmedSearchPath.StartsWith("."))
+                    {
+                        searchPaths.Add(
+                            Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), trimmedSearchPath));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        searchPaths.Add(trimmedSearchPath);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            string sparkFilesPath = SparkFiles.GetRootDirectory();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sparkFilesPath))
+            {
+                searchPaths.Add(sparkFilesPath);
+            }
+
+            searchPaths.Add(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
+            searchPaths.Add(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory);
+
+            return searchPaths.ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static class AssemblyLoader
+    {
+        internal static Func<string, Assembly> LoadFromFile { get; set; } = Assembly.LoadFrom;
+
+        private static readonly ILoggerService s_logger =
+            LoggerServiceFactory.GetLogger(typeof(AssemblyLoader));
+
+        private static readonly Dictionary<string, Assembly> s_assemblyCache =
+            new Dictionary<string, Assembly>();
+
+        // Lazily evaluate the assembly search paths because it has a dependency on SparkFiles.
+        private static readonly Lazy<string[]> s_searchPaths =
+            new Lazy<string[]>(() => AssemblySearchPathResolver.GetAssemblySearchPaths());
+
+        private static readonly string[] s_extensions =
+            RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows) ?
+                new[] { ".dll", ".exe", ".ni.dll", ".ni.exe" } :
+                new[] { ".dll", ".ni.dll" };
+
+        private static readonly object s_cacheLock = new object();
+
+        // Roslyn generates assembly names with characters that cause issues.
+        // The generated name contains *, a reserved character in Windows,
+        // and #, which causes problems when used with SparkContext.AddFile.
+        // https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/blob/da63493c37e4a450076d6dac02044bf0fcdbcc50/src/Scripting/Core/ScriptBuilder.cs#L51
+        private static readonly Regex s_roslynAssemblyNameRegex =
+            new Regex(
+                "^\u211B\\*([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12})#([0-9]+-[0-9]+)",
+                RegexOptions.Compiled | RegexOptions.CultureInvariant);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the cached assembly, otherwise attempt to load and cache the assembly
+        /// by searching for the assembly filename in the search paths.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="assemblyName">The full name of the assembly</param>
+        /// <param name="assemblyFileName">Name of the file that contains the assembly</param>
+        /// <returns>Cached or Loaded Assembly or null if not found</returns>
+        internal static Assembly LoadAssembly(string assemblyName, string assemblyFileName)
+        {
+            // assemblyFileName is empty when serializing a UDF from within the REPL.
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(assemblyFileName))
+            {
+                return ResolveAssembly(assemblyName);
+            }
+
+            lock (s_cacheLock)
+            {
+                if (s_assemblyCache.TryGetValue(assemblyName, out Assembly assembly))
+                {
+                    return assembly;
+                }
+
+                if (TryLoadAssembly(assemblyFileName, ref assembly))
+                {
+                    s_assemblyCache[assemblyName] = assembly;
+                    return assembly;
+                }
+
+                s_logger.LogWarn(
+                    string.Format(
+                        "Assembly '{0}' file not found '{1}' in '{2}'",
+                        assemblyName,
+                        assemblyFileName,
+                        string.Join(",", s_searchPaths.Value)));
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the cached assembly, otherwise look in the probing paths returned
+        /// by AssemblySearchPathResolver, searching for the simple assembly name and
+        /// s_extension combination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="assemblyName">The fullname of the assembly to load</param>
+        /// <returns>The loaded assembly or null if not found</returns>
+        internal static Assembly ResolveAssembly(string assemblyName)
+        {
+            lock (s_cacheLock)
+            {
+                if (s_assemblyCache.TryGetValue(assemblyName, out Assembly assembly))
+                {
+                    return assembly;
+                }
+
+                string simpleAsmName =
+                    NormalizeAssemblyName(new AssemblyName(assemblyName).Name);
+                foreach (string extension in s_extensions)
+                {
+                    string assemblyFileName = $"{simpleAsmName}{extension}";
+                    if (TryLoadAssembly(assemblyFileName, ref assembly))
+                    {
+                        s_assemblyCache[assemblyName] = assembly;
+                        return assembly;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                s_logger.LogWarn(
+                    string.Format(
+                        "Assembly '{0}' file not found '{1}[{2}]' in '{3}'",
+                        assemblyName,
+                        simpleAsmName,
+                        string.Join(",", s_extensions),
+                        string.Join(",", s_searchPaths.Value)));
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the loaded assembly by probing paths returned by AssemblySearchPathResolver.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="assemblyFileName">Name of the file that contains the assembly</param>
+        /// <param name="assembly">The loaded assembly.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if assembly is loaded, false otherwise.</returns>
+        private static bool TryLoadAssembly(string assemblyFileName, ref Assembly assembly)
+        {
+            foreach (string searchPath in s_searchPaths.Value)
+            {
+                var assemblyFile = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(searchPath, assemblyFileName));
+                if (assemblyFile.Exists)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        assembly = LoadFromFile(assemblyFile.FullName);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex) when (
+                        ex is FileLoadException ||
+                        ex is BadImageFormatException)
+                    {
+                        // Ignore invalid assemblies.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Normalizes the assemblyName by removing characters known to cause
+        /// issues. This is useful in situations where the assemblyName is
+        /// automatically generated, ie the Roslyn compiler used in the REPL
+        /// generates an assembly name that contains * and #.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="assemblyName">Assembly name</param>
+        /// <returns>Normalized assembly name</returns>
+        internal static string NormalizeAssemblyName(string assemblyName)
+        {
+            // Check if the assembly name follows the Roslyn naming convention.
+            // Roslyn assembly name: "\u211B*4b31b71b-d4bd-4642-9f63-eef5f5d99197#1-14"
+            // Normalized Roslyn assembly name: "4b31b71b-d4bd-4642-9f63-eef5f5d99197-1-14"
+            Match match = s_roslynAssemblyNameRegex.Match(assemblyName);
+            return match.Success ?
+                $"{match.Groups[1].Value}-{match.Groups[2].Value}" :
+                assemblyName;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/Authenticator.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/Authenticator.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc06e1a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/Authenticator.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Authenticator provides functionalities to authenticate between
+    /// Spark and .NET worker.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class Authenticator
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_validResponseCode = "ok";
+        private static readonly string s_invalidResponseCode = "err";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Authenticates by writing secret to stream and validate the response.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">Valid stream.</param>
+        /// <param name="secret">Secret string to authenticate against.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if authentication succeeds.</returns>
+        public static bool AuthenticateAsClient(Stream stream, string secret)
+        {
+            SerDe.Write(stream, secret);
+            stream.Flush();
+
+            return SerDe.ReadString(stream) == s_validResponseCode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Authenticates by reading secret from stream and writes the response code
+        /// back to the stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="socket">Valid socket.</param>
+        /// <param name="secret">Secret string to authenticate against.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if authentication succeeds.</returns>
+        public static bool AuthenticateAsServer(ISocketWrapper socket, string secret)
+        {
+            string clientSecret = SerDe.ReadString(socket.InputStream);
+
+            bool result;
+            if (clientSecret == secret)
+            {
+                SerDe.Write(socket.OutputStream, s_validResponseCode);
+                result = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                SerDe.Write(socket.OutputStream, s_invalidResponseCode);
+                result = false;
+            }
+
+            socket.OutputStream.Flush();
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/BinarySerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/BinarySerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cc10093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/BinarySerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using MessagePack;
+using MessagePack.Resolvers;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+
+// If deserialization of untrusted data is required, extend this functionality to
+// incorporate techniques such as using a Message Authentication Code (MAC)
+// or whitelisting allowed types to mitigate security risks.
+
+/// <summary>
+/// BinarySerDe (Serialization/Deserialization) is a utility class designed to handle
+/// serialization and deserialization of objects to and from binary formats.
+///
+/// <para>
+/// This implementation uses the MessagePack `Typeless` API, which embeds type
+/// information into the serialized data. It adds overhead of 1-2 bytes for primitive
+/// types, and serializes 'System.Type' entirely for complex objects.
+/// Does not serialize type definition, so in order to deserialize a complex object,
+/// declaring library should be available in app domain or at probing locations.
+/// </para>
+/// </summary>
+internal static class BinarySerDe
+{
+    private static MessagePackSerializerOptions _options =
+        new AllowStandardOrSerializableMessagePackSerializerOptions(
+            TypelessContractlessStandardResolver.Instance
+        ).WithSecurity(MessagePackSecurity.UntrustedData);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Deserializes a stream of binary data into an object of type T.
+    /// When using or shared streams, prefer the overloaded version
+    /// that accepts a `length` parameter to ensure no excess data is consumed.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The expected type of the deserialized object.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="stream">The stream containing the serialized data.</param>
+    /// <returns>An object of type T.</returns>
+    internal static T Deserialize<T>(Stream stream)
+    {
+        return (T)MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Deserialize(stream, _options);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Deserializes an object from stream, ensuring no excess data is read.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The stream containing the serialized data.</param>
+    /// <param name="length">The length of byte section to deserialize.</param>
+    /// <returns>The deserialized object.</returns>
+    internal static object Deserialize(Stream stream, int length)
+    {
+        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> memory = SerDe.ReadBytes(stream, length);
+
+        return MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Deserialize(memory, _options);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Serializes an object into a binary stream
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the object to serialize.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="stream">The target stream where the data will be written.</param>
+    /// <param name="graph">The object to serialize.</param>
+    internal static void Serialize<T>(Stream stream, T graph)
+    {
+        MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Serialize(stream, graph, _options);
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Additional security for MessagePack typeless serialization, that only allows
+/// standard classes or classes marked with the 'System.Serializable' attribute.
+/// </summary>
+internal class AllowStandardOrSerializableMessagePackSerializerOptions
+    : MessagePackSerializerOptions
+{
+    public AllowStandardOrSerializableMessagePackSerializerOptions(IFormatterResolver resolver)
+        : base(resolver) { }
+
+    protected AllowStandardOrSerializableMessagePackSerializerOptions(
+        MessagePackSerializerOptions copyFrom
+    )
+        : base(copyFrom) { }
+
+    public override void ThrowIfDeserializingTypeIsDisallowed(Type type)
+    {
+        // Check against predefined blacklist
+        base.ThrowIfDeserializingTypeIsDisallowed(type);
+
+        // Check if MessagePack can handle this type safely
+        var formatter = StandardResolver.Instance.GetFormatterDynamic(type);
+
+        if (
+            formatter == null
+            && type.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(System.SerializableAttribute), true).Length == 0
+        )
+        {
+            throw new MessagePackSerializationException(
+                $"Deserialization attempted to create the type {type.FullName} which is not allowed." +
+                $" Add 'System.Serializable' attribute to allow serialization"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected override MessagePackSerializerOptions Clone()
+    {
+        return new AllowStandardOrSerializableMessagePackSerializerOptions(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CollectionUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CollectionUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..518d4cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CollectionUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    internal static class CollectionUtils
+    {
+        internal static bool ArrayEquals<T>(T[] array1, T[] array2)
+        {
+            return (array1?.Length == array2?.Length) &&
+                ((array1 == null) || array1.SequenceEqual(array2));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CommandSerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CommandSerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64433cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/CommandSerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// CommandSerDe provides functionality to serialize/deserialize WorkerFunction
+    /// along with other information.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class CommandSerDe
+    {
+        internal enum SerializedMode
+        {
+            None,
+            String,
+            Byte,
+            Pair,
+            Row
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The function name of any UDF wrappers that wrap the UDF.
+        /// ex) <see cref="RDD{T}.MapUdfWrapper{I, O}.Execute(int, IEnumerable{object})"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        private const string UdfWrapperMethodName = "Execute";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Captures the information about the UDF wrapper.
+        /// Example classes for wrapping UDF are:
+        ///  - SQL: * <see cref="ArrowUdfWrapper{T, TResult}"/>
+        ///         * <see cref="PicklingUdfWrapper{TResult}"/>
+        ///  - RDD: * <see cref="RDD{T}.MapUdfWrapper{I, O}"/>
+        ///         * <see cref="RDD{T}.FlatMapUdfWrapper{I, O}"/>
+        ///         * <see cref="RDD{T}.MapPartitionsUdfWrapper{I, O}"/>
+        ///         * <see cref="RDD.WorkerFunction.WorkerFuncChainHelper"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        [Serializable]
+        private sealed class UdfWrapperNode
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Type name of the UDF wrapper.
+            /// </summary>
+            internal string TypeName { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of children (UDF wrapper or UDF) this node is associated with.
+            /// Note that there can be up to two children and if the child is an UDF,
+            /// this will be set to one.
+            /// </summary>
+            internal int NumChildren { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// True if the child is an UDF.
+            /// </summary>
+            internal bool HasUdf { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// UdfWrapperData represents the flattened tree structure.
+        /// For example:
+        ///                        WorkerChainHelper#1
+        ///                         /                \
+        ///           WorkerChainHelper#2        MapUdfWrapper#3
+        ///               /          \                  \
+        ///  MapUdfWrapper#1   MapUdfWrapper#2         UDF#3
+        ///         |                 |
+        ///       UDF#1             UDF#2
+        /// 
+        /// will be translated into:
+        /// UdfWrapperNodes: (WorkerChainHelper(WCH), MapUdfWrapper(MUW))
+        ///    [ WCH#1(2, false), WCH#2(2, false), MUW#1(1, true), MUW#2(1, true), MUW#3(1, true) ]
+        ///    where WCH#1(2, false) means the node has two children and HasUdf is false.
+        /// Udfs:
+        ///    [ UDF#1, UDF#2, UDF#3 ]
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        [Serializable]
+        private sealed class UdfWrapperData
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Flattened UDF wrapper nodes.
+            /// </summary>
+            internal UdfWrapperNode[] UdfWrapperNodes { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Serialized UDF data.
+            /// </summary>
+            internal UdfSerDe.UdfData[] Udfs { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        internal static byte[] Serialize(
+            Delegate func,
+            SerializedMode deserializerMode = SerializedMode.Byte,
+            SerializedMode serializerMode = SerializedMode.Byte)
+        {
+            // TODO: Rework on the following List<Byte[]> to use MemoryStream!
+
+            var commandPayloadBytesList = new List<byte[]>();
+
+            // Add serializer mode.
+            byte[] modeBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(serializerMode.ToString());
+            int length = modeBytes.Length;
+            byte[] lengthAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(length);
+            Array.Reverse(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(modeBytes);
+
+            // Add deserializer mode.
+            modeBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(deserializerMode.ToString());
+            length = modeBytes.Length;
+            lengthAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(length);
+            Array.Reverse(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(modeBytes);
+
+            // Add run mode:
+            // N - normal
+            // R - repl
+            string runMode = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SPARK_NET_RUN_MODE") ?? "N";
+            byte[] runModeBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(runMode);
+            lengthAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(runModeBytes.Length);
+            Array.Reverse(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(lengthAsBytes);
+            commandPayloadBytesList.Add(runModeBytes);
+
+            if ("R".Equals(runMode, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                // add compilation dump directory
+                byte[] compilationDumpDirBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(
+                    Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SPARK_NET_SCRIPT_COMPILATION_DIR") ?? ".");
+                lengthAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(compilationDumpDirBytes.Length);
+                Array.Reverse(lengthAsBytes);
+                commandPayloadBytesList.Add(lengthAsBytes);
+                commandPayloadBytesList.Add(compilationDumpDirBytes);
+            }
+
+            // Serialize the UDFs.
+            var udfWrapperNodes = new List<UdfWrapperNode>();
+            var udfs = new List<UdfSerDe.UdfData>();
+            SerializeUdfs(func, null, udfWrapperNodes, udfs);
+
+            // Run through UdfSerDe.Serialize once more to get serialization info
+            // on the actual UDF.
+            var udfWrapperData = new UdfWrapperData()
+            {
+                UdfWrapperNodes = udfWrapperNodes.ToArray(),
+                Udfs = udfs.ToArray()
+            };
+
+            using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                BinarySerDe.Serialize(stream, udfWrapperData);
+
+                byte[] udfBytes = stream.ToArray();
+                byte[] udfBytesLengthAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(udfBytes.Length);
+                Array.Reverse(udfBytesLengthAsBytes);
+                commandPayloadBytesList.Add(udfBytesLengthAsBytes);
+                commandPayloadBytesList.Add(udfBytes);
+            }
+
+            return commandPayloadBytesList.SelectMany(byteArray => byteArray).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private static void SerializeUdfs(
+            Delegate func,
+            UdfWrapperNode parent,
+            List<UdfWrapperNode> udfWrapperNodes,
+            List<UdfSerDe.UdfData> udfs)
+        {
+            UdfSerDe.UdfData udfData = UdfSerDe.Serialize(func);
+            if ((udfData.MethodName != UdfWrapperMethodName) ||
+                !Attribute.IsDefined(func.Target.GetType(), typeof(UdfWrapperAttribute)))
+            {
+                // Found the actual UDF.
+                if (parent != null)
+                {
+                    parent.HasUdf = true;
+                    Debug.Assert(parent.NumChildren == 1);
+                }
+
+                udfs.Add(udfData);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            UdfSerDe.FieldData[] fields = udfData.TargetData.Fields;
+            if ((fields.Length == 0) || (fields.Length > 2))
+            {
+                throw new Exception(
+                    $"Invalid number of children ({fields.Length}) for {udfData.TypeData.Name}");
+            }
+
+            var curNode = new UdfWrapperNode
+            {
+                TypeName = udfData.TypeData.Name,
+                NumChildren = fields.Length,
+                HasUdf = false
+            };
+
+            udfWrapperNodes.Add(curNode);
+
+            foreach (UdfSerDe.FieldData field in fields)
+            {
+                SerializeUdfs((Delegate)field.Value, curNode, udfWrapperNodes, udfs);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static object DeserializeArrowOrDataFrameUdf(
+            Stream stream,
+            out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+            out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+            out string runMode)
+        {
+            UdfWrapperData udfWrapperData = GetUdfWrapperDataFromStream(
+                stream,
+                out serializerMode,
+                out deserializerMode,
+                out runMode);
+
+            int nodeIndex = 0;
+            int udfIndex = 0;
+            UdfWrapperNode node = udfWrapperData.UdfWrapperNodes[nodeIndex];
+            Type nodeType = Type.GetType(node.TypeName);
+            Delegate udf;
+            if (nodeType == typeof(DataFrameGroupedMapUdfWrapper))
+            {
+                udf = (DataFrameGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate)DeserializeUdfs<DataFrameGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                        udfWrapperData,
+                        ref nodeIndex,
+                        ref udfIndex);
+            }
+            else if (nodeType == typeof(DataFrameWorkerFunction) || nodeType.IsSubclassOf(typeof(DataFrameUdfWrapper)))
+            {
+                udf = (DataFrameWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate)DeserializeUdfs<DataFrameWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                        udfWrapperData,
+                        ref nodeIndex,
+                        ref udfIndex);
+            }
+            else if (nodeType == typeof(ArrowGroupedMapUdfWrapper))
+            {
+                udf = (ArrowGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate)DeserializeUdfs<ArrowGroupedMapWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                        udfWrapperData,
+                        ref nodeIndex,
+                        ref udfIndex);
+            }
+            else 
+            {
+                udf = (ArrowWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate)
+                    DeserializeUdfs<ArrowWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                        udfWrapperData,
+                        ref nodeIndex,
+                        ref udfIndex);
+            }
+
+            // Check all the data is consumed.
+            Debug.Assert(nodeIndex == udfWrapperData.UdfWrapperNodes.Length);
+            Debug.Assert(udfIndex == udfWrapperData.Udfs.Length);
+
+            return udf;
+        }
+
+        private static UdfWrapperData GetUdfWrapperDataFromStream(
+            Stream stream,
+            out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+            out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+            out string runMode)
+        {
+            if (!Enum.TryParse(SerDe.ReadString(stream), out serializerMode))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("Serializer mode is not valid.");
+            }
+
+            if (!Enum.TryParse(SerDe.ReadString(stream), out deserializerMode))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("Deserializer mode is not valid.");
+            }
+
+            runMode = SerDe.ReadString(stream);
+
+            byte[] serializedCommand = SerDe.ReadBytes(stream);
+
+            var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedCommand, false);
+
+            return BinarySerDe.Deserialize<UdfWrapperData>(ms);
+        }
+
+        internal static T Deserialize<T>(
+            Stream stream,
+            out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+            out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+            out string runMode) where T : Delegate
+        {
+            UdfWrapperData udfWrapperData = GetUdfWrapperDataFromStream(
+                stream,
+                out serializerMode,
+                out deserializerMode,
+                out runMode);
+            int nodeIndex = 0;
+            int udfIndex = 0;
+            T udf = (T)DeserializeUdfs<T>(udfWrapperData, ref nodeIndex, ref udfIndex);
+
+            // Check all the data is consumed.
+            Debug.Assert(nodeIndex == udfWrapperData.UdfWrapperNodes.Length);
+            Debug.Assert(udfIndex == udfWrapperData.Udfs.Length);
+
+            return udf;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserializes a non-UDF command from the stream.
+        /// This method handles both RDD commands and Raw commands, detecting the type
+        /// from the serialized wrapper information.
+        ///
+        /// Raw UDFs provide direct access to input/output streams for high-performance
+        /// scenarios where standard row-by-row processing is not efficient enough.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">Stream to read from</param>
+        /// <param name="serializerMode">Output serialization mode</param>
+        /// <param name="deserializerMode">Output deserialization mode</param>
+        /// <param name="runMode">Output run mode</param>
+        /// <returns>Either RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate or RawWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate</returns>
+        internal static object DeserializeNonUdf(
+            Stream stream,
+            out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+            out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+            out string runMode)
+        {
+            UdfWrapperData udfWrapperData = GetUdfWrapperDataFromStream(
+                stream,
+                out serializerMode,
+                out deserializerMode,
+                out runMode);
+            int nodeIndex = 0;
+            int udfIndex = 0;
+            UdfWrapperNode node = udfWrapperData.UdfWrapperNodes[nodeIndex];
+            Type nodeType = Type.GetType(node.TypeName);
+            Delegate udf;
+            if (nodeType == typeof(RawUdfWrapper))
+            {
+                udf = DeserializeUdfs<RawWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                    udfWrapperData,
+                    ref nodeIndex,
+                    ref udfIndex);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                udf = DeserializeUdfs<RDD.WorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+                    udfWrapperData,
+                    ref nodeIndex,
+                    ref udfIndex);
+            }
+
+            // Check all the data is consumed.
+            Debug.Assert(nodeIndex == udfWrapperData.UdfWrapperNodes.Length);
+            Debug.Assert(udfIndex == udfWrapperData.Udfs.Length);
+
+            return udf;
+        }
+
+        private static Delegate DeserializeUdfs<T>(
+            UdfWrapperData data,
+            ref int nodeIndex,
+            ref int udfIndex)
+        {
+            UdfWrapperNode node = data.UdfWrapperNodes[nodeIndex++];
+            Type nodeType = Type.GetType(node.TypeName);
+
+            if (node.HasUdf)
+            {
+                var udfs = new object[node.NumChildren];
+                for (int i = 0; i < node.NumChildren; ++i)
+                {
+                    udfs[i] = UdfSerDe.Deserialize(data.Udfs[udfIndex++]);
+                }
+
+                return CreateUdfWrapperDelegate<T>(nodeType, udfs);
+            }
+
+            var udfWrappers = new object[node.NumChildren];
+            for (int i = 0; i < node.NumChildren; ++i)
+            {
+                udfWrappers[i] = DeserializeUdfs<T>(data, ref nodeIndex, ref udfIndex);
+            }
+
+            return CreateUdfWrapperDelegate<T>(nodeType, udfWrappers);
+        }
+
+        private static Delegate CreateUdfWrapperDelegate<T>(Type type, object[] parameters)
+        {
+            BindingFlags bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Instance |
+                BindingFlags.Static |
+                BindingFlags.NonPublic |
+                BindingFlags.Public;
+
+            object udfWrapper = Activator.CreateInstance(
+                type,
+                bindingFlags,
+                null,
+                parameters,
+                null);
+
+            return Delegate.CreateDelegate(
+                typeof(T),
+                udfWrapper,
+                UdfWrapperMethodName);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DataFrameUdfUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DataFrameUdfUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2145816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DataFrameUdfUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    using DataFrameDelegate = DataFrameWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// DataFrameUdfUtils provides utility functions to wrap UDFs that use Microsoft.Data.Analysis
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class DataFrameUdfUtils
+    {
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+            where T : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)new DataFrameUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)new DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)new DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T2 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T3 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T4 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T5 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T6 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T7 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T8 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T9 : DataFrameColumn
+            where T10 : DataFrameColumn
+            where TResult : DataFrameColumn
+        {
+            return (DataFrameDelegate)
+                new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DependencyProviderUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DependencyProviderUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b786e963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/DependencyProviderUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    internal class DependencyProviderUtils
+    {
+        private static readonly string s_filePattern = "dependencyProviderMetadata_*";
+
+        internal static string[] GetMetadataFiles(string path) =>
+            Directory.GetFiles(path, s_filePattern);
+
+        // Create the dependency provider metadata filename based on the number and
+        // the first 8 characters of guid passed into the function.
+        // 
+        // number => filename
+        // 0      => dependencyProviderMetadata_f1a2b3c400000000000
+        // 1      => dependencyProviderMetadata_f1a2b3c400000000001
+        // ...
+        // 20     => dependencyProviderMetadata_f1a2b3c400000000020
+        internal static string CreateFileName(Guid runId, long number) =>
+            s_filePattern.Replace("*", $"{runId.ToString("N").Substring(0, 8)}{number:D11}");
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal class NuGetMetadata
+        {
+            public string FileName { get; set; }
+            public string PackageName { get; set; }
+            public string PackageVersion { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is NuGetMetadata nugetMetadata) &&
+                    Equals(nugetMetadata);
+            }
+
+            private bool Equals(NuGetMetadata other)
+            {
+                return (other != null) &&
+                    (FileName == other.FileName) &&
+                    (PackageName == other.PackageName) &&
+                    (PackageVersion == other.PackageVersion);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal class Metadata
+        {
+            public string[] AssemblyProbingPaths { get; set; }
+            public string[] NativeProbingPaths { get; set; }
+            public NuGetMetadata[] NuGets { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is Metadata metadata) &&
+                    Equals(metadata);
+            }
+
+            internal static Metadata Deserialize(string path)
+            {
+                using FileStream fileStream = File.OpenRead(path);
+                return BinarySerDe.Deserialize<Metadata>(fileStream);
+            }
+
+            internal void Serialize(string path)
+            {
+                using FileStream fileStream = File.OpenWrite(path);
+                BinarySerDe.Serialize(fileStream, this);
+            }
+
+            private bool Equals(Metadata other)
+            {
+                return (other != null) &&
+                    CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(
+                        AssemblyProbingPaths,
+                        other.AssemblyProbingPaths) &&
+                    CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(NativeProbingPaths, other.NativeProbingPaths) &&
+                    CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(NuGets, other.NuGets);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/EnvironmentUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/EnvironmentUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f410b14b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/EnvironmentUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Various environment utility methods.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class EnvironmentUtils
+    {
+        internal static bool GetEnvironmentVariableAsBool(string name)
+        {
+            string str = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(name);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            switch (str.ToLowerInvariant())
+            {
+                case "true":
+                case "1":
+                case "yes":
+                    return true;
+                case "false":
+                case "0":
+                case "no":
+                    return false;
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/JvmObjectUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/JvmObjectUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6aa83125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/JvmObjectUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides general helper functions related to JVM objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class JvmObjectUtils
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Search through all assemblies in current domain and find those types
+        /// that are subclasses of the parentType. For those types we find its
+        /// javaClassFieldName value, which is its java-side consistent name, then
+        /// construct a mapping between the java class name and dotnet class type.
+        /// Please note that types containing generic parameters are not supported.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parentType">The parent class of the target type.</param>
+        /// <param name="javaClassFieldName">The private static string field name of the dotnet class.</param>
+        /// <returns>A mapping of java class name and dotnet class type.</returns>
+        internal static Dictionary<string, Type> ConstructJavaClassMapping(
+            Type parentType,
+            string javaClassFieldName)
+        {
+            // a mapping of java class name to the dotnet type
+            var classMapping = new Dictionary<string, Type>();
+            // search within the assemblies to find the real type that matches returnClass name
+            foreach (Assembly assembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies())
+            {
+                foreach (Type type in assembly.GetTypes().Where(type =>
+                    type.IsClass &&
+                    !type.IsAbstract &&
+                    type.IsSubclassOf(parentType) &&
+                    !type.ContainsGenericParameters))
+                {
+                    FieldInfo info = type.GetField(javaClassFieldName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
+                    var classNameValue = (string)info.GetValue(null);
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(classNameValue))
+                    {
+                        classMapping.Add(classNameValue, type);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return classMapping;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get java class name from the jvm object; search through the mapping
+        /// between java class name and dotnet class type for the current domain;
+        /// construct dotnet class instance by calling the constructor with jvmObject
+        /// as the parameter, and cast it to type T. If the java class name doesn't
+        /// exist in the mapping we assign the instance its default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvmObject">The reference to object created in JVM.</param>
+        /// <param name="classMapping">The mapping between java class name and dotnet class type.</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The constructed dotnet object instance.</param>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The casting type of dotnet object instance.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>Whether we successfully constructed the dotnet object instance or not.</returns>
+        internal static bool TryConstructInstanceFromJvmObject<T>(
+            JvmObjectReference jvmObject,
+            Dictionary<string, Type> classMapping,
+            out T instance)
+        {
+            var jvmClass = (JvmObjectReference)jvmObject.Invoke("getClass");
+            var returnClass = (string)jvmClass.Invoke("getTypeName");
+            if (classMapping.ContainsKey(returnClass))
+            {
+                Type dotnetType = classMapping[returnClass];
+                instance = (T)dotnetType.Assembly.CreateInstance(
+                    dotnetType.FullName,
+                    false,
+                    BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic,
+                    null,
+                    new object[] { jvmObject },
+                    null,
+                    null);
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            instance = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/PythonSerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/PythonSerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5adabeaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/PythonSerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Razorvine.Pickle;
+using Razorvine.Pickle.Objects;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Used for SerDe of Python objects.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class PythonSerDe
+    {
+        // One RowConstructor object is registered to the Unpickler and
+        // there could be multiple threads unpickling row data using
+        // this object. However there is no issue as the field(s) that are
+        // reused by this object are instantiated on a per-thread basis and
+        // therefore not shared between threads.
+        private static readonly RowConstructor s_rowConstructor;
+
+        static PythonSerDe()
+        {
+            // Custom picklers used in PySpark implementation.
+            // Refer to spark/python/pyspark/sql/types.py.
+            Unpickler.registerConstructor(
+                "pyspark.sql.types", "_parse_datatype_json_string", new StringConstructor());
+
+            s_rowConstructor = new RowConstructor();
+            Unpickler.registerConstructor(
+                "pyspark.sql.types", "_create_row_inbound_converter", s_rowConstructor);
+
+            // Register custom picklers.
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(Row), new RowPickler());
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(GenericRow), new GenericRowPickler());
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(Date), new DatePickler());
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(Timestamp), new TimestampPickler());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unpickles objects from Stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">Pickled byte stream</param>
+        /// <param name="messageLength">Size (in bytes) of the pickled input</param>
+        /// <returns>Unpicked objects</returns>
+        internal static object[] GetUnpickledObjects(Stream stream, int messageLength)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(messageLength);
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (!SerDe.TryReadBytes(stream, buffer, messageLength))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("The stream is closed.");
+                }
+
+                var unpickler = new Unpickler();
+                object unpickledItems = unpickler.loads(
+                    new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(buffer, 0, messageLength),
+                    stackCapacity: 102); // Spark sends batches of 100 rows, and +2 is for markers.
+                s_rowConstructor.Reset();
+                Debug.Assert(unpickledItems != null);
+                return (unpickledItems as object[]);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawUdfWrapper.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawUdfWrapper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc8c1967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawUdfWrapper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// RawUdfWrapper wraps a raw UDF function that operates directly on streams.
+    /// This wrapper is used for serialization/deserialization of raw UDFs that need
+    /// direct access to input/output streams for high-performance data processing.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike standard UDFs that process data row-by-row, raw UDFs receive the entire
+    /// input stream and have full control over how data is read and written.
+    /// </summary>
+    [UdfWrapper]
+    internal sealed class RawUdfWrapper
+    {
+        private readonly Func<int, Stream, Stream, SerializedMode, SerializedMode, int> _func;
+
+        internal RawUdfWrapper(Func<int, Stream, Stream, SerializedMode, SerializedMode, int> func)
+        {
+            _func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal int Execute(
+            int pid,
+            Stream inputStream,
+            Stream outputStream,
+            SerializedMode serializedMode,
+            SerializedMode deserializedMode)
+        {
+            return _func(pid, inputStream, outputStream, serializedMode, deserializedMode);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawWorkerFunction.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawWorkerFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f7f0650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/RawWorkerFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.IO;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// RawWorkerFunction provides direct access to input/output streams for UDF execution.
+    /// This enables high-performance scenarios where the user needs direct control over
+    /// serialization/deserialization, bypassing the standard row-by-row processing.
+    ///
+    /// Use cases:
+    /// - Custom binary protocols for efficient data transfer
+    /// - Streaming large data without intermediate object allocation
+    /// - Integration with external serialization libraries
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class RawWorkerFunction
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Delegate for raw UDF execution with direct stream access.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="splitId">The partition/split index being processed</param>
+        /// <param name="inputStream">Raw input stream from Spark</param>
+        /// <param name="outputStream">Raw output stream to Spark</param>
+        /// <param name="serializedMode">Mode for serializing output data</param>
+        /// <param name="deserializedMode">Mode for deserializing input data</param>
+        /// <returns>Number of entries processed</returns>
+        internal delegate int ExecuteDelegate(
+            int splitId,
+            Stream inputStream,
+            Stream outputStream,
+            SerializedMode serializedMode,
+            SerializedMode deserializedMode);
+
+        public RawWorkerFunction(ExecuteDelegate func)
+        {
+            Func = func;
+        }
+
+        internal ExecuteDelegate Func { get; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/TypeConverter.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/TypeConverter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b295a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/TypeConverter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Supports converting <see cref="ArrayList"/> to a typed <see cref="Array"/> and
+    /// <see cref="Hashtable"/> to a typed <see cref="Dictionary{TKey, TValue}"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class TypeConverter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert obj to type <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to convert to</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="obj">The object to convert</param>
+        /// <returns>Converted object.</returns>
+        internal static T ConvertTo<T>(object obj) => (T)Convert(obj, typeof(T));
+
+        private static object Convert(object obj, Type toType)
+        {
+            if ((obj is ArrayList arrayList) && toType.IsArray)
+            {
+                return ConvertToArray(arrayList, toType);
+            }
+            else if ((obj is Hashtable hashtable) && toType.IsGenericType &&
+                (toType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(Dictionary<,>)))
+            {
+                return ConvertToDictionary(hashtable, toType);
+            }
+            // Fails to convert int to long otherwise
+            else if (toType.IsPrimitive)
+            {
+                return System.Convert.ChangeType(obj, toType);
+            }
+
+            return obj;
+        }
+
+        private static object ConvertToArray(ArrayList arrayList, Type type)
+        {
+            Type elementType = type.GetElementType();
+            int length = arrayList.Count;
+            Array convertedArray = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+            {
+                convertedArray.SetValue(Convert(arrayList[i], elementType), i);
+            }
+
+            return convertedArray;
+        }
+
+        private static object ConvertToDictionary(Hashtable hashtable, Type type)
+        {
+            Type[] genericTypes = type.GetGenericArguments();
+            var dict =
+                (IDictionary)Activator.CreateInstance(type, new object[] { hashtable.Count });
+            foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in hashtable)
+            {
+                dict[Convert(entry.Key, genericTypes[0])] = Convert(entry.Value, genericTypes[1]);
+            }
+
+            return dict;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfSerDe.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfSerDe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8df51e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfSerDe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UdfSerDe is responsible for serializing/deserializing an UDF.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class UdfSerDe
+    {
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TypeData, Type> s_typeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<TypeData, Type>();
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal sealed class TypeData : IEquatable<TypeData>
+        {
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public string AssemblyName { get; set; }
+            public string AssemblyFileName { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                // Simply hash on the Type's Name, which should provide
+                // a "unique enough" hash code.
+                return Name.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is TypeData typeData) &&
+                    Equals(typeData);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(TypeData other)
+            {
+                return (other != null) &&
+                    (other.Name == Name) &&
+                    (other.AssemblyName == AssemblyName) &&
+                    (other.AssemblyFileName == AssemblyFileName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal sealed class UdfData
+        {
+            public TypeData TypeData { get; set; }
+            public string MethodName { get; set; }
+            public TargetData TargetData { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is UdfData udfData) &&
+                    Equals(udfData);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(UdfData other)
+            {
+                return (other != null) &&
+                    TypeData.Equals(other.TypeData) &&
+                    (MethodName == other.MethodName) &&
+                    TargetData.Equals(other.TargetData);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal sealed class TargetData
+        {
+            public TypeData TypeData { get; set; }
+            public FieldData[] Fields { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is TargetData targetData) &&
+                    Equals(targetData);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(TargetData other)
+            {
+                if ((other == null) ||
+                    !TypeData.Equals(other.TypeData) ||
+                    (Fields?.Length != other.Fields?.Length))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if ((Fields == null) && (other.Fields == null))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                return Fields.SequenceEqual(other.Fields);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Serializable]
+        internal sealed class FieldData
+        {
+            public TypeData TypeData { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public object Value { get; set; }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return (obj is FieldData fieldData) &&
+                    Equals(fieldData);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(FieldData other)
+            {
+                return (other != null) &&
+                    TypeData.Equals(other.TypeData) &&
+                    (Name == other.Name) &&
+                    (((Value == null) && (other.Value == null)) ||
+                        ((Value != null) && Value.Equals(other.Value)));
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static UdfData Serialize(Delegate udf)
+        {
+            MethodInfo method = udf.Method;
+            object target = udf.Target;
+
+            var udfData = new UdfData()
+            {
+                TypeData = SerializeType(method.DeclaringType),
+                MethodName = method.Name,
+                TargetData = SerializeTarget(target)
+            };
+
+            return udfData;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate Deserialize(UdfData udfData)
+        {
+            Type udfType = DeserializeType(udfData.TypeData);
+            MethodInfo udfMethod = udfType.GetMethod(
+                udfData.MethodName,
+                BindingFlags.Instance |
+                BindingFlags.Static |
+                BindingFlags.Public |
+                BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+
+            var udfParameters = udfMethod.GetParameters().Select(p => p.ParameterType).ToList();
+            udfParameters.Add(udfMethod.ReturnType);
+            Type funcType = Expression.GetFuncType(udfParameters.ToArray());
+
+            if (udfData.TargetData == null)
+            {
+                // The given UDF is a static function.
+                return Delegate.CreateDelegate(funcType, udfMethod);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return Delegate.CreateDelegate(
+                    funcType,
+                    DeserializeTargetData(udfData.TargetData),
+                    udfData.MethodName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static TargetData SerializeTarget(object target)
+        {
+            // target will be null for static functions.
+            if (target == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Type targetType = target.GetType();
+            TypeData targetTypeData = SerializeType(targetType);
+
+            var fields = new List<FieldData>();
+            foreach (FieldInfo field in targetType.GetFields(
+                BindingFlags.Instance |
+                BindingFlags.Static |
+                BindingFlags.Public |
+                BindingFlags.NonPublic))
+            {
+                if (!field.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(NonSerializedAttribute)).Any())
+                {
+                    fields.Add(new FieldData()
+                    {
+                        TypeData = SerializeType(field.FieldType),
+                        Name = field.Name,
+                        Value = field.GetValue(target)
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Even when an UDF does not have any closure, GetFields() returns some fields
+            // which include Func<> of the udf specified.
+            // For now, one way to distinguish is to check if any of the field's type
+            // is same as the target type. If so, fields will be emptied out.
+            // TODO: Follow up with the dotnet team.
+            bool doesUdfHaveClosure = fields.
+                Where((field) => field.TypeData.Name.Equals(targetTypeData.Name)).
+                Count() == 0;
+
+            var targetData = new TargetData()
+            {
+                TypeData = targetTypeData,
+                Fields = doesUdfHaveClosure ? fields.ToArray() : null
+            };
+
+            return targetData;
+        }
+
+        private static object DeserializeTargetData(TargetData targetData)
+        {
+            Type targetType = DeserializeType(targetData.TypeData);
+            object target = FormatterServices.GetUninitializedObject(targetType);
+
+            foreach (FieldData field in targetData.Fields ?? Enumerable.Empty<FieldData>())
+            {
+                targetType.GetField(
+                    field.Name,
+                    BindingFlags.Instance |
+                    BindingFlags.Public |
+                    BindingFlags.NonPublic).SetValue(target, field.Value);
+            }
+
+            return target;
+        }
+
+        private static TypeData SerializeType(Type type)
+        {
+            return new TypeData()
+            {
+                Name = type.FullName,
+                AssemblyName = type.Assembly.FullName,
+                AssemblyFileName = Path.GetFileName(type.Assembly.Location)
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static Type DeserializeType(TypeData typeData) =>
+            s_typeCache.GetOrAdd(
+                typeData,
+                td =>
+                {
+                    Type type = AssemblyLoader.LoadAssembly(
+                        td.AssemblyName,
+                        td.AssemblyFileName)?.GetType(td.Name, true);
+                    if (type == null)
+                    {
+                        throw new FileNotFoundException(
+                            string.Format(
+                                "Assembly '{0}' file not found '{1}'",
+                                td.AssemblyName,
+                                td.AssemblyFileName));
+                    }
+
+                    return type;
+                });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfUtils.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4862ba3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Utils/UdfUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Internal.Java.Util;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark.Utils
+{
+    using ArrowDelegate = ArrowWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate;
+    using PicklingDelegate = PicklingWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UdfTypeUtils provides functions related to UDF types.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class UdfTypeUtils
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns "true" if the given type is nullable.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">Type to check if it is nullable</param>
+        /// <returns>"true" if the given type is nullable. Otherwise, returns "false"</returns>
+        internal static string CanBeNull(this Type type)
+        {
+            return (!type.IsValueType || (Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type) != null)) ?
+                "true" :
+                "false";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the generic type definition of a given type if the given type is equal
+        /// to or implements the `compare` type. Returns null if there is no match.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">This type object</param>
+        /// <param name="compare">Generic type definition to compare to</param>
+        /// <returns>Matching generic type object</returns>
+        internal static Type ImplementsGenericTypeOf(this Type type, Type compare)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(compare.IsGenericType);
+            return (type.IsGenericType && (type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == compare)) ?
+                type :
+                type.GetInterface(compare.FullName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UdfUtils provides UDF-related functions and enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class UdfUtils
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Enum for Python evaluation type. This determines how the data will be serialized
+        /// from Spark executor to its worker.
+        /// Since UDF is based on PySpark implementation, PythonEvalType is used. Once
+        /// generic interop layer is introduced, this will be revisited.
+        /// This mirrors values defined in python/pyspark/rdd.py.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal enum PythonEvalType
+        {
+            NON_UDF = 0,
+
+            SQL_BATCHED_UDF = 100,
+
+            SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF = 200,
+            SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF = 201,
+            SQL_GROUPED_AGG_PANDAS_UDF = 202,
+            SQL_WINDOW_AGG_PANDAS_UDF = 203,
+
+            SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_ITER_UDF = 204,
+            SQL_MAP_PANDAS_ITER_UDF = 205,
+            SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF = 206
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mapping of supported types from .NET to org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType in Scala.
+        /// Refer to spark/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/DataType.scala
+        /// for more information.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly Dictionary<Type, string> s_returnTypes =
+            new Dictionary<Type, string>
+            {
+                {typeof(string), "string"},
+                {typeof(byte[]), "binary"},
+                {typeof(bool), "boolean"},
+                {typeof(decimal), "decimal(28,12)"},
+                {typeof(double), "double"},
+                {typeof(float), "float"},
+                {typeof(byte), "byte"},
+                {typeof(int), "integer"},
+                {typeof(long), "long"},
+                {typeof(short), "short"},
+                {typeof(Date), "date"},
+                {typeof(Timestamp), "timestamp"},
+
+                // Arrow array types
+                {typeof(BooleanArray), "boolean"},
+                {typeof(UInt8Array), "byte"},
+                {typeof(Int16Array), "short"},
+                {typeof(Int32Array), "integer"},
+                {typeof(Int64Array), "long"},
+                {typeof(FloatArray), "float"},
+                {typeof(DoubleArray), "double"},
+                {typeof(StringArray), "string"},
+                {typeof(BinaryArray), "binary"},
+
+                {typeof(BooleanDataFrameColumn), "boolean"},
+                {typeof(ByteDataFrameColumn), "byte"},
+                {typeof(Int16DataFrameColumn), "short"},
+                {typeof(Int32DataFrameColumn), "integer"},
+                {typeof(Int64DataFrameColumn), "long"},
+                {typeof(SingleDataFrameColumn), "float"},
+                {typeof(DoubleDataFrameColumn), "double"},
+                {typeof(ArrowStringDataFrameColumn), "string"},
+            };
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the return type of an UDF in JSON format. This value is used to
+        /// create a org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType object from JSON string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">Return type of an UDF</param>
+        /// <returns>JSON format of the return type</returns>
+        internal static string GetReturnType(Type type)
+        {
+            if (s_returnTypes.TryGetValue(type, out string value))
+            {
+                return $@"""{value}""";
+            }
+
+            Type dictionaryType = type.ImplementsGenericTypeOf(typeof(IDictionary<,>));
+            if (dictionaryType != null)
+            {
+                Type[] typeArguments = dictionaryType.GenericTypeArguments;
+                Type keyType = typeArguments[0];
+                Type valueType = typeArguments[1];
+                return @"{""type"":""map"", " +
+                    $@"""keyType"":{GetReturnType(keyType)}, " +
+                    $@"""valueType"":{GetReturnType(valueType)}, " +
+                    $@"""valueContainsNull"":{valueType.CanBeNull()}}}";
+            }
+
+            Type enumerableType = type.ImplementsGenericTypeOf(typeof(IEnumerable<>));
+            if (enumerableType != null)
+            {
+                Type elementType = enumerableType.GenericTypeArguments[0];
+                return @"{""type"":""array"", " +
+                    $@"""elementType"":{GetReturnType(elementType)}, " +
+                    $@"""containsNull"":{elementType.CanBeNull()}}}";
+            }
+
+            throw new ArgumentException($"{type.FullName} is not supported.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates the PythonFunction object on the JVM side wrapping the given command bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="jvm">JVM bridge to use</param>
+        /// <param name="command">Serialized command bytes</param>
+        /// <returns>JvmObjectReference object to the PythonFunction object</returns>
+        internal static JvmObjectReference CreatePythonFunction(IJvmBridge jvm, byte[] command)
+        {
+            var arrayList = new ArrayList(jvm);
+            var broadcastVariables = new ArrayList(jvm);
+            broadcastVariables.AddAll(JvmBroadcastRegistry.GetAll());
+            JvmBroadcastRegistry.Clear();
+
+            return (JvmObjectReference)jvm.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.api.dotnet.SQLUtils",
+                "createPythonFunction",
+                command,
+                CreateEnvVarsForPythonFunction(jvm),
+                arrayList, // Python includes
+                SparkEnvironment.ConfigurationService.GetWorkerExePath(),
+                // Used to check the compatibility of UDFs between the driver and worker.
+                AssemblyInfoProvider.MicrosoftSparkAssemblyInfo().AssemblyVersion,
+                broadcastVariables,
+                null); // Accumulator
+        }
+
+        private static IJvmObjectReferenceProvider CreateEnvVarsForPythonFunction(IJvmBridge jvm)
+        {
+            var environmentVars = new Hashtable(jvm);
+            string assemblySearchPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                AssemblySearchPathResolver.AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assemblySearchPath))
+            {
+                environmentVars.Put(
+                    AssemblySearchPathResolver.AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName,
+                    assemblySearchPath);
+            }
+            // DOTNET_WORKER_SPARK_VERSION is used to handle different versions
+            // of Spark on the worker.
+            environmentVars.Put(
+                "DOTNET_WORKER_SPARK_VERSION",
+                SparkEnvironment.SparkVersion.ToString());
+
+            if (SparkEnvironment.ConfigurationService.IsRunningRepl())
+            {
+                environmentVars.Put(Constants.RunningREPLEnvVar, "true");
+            }
+
+            return environmentVars;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<TResult>(Func<TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)new PicklingUdfWrapper<TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)new PicklingUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+        {
+            return (PicklingDelegate)
+                new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(Func<T, TResult> udf)
+            where T : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)new ArrowUdfWrapper<T, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)new ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)new ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+
+        internal static Delegate CreateVectorUdfWrapper<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(
+            Func<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult> udf)
+            where T1 : IArrowArray
+            where T2 : IArrowArray
+            where T3 : IArrowArray
+            where T4 : IArrowArray
+            where T5 : IArrowArray
+            where T6 : IArrowArray
+            where T7 : IArrowArray
+            where T8 : IArrowArray
+            where T9 : IArrowArray
+            where T10 : IArrowArray
+            where TResult : IArrowArray
+        {
+            return (ArrowDelegate)
+                new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+                    T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, TResult>(udf).Execute;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Versions.cs b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Versions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07807f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/Versions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+namespace Flowthru.Spark
+{
+    internal static class Versions
+    {
+        internal const string V2_4_0 = "2.4.0";
+        internal const string V2_4_2 = "2.4.2";
+        internal const string V3_0_0 = "3.0.0";
+        internal const string V3_1_0 = "3.1.0";
+        internal const string V3_1_1 = "3.1.1";
+        internal const string V3_2_0 = "3.2.0";
+        internal const string V3_3_0 = "3.3.0";
+        internal const string V3_5_1 = "3.5.1";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/build/netstandard2.0/Microsoft.Spark.targets b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/build/netstandard2.0/Microsoft.Spark.targets
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2cdac9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/build/netstandard2.0/Microsoft.Spark.targets
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <None Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)../../jars/microsoft-spark*.jar">
+      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
+    </None>
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/project.json b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/project.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bf31df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spark/Flowthru.Spark/project.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flowthru.Spark",
+  "$schema": "../../../node_modules/nx/schemas/project-schema.json",
+  "projectType": "library",
+  "sourceRoot": "src/spark/Flowthru.Spark",
+  "tags": [ "lang:csharp", "scope:spark" ],
+  "implicitDependencies": [ "Flowthru.Spark.Jvm" ]
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FSpark1002Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FSpark1002Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04305106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FSpark1002Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FSPARK1002 fires when a lambda inside a <c>TypedFrameExtensions</c> call
+/// uses a <c>string</c> or <c>Math</c> method not in <c>SparkTranslatableOperations</c>,
+/// and does not fire for supported methods.
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FSpark1002Tests
+{
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Linq.Expressions;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+
+        public static class TypedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TSource> Where<TSource>(
+                this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<TSource, bool>> predicate) => null!;
+
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
+                this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<TSource, TResult>> selector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PersonSchema { public string Name { get; set; } = ""; public double Score { get; set; } }
+    """;
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: supported methods → no diagnostic ──────────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task SupportedStringMethod_ToUpper_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Where(x => x.Name.ToUpper() == "ALICE");
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task SupportedStringMethod_Contains_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Where(x => x.Name.Contains("Alice"));
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task SupportedMathMethod_Round_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { Rounded = Math.Round(x.Score, 2) });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive cases: unsupported methods → FSPARK1002 fires ─────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task UnsupportedStringMethod_PadLeft_Reports_FSPARK1002()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Where(x => {|#0:x.Name.PadLeft(10)|} == "     Alice");
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        new DiagnosticResult(SparkDiagnostics.UnsupportedMethodCall)
+          .WithLocation(0)
+          .WithArguments(
+            "String",
+            "PadLeft",
+            Helpers.SupportedStringList,
+            Helpers.SupportedMathList
+          ),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task UnsupportedStringMethod_IndexOf_Reports_FSPARK1002()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { Idx = {|#0:x.Name.IndexOf("needle")|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        new DiagnosticResult(SparkDiagnostics.UnsupportedMethodCall)
+          .WithLocation(0)
+          .WithArguments(
+            "String",
+            "IndexOf",
+            Helpers.SupportedStringList,
+            Helpers.SupportedMathList
+          ),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task UnsupportedMathMethod_Pow_Reports_FSPARK1002()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { Sq = {|#0:Math.Pow(x.Score, 2)|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        new DiagnosticResult(SparkDiagnostics.UnsupportedMethodCall)
+          .WithLocation(0)
+          .WithArguments("Math", "Pow", Helpers.SupportedStringList, Helpers.SupportedMathList),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task NonFrameLambda_UnsupportedMethod_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    // FSPARK1002 must not fire outside a TypedFrameExtensions call — same lambda shape
+    // but invoked on a plain List<T> should be silent.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(List<PersonSchema> list)
+            {
+                list.Where(x => x.Name.PadLeft(10) == "     Alice");
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<SparkExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1001Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1001Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7212a5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1001Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FDFRAMES1001 fires when a <c>Select</c> lambda body is not an object
+/// initializer, positional record constructor, anonymous type, or member access — and
+/// does not fire for those valid forms.
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FDFRAMES1001Tests
+{
+  // Minimal stubs that satisfy the analyzer's type-name check without requiring the
+  // full runtime library (which in turn requires the Spark JVM at runtime).
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Linq.Expressions;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
+    {
+        internal sealed class IsExternalInit { }
+    }
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+
+        public static class TypedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
+                this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<TSource, TResult>> selector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class InputSchema  { public string Name { get; set; } = ""; public int Age { get; set; } }
+    public class OutputSchema
+    {
+        public OutputSchema() { }
+        public OutputSchema(string name, int age) { Name = name; Age = age; }
+        public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+        public int Age { get; set; }
+    }
+    public record OutputRecord(string Name, int Age);
+    """;
+
+  private static DiagnosticResult FDFRAMES1001(int line, int col) =>
+    new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidProjectionBody).WithLocation(line, col);
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: valid projection bodies → no diagnostic ────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task ObjectInitializer_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputSchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task RecordPositionalConstructor_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    // Uses an actual record so FDFRAMES1003 (positional ctor on non-record) does not fire
+    // — this test specifically verifies FDFRAMES1001 is silent for valid positional forms.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputRecord(x.Name, x.Age));
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousTypeCreation_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { x.Name, x.Age });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task SingleMemberAccess_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => x.Name);
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive cases: invalid projection bodies → FDFRAMES1001 fires ──────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task TupleCreate_Reports_FDFRAMES1001()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => {|#0:Tuple.Create(x.Name, x.Age)|});
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidProjectionBody)
+          .WithLocation(0)
+          .WithArguments("Tuple.Create(x.Name, x.Age)"),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task ArbitraryMethodCall_Reports_FDFRAMES1001()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            static OutputSchema Map(InputSchema x) => new OutputSchema();
+
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => {|#0:Map(x)|});
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidProjectionBody)
+          .WithLocation(0)
+          .WithArguments("Map(x)"),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1002Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1002Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd72a5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1002Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FDFRAMES1002 fires when an object initializer inside a <c>Select</c> lambda
+/// uses a collection binding (<c>Items = { x }</c>) or nested-object binding
+/// (<c>Nested = { Prop = val }</c>) rather than a plain property assignment.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// The Select stub uses <c>Func&lt;&gt;</c> instead of <c>Expression&lt;Func&lt;&gt;&gt;</c>
+/// to avoid the C# expression-tree restriction that prohibits collection and nested-object
+/// initializer bindings in lambda-to-expression-tree conversions. The analyzer fires based on
+/// the method's containing type name (<c>TypedFrameExtensions</c>), not the parameter type.
+/// </remarks>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FDFRAMES1002Tests
+{
+  // Stub Select takes Func<> so that the lambda body compiles without C# expression-tree
+  // restrictions while still triggering the TypedFrameExtensions name-match in the analyzer.
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+
+        public static class TypedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
+                this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+                Func<TSource, TResult> selector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class InputSchema { public string Name { get; set; } = ""; }
+
+    public class OutputSchema
+    {
+        public string Label { get; set; } = "";
+        public List<string> Tags { get; set; } = new List<string>();
+        public NestedSchema Nested { get; set; } = new NestedSchema();
+    }
+
+    public class NestedSchema { public string Prop { get; set; } = ""; }
+    """;
+
+  private static DiagnosticResult FDFRAMES1002(int marker) =>
+    new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.NonAssignmentBinding).WithLocation(marker);
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: valid assignment bindings → no diagnostic ──────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AllAssignmentBindings_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputSchema { Label = x.Name });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousType_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { x.Name });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive cases: non-assignment bindings → FDFRAMES1002 fires ─────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task CollectionBinding_Reports_FDFRAMES1002()
+  {
+    // Tags = { x.Name } is a MemberListBinding — RHS is a CollectionInitializerExpression.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputSchema { {|#0:Tags = { x.Name }|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1002(0).WithArguments("Tags") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task NestedObjectBinding_Reports_FDFRAMES1002()
+  {
+    // Nested = { Prop = x.Name } is a MemberMemberBinding — RHS is an ObjectInitializerExpression.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputSchema { {|#0:Nested = { Prop = x.Name }|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1002(0).WithArguments("Nested") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task MultipleNonAssignmentBindings_ReportsEach()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new OutputSchema
+                {
+                    Label = x.Name,
+                    {|#0:Tags = { x.Name }|},
+                    {|#1:Nested = { Prop = x.Name }|},
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics =
+      {
+        FDFRAMES1002(0).WithArguments("Tags"),
+        FDFRAMES1002(1).WithArguments("Nested"),
+      },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1003Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1003Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ca9fe3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1003Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FDFRAMES1003 fires when a <c>Select</c> lambda uses a positional constructor
+/// call on a plain class (not a record or anonymous type), and does not fire for records or
+/// anonymous types.
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FDFRAMES1003Tests
+{
+  // Records require System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsExternalInit, which the analyzer
+  // test framework doesn't inject automatically. This shim satisfies the requirement.
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Linq.Expressions;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
+    {
+        internal sealed class IsExternalInit { }
+    }
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+
+        public static class TypedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
+                this TypedFrame<TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<TSource, TResult>> selector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class InputSchema { public string Name { get; set; } = ""; public int Age { get; set; } }
+
+    public class PlainClass
+    {
+        public PlainClass(string name, int age) { Name = name; Age = age; }
+        public string Name { get; }
+        public int Age { get; }
+    }
+
+    public record PersonRecord(string Name, int Age);
+    """;
+
+  private static DiagnosticResult FDFRAMES1003(int marker) =>
+    new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.PositionalConstructorNonRecord).WithLocation(marker);
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: record and anonymous types → no diagnostic ─────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task RecordPositionalConstructor_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new PersonRecord(x.Name, x.Age));
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousType_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new { x.Name, x.Age });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task ObjectInitializer_PlainClass_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    // FDFRAMES1003 only fires for positional constructors (args, no initializer).
+    // An object initializer on a plain class is valid.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => new PlainClass(x.Name, x.Age) { });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive case: positional constructor on a plain class → FDFRAMES1003 ───
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task PlainClassPositionalConstructor_Reports_FDFRAMES1003()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.TypedFrame<InputSchema> frame)
+            {
+                frame.Select(x => {|#0:new PlainClass(x.Name, x.Age)|});
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1003(0).WithArguments("PlainClass") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1004Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1004Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..546e9a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1004Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FDFRAMES1004 fires when the <c>Aggregate</c> result selector body is not an
+/// object-creation expression, and does not fire for valid object-creation forms.
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FDFRAMES1004Tests
+{
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Linq.Expressions;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
+    {
+        internal sealed class IsExternalInit { }
+    }
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+        public class GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> { }
+
+        public sealed class AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>
+        {
+            private AggregationContext() { }
+            public TKey Key => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public double Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public long Count() => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+        }
+
+        public static class GroupedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Aggregate<TKey, TSource, TResult>(
+                this GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>, TResult>> resultSelector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ProductSchema { public string Category { get; set; } = ""; public double Price { get; set; } }
+    public class AggResult { public string Category { get; set; } = ""; public double AvgPrice { get; set; } }
+    public record AggResultRecord(string Category, double AvgPrice);
+    """;
+
+  private static DiagnosticResult FDFRAMES1004(int marker) =>
+    new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateResultBody).WithLocation(marker);
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: object-creation forms → no diagnostic ──────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task ObjectInitializer_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult { Category = ctx.Key, AvgPrice = ctx.Avg(x => x.Price) });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousType_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new { Category = ctx.Key, AvgPrice = ctx.Avg(x => x.Price) });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task RecordPositionalConstructor_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResultRecord(ctx.Key, ctx.Avg(x => x.Price)));
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive cases: non-object-creation bodies → FDFRAMES1004 fires ─────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task MemberAccessBody_Reports_FDFRAMES1004()
+  {
+    // ctx.Key is a member access, not an object-creation expression.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => {|#0:ctx.Key|});
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1004(0).WithArguments("ctx.Key") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task InvocationBody_Reports_FDFRAMES1004()
+  {
+    // ctx.Count() is a method call, not an object-creation expression.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => {|#0:ctx.Count()|});
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1004(0).WithArguments("ctx.Count()") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1005Tests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1005Tests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2d657c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/FdFrames1005Tests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.Analyzers;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Testing;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that FDFRAMES1005 fires when an <c>Aggregate</c> result selector binding is
+/// neither <c>ctx.Key</c> nor a call to an aggregation method on the context, and does not
+/// fire for valid bindings.
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+public class FDFRAMES1005Tests
+{
+  private const string Stubs = """
+    using System;
+    using System.Linq.Expressions;
+    using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+    namespace Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames
+    {
+        public class TypedFrame<T> { }
+        public class GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> { }
+
+        public sealed class AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>
+        {
+            private AggregationContext() { }
+            public TKey Key => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public double Avg(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public double Sum(Expression<Func<TSource, double>> column) => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            public long Count() => throw new InvalidOperationException();
+        }
+
+        public static class GroupedFrameExtensions
+        {
+            public static TypedFrame<TResult> Aggregate<TKey, TSource, TResult>(
+                this GroupedFrame<TKey, TSource> source,
+                Expression<Func<AggregationContext<TKey, TSource>, TResult>> resultSelector) => null!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ProductSchema { public string Category { get; set; } = ""; public double Price { get; set; } }
+    public class AggResult
+    {
+        public string Category { get; set; } = "";
+        public double AvgPrice { get; set; }
+        public long RowCount { get; set; }
+    }
+    """;
+
+  private static DiagnosticResult FDFRAMES1005(int marker) =>
+    new DiagnosticResult(DataFrameDiagnostics.InvalidAggregateBinding).WithLocation(marker);
+
+  // ─── Negative cases: valid ctx.Key / ctx.Method() bindings → no diagnostic ──
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task KeyAndAvg_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult
+                {
+                    Category = ctx.Key,
+                    AvgPrice = ctx.Avg(x => x.Price),
+                    RowCount = ctx.Count(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousType_ValidBindings_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new { Category = ctx.Key, Avg = ctx.Avg(x => x.Price) });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task AnonymousType_ShorthandKeyAccess_DoesNotReport()
+  {
+    // new { ctx.Key } is shorthand — d.Expression is ctx.Key, a MemberAccessExpression on ctx.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new { ctx.Key });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  // ─── Positive cases: non-ctx bindings → FDFRAMES1005 fires ───────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task LiteralBinding_Reports_FDFRAMES1005()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult { Category = ctx.Key, AvgPrice = {|#0:42.0|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1005(0).WithArguments("42.0") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task StringConstantBinding_Reports_FDFRAMES1005()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult { Category = {|#0:"hardcoded"|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1005(0).WithArguments("\"hardcoded\"") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task BinaryExpressionOnKey_Reports_FDFRAMES1005()
+  {
+    // ctx.Key + "_suffix" is a BinaryExpression, not a direct member access on ctx.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult { Category = {|#0:ctx.Key + "_suffix"|}  });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1005(0).WithArguments("ctx.Key + \"_suffix\"") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task ChainedMemberAccess_Reports_FDFRAMES1005()
+  {
+    // ctx.Key.Length accesses a member on the result of ctx.Key, not on ctx directly.
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new { Length = {|#0:ctx.Key.Length|} });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1005(0).WithArguments("ctx.Key.Length") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task MixedBindings_ReportsOnlyInvalid()
+  {
+    var source =
+      Stubs
+      + """
+
+        class Tests
+        {
+            void M(Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.GroupedFrame<string, ProductSchema> grouped)
+            {
+                grouped.Aggregate(ctx => new AggResult
+                {
+                    Category = ctx.Key,
+                    AvgPrice = ctx.Avg(x => x.Price),
+                    RowCount = {|#0:(long)ctx.Count()|},
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        """;
+
+    // (long)ctx.Count() is a CastExpression — not a direct ctx.Method() call.
+    await new CSharpAnalyzerTest<TypedFrameExpressionAnalyzer, NUnit4Verifier>
+    {
+      TestCode = source,
+      ExpectedDiagnostics = { FDFRAMES1005(0).WithArguments("(long)ctx.Count()") },
+    }.RunAsync();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests.csproj b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93425a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Analyzer.Testing" Version="1.1.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit" Version="4.2.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit.Analyzers" Version="4.4.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit3TestAdapter" Version="4.6.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.8.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Analyzer.Testing" Version="1.1.2" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Using Include="NUnit.Framework" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\misc\Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators\Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames.SourceGenerators.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\extensions\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.SourceGenerators.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Helpers.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Helpers.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79212ee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/Helpers.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Shared test helpers derived from <see cref="SparkTranslatableOperations"/> so that
+/// expected diagnostic message arguments stay in sync with the analyzer automatically.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class Helpers
+{
+  public static readonly string SupportedStringList = string.Join(
+    ", ",
+    SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods
+  );
+
+  public static readonly string SupportedMathList = string.Join(
+    ", ",
+    SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods
+  );
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/NUnit4Verifier.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/NUnit4Verifier.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..550a0f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests/NUnit4Verifier.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Testing;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Analyzers.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An <see cref="IVerifier"/> implementation compatible with NUnit 4.x.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <c>Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Analyzer.Testing.NUnit</c> 1.1.2 ships a
+/// <c>NUnitVerifier</c> built against NUnit 3 API, which is binary-incompatible with
+/// NUnit 4. This verifier reimplements the same interface against NUnit 4 assertion APIs.
+/// </remarks>
+internal sealed class NUnit4Verifier : IVerifier
+{
+  private readonly string _context;
+
+  public NUnit4Verifier()
+    : this(string.Empty) { }
+
+  private NUnit4Verifier(string context)
+  {
+    _context = context;
+  }
+
+  public void Empty<T>(string collectionName, IEnumerable<T> collection)
+  {
+    var list = collection.ToList();
+    Assert.That(list, Is.Empty, FormatMessage($"'{collectionName}' should be empty."));
+  }
+
+  public void NotEmpty<T>(string collectionName, IEnumerable<T> collection)
+  {
+    var list = collection.ToList();
+    Assert.That(list, Is.Not.Empty, FormatMessage($"'{collectionName}' should not be empty."));
+  }
+
+  public void LanguageIsSupported(string language)
+  {
+    Assert.That(
+      language,
+      Is.EqualTo("C#"),
+      FormatMessage($"Language '{language}' is not supported by this verifier (expected C#).")
+    );
+  }
+
+  public void Equal<T>(T expected, T actual, string? message = null)
+  {
+    Assert.That(actual, Is.EqualTo(expected), FormatMessage(message ?? string.Empty));
+  }
+
+  public void True(bool assert, string? message = null)
+  {
+    Assert.That(assert, Is.True, FormatMessage(message ?? string.Empty));
+  }
+
+  public void False(bool assert, string? message = null)
+  {
+    Assert.That(assert, Is.False, FormatMessage(message ?? string.Empty));
+  }
+
+  public void SequenceEqual<T>(
+    IEnumerable<T> expected,
+    IEnumerable<T> actual,
+    IEqualityComparer<T>? comparer = null,
+    string? message = null
+  )
+  {
+    var expectedList = expected.ToList();
+    var actualList = actual.ToList();
+    Assert.That(
+      actualList,
+      Is.EqualTo(expectedList).Using(comparer ?? EqualityComparer<T>.Default),
+      FormatMessage(message ?? string.Empty)
+    );
+  }
+
+  [DoesNotReturn]
+  public void Fail(string? message = null)
+  {
+    Assert.Fail(FormatMessage(message ?? string.Empty));
+    throw new InvalidOperationException("unreachable");
+  }
+
+  public IVerifier PushContext(string context)
+  {
+    var combined = string.IsNullOrEmpty(_context) ? context : $"{_context} > {context}";
+    return new NUnit4Verifier(combined);
+  }
+
+  private string FormatMessage(string message) =>
+    string.IsNullOrEmpty(_context) ? message : $"[{_context}] {message}";
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ColumnNameResolutionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ColumnNameResolutionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b785f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ColumnNameResolutionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class ColumnNameResolutionTests
+{
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  ResolveColumnName via FrameExpressionVisitor (protected static,
+  //  tested indirectly via a minimal subclass)
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ResolveColumnName_WithoutSerializedLabel_ReturnsPropertyName()
+  {
+    var member = typeof(PersonSchema).GetProperty(nameof(PersonSchema.Name))!;
+
+    var result = TestableVisitor.TestResolveColumnName(member);
+
+    Assert.That(result, Is.EqualTo("Name"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ResolveColumnName_WithSerializedLabel_ReturnsLabelValue()
+  {
+    var member = typeof(LabeledSchema).GetProperty(nameof(LabeledSchema.FullName))!;
+
+    var result = TestableVisitor.TestResolveColumnName(member);
+
+    Assert.That(result, Is.EqualTo("full_name"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ResolveColumnName_PropertyWithoutLabel_FallsBackToPropertyName()
+  {
+    var member = typeof(LabeledSchema).GetProperty(nameof(LabeledSchema.Department))!;
+
+    var result = TestableVisitor.TestResolveColumnName(member);
+
+    Assert.That(result, Is.EqualTo("Department"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ResolveColumnName_AllLabeledProperties_ResolveCorrectly()
+  {
+    var props = typeof(LabeledSchema).GetProperties();
+    var expected = new Dictionary<string, string>
+    {
+      ["FullName"] = "full_name",
+      ["EmployeeId"] = "employee_id",
+      ["Department"] = "Department",
+    };
+
+    foreach (var prop in props)
+    {
+      var resolved = TestableVisitor.TestResolveColumnName(prop);
+      Assert.That(resolved, Is.EqualTo(expected[prop.Name]), $"Failed for property {prop.Name}");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Minimal subclass exposing protected static methods for testing
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private class TestableVisitor : FrameExpressionVisitor
+  {
+    public static string TestResolveColumnName(MemberInfo member) => ResolveColumnName(member);
+
+    protected override object TranslateConstant(System.Linq.Expressions.ConstantExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateWhere(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateSelect(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateJoin(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateOrderBy(
+      System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node,
+      bool descending
+    ) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateTake(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateCount(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateDistinct(
+      System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node
+    ) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateUnion(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateGroupBy(System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node) =>
+      throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateAggregate(
+      System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node
+    ) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    protected override object TranslateSelectOver(
+      System.Linq.Expressions.MethodCallExpression node
+    ) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkRowHydratorExecutionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkRowHydratorExecutionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9e18798
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkRowHydratorExecutionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.CompatTests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// End-to-end tests for <see cref="SparkRowHydrator{T}"/> that require a live JVM.
+/// These tests exercise the full pipeline: TypedFrame → CompileToNative → ValidateSchema
+/// → Collect → hydrated rows.
+///
+/// Automatically skipped (Inconclusive) when SPARK_HOME is not set.
+///
+/// To run locally:
+///   brew install apache-spark
+///   export SPARK_HOME=$(brew --prefix apache-spark)/libexec
+///   dotnet test --filter "Category=SparkRowHydrator.Execution"
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("SparkRowHydrator")]
+[Category("SparkRowHydrator.Execution")]
+public class SparkRowHydratorExecutionTests
+{
+  // SparkSession is stopped via .Stop() rather than IDisposable; NUnit1032 suppressed.
+#pragma warning disable NUnit1032
+  private SparkSession? _spark;
+#pragma warning restore NUnit1032
+  private SparkFrameProvider? _provider;
+
+  [OneTimeSetUp]
+  public void StartSpark()
+  {
+    Assume.That(
+      SparkAssemblySetup.IsAvailable,
+      Is.True,
+      SparkAssemblySetup.UnavailableReason ?? "Spark JVM backend unavailable."
+    );
+
+    try
+    {
+      _spark = SparkSession
+        .Builder()
+        .AppName("flowthru-hydrator-tests")
+        .Master("local[*]")
+        .GetOrCreate();
+
+      _provider = new SparkFrameProvider();
+    }
+    catch (Exception ex)
+    {
+      Assert.Inconclusive(
+        $"Spark JVM backend failed to start — skipping hydrator execution tests. ({ex.Message})"
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  [OneTimeTearDown]
+  public void StopSpark()
+  {
+    _spark?.Stop();
+  }
+
+  // Convenience: build a DataFrame with PersonSchema-compatible columns
+  private DataFrame PersonDataFrame(params (string name, int age, bool isActive)[] rows)
+  {
+    var schema = new StructType(
+      [
+        new StructField("Name", new StringType()),
+        new StructField("Age", new IntegerType()),
+        new StructField("IsActive", new BooleanType()),
+      ]
+    );
+
+    var genericRows = rows.Select(r => new GenericRow([r.name, r.age, r.isActive]));
+    return _spark!.CreateDataFrame(genericRows, schema);
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  ValidateSchema(DataFrame) — outer overload with live JVM
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ValidateSchema_DataFrame_CompatibleSchema_ReturnsEmpty()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+    var df = PersonDataFrame(("Alice", 30, true));
+
+    var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(df);
+
+    Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ValidateSchema_DataFrame_MissingColumn_ReturnsError()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+
+    // DataFrame has only Name and Age — IsActive is missing
+    var schema = new StructType(
+      [new StructField("Name", new StringType()), new StructField("Age", new IntegerType())]
+    );
+    var df = _spark!.CreateDataFrame([new GenericRow(["Alice", 30])], schema);
+
+    var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(df);
+
+    Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(errors[0].ColumnName, Is.EqualTo("IsActive"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Collect — full round-trip
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Collect_ReturnsAllRows()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+    var df = PersonDataFrame(("Alice", 30, true), ("Bob", 25, false), ("Carol", 40, true));
+    var frame = _provider!.CreateFromNative<PersonSchema>(df);
+
+    var rows = hydrator.Collect(frame).ToList();
+
+    Assert.That(rows, Has.Count.EqualTo(3));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Collect_HydratesPropertyValues()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+    var df = PersonDataFrame(("Alice", 30, true));
+    var frame = _provider!.CreateFromNative<PersonSchema>(df);
+
+    var rows = hydrator.Collect(frame).ToList();
+    var alice = rows.Single();
+
+    Assert.That(alice.Name, Is.EqualTo("Alice"));
+    Assert.That(alice.Age, Is.EqualTo(30));
+    Assert.That(alice.IsActive, Is.True);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Collect_AfterWhere_FiltersRows()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+    var df = PersonDataFrame(("Alice", 30, true), ("Bob", 17, false), ("Carol", 40, true));
+    var frame =
+      (TypedFrame<PersonSchema>)
+        _provider!.CreateFromNative<PersonSchema>(df).Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var rows = hydrator.Collect(frame).ToList();
+
+    Assert.That(rows, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+    Assert.That(rows.Select(r => r.Name), Is.EquivalentTo(new[] { "Alice", "Carol" }));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Collect_SchemaMismatch_ThrowsBeforeCollect()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<PersonSchema>(_provider!);
+
+    // DataFrame has Age as StringType — incompatible with int property
+    var schema = new StructType(
+      [
+        new StructField("Name", new StringType()),
+        new StructField("Age", new StringType()), // wrong type
+        new StructField("IsActive", new BooleanType()),
+      ]
+    );
+    var df = _spark!.CreateDataFrame([new GenericRow(["Alice", "thirty", true])], schema);
+    var frame = _provider!.CreateFromNative<PersonSchema>(df);
+
+    Assert.That(
+      () => hydrator.Collect(frame).ToList(),
+      Throws.TypeOf<InvalidOperationException>().With.Message.Contains("Age")
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  [SerializedLabel] round-trip
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Collect_HonoursSerializedLabel_InColumnLookup()
+  {
+    var hydrator = new SparkRowHydrator<HydratorLabeledSchema>(_provider!);
+
+    // Columns use the serialized names (snake_case), not C# property names
+    var schema = new StructType(
+      [
+        new StructField("full_name", new StringType()),
+        new StructField("employee_id", new IntegerType()),
+        new StructField("Department", new StringType()),
+      ]
+    );
+    var df = _spark!.CreateDataFrame([new GenericRow(["Alice Smith", 42, "Engineering"])], schema);
+    var frame = _provider!.CreateFromNative<HydratorLabeledSchema>(df);
+
+    var rows = hydrator.Collect(frame).ToList();
+    var row = rows.Single();
+
+    Assert.That(row.FullName, Is.EqualTo("Alice Smith"));
+    Assert.That(row.EmployeeId, Is.EqualTo(42));
+    Assert.That(row.Department, Is.EqualTo("Engineering"));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkSessionSmokeTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkSessionSmokeTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82449ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/CompatTests/SparkSessionSmokeTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.CompatTests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Smoke tests validating Flowthru.Spark compatibility with the current target framework.
+/// Layer 1 tests verify assembly loading (no JVM required).
+/// Layer 2 tests verify JVM bridge functionality (requires Java, Spark, and Flowthru.Spark.Worker).
+/// </summary>
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("SparkSession")]
+public class SparkSessionSmokeTests
+{
+  // =================================================================
+  //  Layer 1 — Assembly Loading (no JVM required)
+  //
+  //  Builder's constructor immediately calls into the JVM bridge,
+  //  so Layer 1 can only verify that types resolve via reflection —
+  //  not instantiate them.
+  // =================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  [Category("SparkSession.AssemblyLoading")]
+  public void SparkSession_TypeLoads_OnCurrentFramework()
+  {
+    // If Microsoft.Spark types can't resolve on this TFM, this will throw
+    // TypeLoadException or FileLoadException before reaching the assert.
+    var sessionType = typeof(SparkSession);
+
+    Assert.That(sessionType, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(sessionType.AssemblyQualifiedName, Does.Contain("Flowthru.Spark"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  [Category("SparkSession.AssemblyLoading")]
+  public void Builder_TypeLoads_OnCurrentFramework()
+  {
+    // Builder is a top-level class in Microsoft.Spark.Sql, not nested.
+    var builderType = typeof(Builder);
+
+    Assert.That(builderType, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(builderType.AssemblyQualifiedName, Does.Contain("Flowthru.Spark"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  [Category("SparkSession.AssemblyLoading")]
+  public void DataFrame_TypeLoads_OnCurrentFramework()
+  {
+    var dfType = typeof(DataFrame);
+
+    Assert.That(dfType, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(dfType.AssemblyQualifiedName, Does.Contain("Flowthru.Spark"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  [Category("SparkSession.AssemblyLoading")]
+  public void Builder_HasExpectedFluentApiMethods()
+  {
+    // Verify the API surface we depend on exists at the reflection level.
+    var builderType = typeof(Builder);
+
+    Assert.That(builderType.GetMethod("Master", [typeof(string)]), Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(builderType.GetMethod("AppName", [typeof(string)]), Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(builderType.GetMethod("GetOrCreate"), Is.Not.Null);
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  //  Layer 2 — JVM Bridge (requires Java + Spark + Worker)
+  //
+  //  These tests are ignored by default. Remove the [Ignore] attribute
+  //  when running with a full Spark environment configured:
+  //    - Java 1.8+
+  //    - SPARK_HOME set to a Spark distribution
+  //    - DOTNET_WORKER_DIR set to extracted Microsoft.Spark.Worker
+  // =================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  [Ignore("Requires JVM + Spark + Microsoft.Spark.Worker runtime environment")]
+  [Category("SparkSession.JvmBridge")]
+  public void SparkSession_GetOrCreate_EstablishesJvmBridge()
+  {
+    SparkSession? spark = null;
+    try
+    {
+      spark = SparkSession
+        .Builder()
+        .AppName("net10-jvm-bridge-test")
+        .Master("local[*]")
+        .GetOrCreate();
+
+      Assert.That(spark, Is.Not.Null);
+    }
+    finally
+    {
+      spark?.Stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  [Ignore("Requires JVM + Spark + Microsoft.Spark.Worker runtime environment")]
+  [Category("SparkSession.JvmBridge")]
+  public void SparkSession_Range_ExecutesTrivialDataFrameOperation()
+  {
+    SparkSession? spark = null;
+    try
+    {
+      spark = SparkSession
+        .Builder()
+        .AppName("net10-dataframe-test")
+        .Master("local[*]")
+        .GetOrCreate();
+
+      var df = spark.Range(10);
+      var count = df.Count();
+
+      Assert.That(count, Is.EqualTo(10));
+    }
+    finally
+    {
+      spark?.Stop();
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ConditionalExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ConditionalExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6c3cd9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/ConditionalExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class ConditionalExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Conditional expression in Select projection
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithTernaryInBody_ContainsConditionalExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    // x.Age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor"
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor" });
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var binding = mie.Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>().Single();
+
+    Assert.That(binding.Expression.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Conditional));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithTernary_ConditionalExpression_HasCorrectTestNodeType()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor" });
+
+    var conditional = ExtractConditionalFromSelect(result);
+
+    // Test: x.Age >= 18 — binary GreaterThanOrEqual
+    Assert.That(conditional.Test.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.GreaterThanOrEqual));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithTernary_IfTrue_IsStringConstant()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor" });
+
+    var conditional = ExtractConditionalFromSelect(result);
+
+    var ifTrueConst = conditional.IfTrue as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(ifTrueConst, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(ifTrueConst!.Value, Is.EqualTo("adult"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithTernary_IfFalse_IsStringConstant()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor" });
+
+    var conditional = ExtractConditionalFromSelect(result);
+
+    var ifFalseConst = conditional.IfFalse as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(ifFalseConst, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(ifFalseConst!.Value, Is.EqualTo("minor"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithTernaryConvertedToBool_ContainsConditionalExpression()
+  {
+    // Although unusual, a conditional can appear inside a where predicate
+    // via a bool expression:  x.IsActive ? x.Age > 18 : false
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.IsActive ? x.Age > 18 : false);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+
+    Assert.That(lambda.Body.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Conditional));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static ConditionalExpression ExtractConditionalFromSelect(
+    TypedFrame<NameOnlySchema> frame
+  )
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var binding = mie.Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>().Single();
+    return (ConditionalExpression)binding.Expression;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/DistinctUnionExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/DistinctUnionExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f93276f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/DistinctUnionExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class DistinctUnionExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Distinct
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Distinct_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Distinct();
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Distinct"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Distinct_PreservesSourceTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Distinct();
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Distinct_HasOneArgument_TheSourceExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Distinct();
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Distinct_CanChainAfterWhere()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.IsActive).Distinct();
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Distinct"));
+
+    var innerMce = mce.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerMce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Union
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Union_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Union(right);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Union"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Union_PreservesSourceTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Union(right);
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Union_HasTwoArguments_LeftAndRight()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Union(right);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Union_BothArguments_AreConstantExpressions_ForRootFrames()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Union(right);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments[0], Is.InstanceOf<ConstantExpression>());
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments[1], Is.InstanceOf<ConstantExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Union_CanChainWithDistinct()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Union(right).Distinct();
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Distinct"));
+
+    var innerMce = mce.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerMce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Union"));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.csproj b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b387c886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit" Version="4.2.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit.Analyzers" Version="4.4.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="NUnit3TestAdapter" Version="4.6.0" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Using Include="NUnit.Framework" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\extensions\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark\Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/FrameItemFactoryTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/FrameItemFactoryTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fa92cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/FrameItemFactoryTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Data;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Data;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("FrameItemFactory")]
+public class FrameItemFactoryTests
+{
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  ItemFactory.Frame property
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ItemFactory_Frame_IsNotNull()
+  {
+    Assert.That(ItemFactory.Frame, Is.Not.Null);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void ItemFactory_Frame_IsFrameItemFactory()
+  {
+    Assert.That(ItemFactory.Frame, Is.InstanceOf<FrameItemFactory>());
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Memory<T> factory
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Frame_Memory_ReturnsItemOfTypedFrame()
+  {
+    var item = ItemFactory.Frame.Memory<PersonSchema>("test");
+
+    Assert.That(item, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(item, Is.InstanceOf<Item<TypedFrame<PersonSchema>>>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Frame_Memory_PreservesLabel()
+  {
+    var item = ItemFactory.Frame.Memory<PersonSchema>("my-frame");
+
+    Assert.That(item.Label, Is.EqualTo("my-frame"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Frame_Memory_StorageTraits_IsNotPersistent()
+  {
+    var item = ItemFactory.Frame.Memory<PersonSchema>("test");
+
+    Assert.That(item.Traits.IsPersistent, Is.False);
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Save → Load round-trip: no serialization, same reference
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task Frame_Memory_SaveThenLoad_ReturnsSameReference()
+  {
+    var item = ItemFactory.Frame.Memory<PersonSchema>("test");
+    var provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(provider);
+
+    await item.Save(frame).Run();
+    var loaded = await item.Load().Run();
+
+    Assert.That(loaded, Is.SameAs(frame));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public async Task Frame_Memory_LoadAfterTwoSaves_ReturnsLastSavedReference()
+  {
+    var item = ItemFactory.Frame.Memory<PersonSchema>("test");
+    var provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+    var first = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(provider);
+    var second = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(provider);
+
+    await item.Save(first).Run();
+    await item.Save(second).Run();
+    var loaded = await item.Load().Run();
+
+    Assert.That(loaded, Is.SameAs(second));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/GroupByAggregateExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/GroupByAggregateExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab52affc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/GroupByAggregateExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class GroupByAggregateExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  GroupBy tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void GroupBy_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.GroupBy(x => x.Category);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("GroupBy"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void GroupBy_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndKeySelector()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.GroupBy(x => x.Category);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void GroupBy_KeySelector_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.GroupBy(x => x.Category);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quoted = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quoted, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quoted!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quoted.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void GroupBy_KeySelector_BodyIsMemberAccess_ForKeyProperty()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.GroupBy(x => x.Category);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var member = lambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(member, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(member!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(SalesSchema.Category)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Aggregate tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Aggregate"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_ProducesNewResultType()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(SalesSummarySchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndResultSelector()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_FirstArgument_IsGroupByCallExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var innerMce = mce.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerMce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(innerMce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("GroupBy"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_ResultSelector_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quoted = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quoted, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quoted!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quoted.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  AggregationContext method resolution in the expression body
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_ResultSelector_Body_ContainsMethodCallExpression_ForSum()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractResultLambda(result);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    // Find the TotalAmount binding — should be a Sum() MethodCallExpression
+    var totalAmountBinding = mie
+      .Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>()
+      .Single(b => b.Member.Name == nameof(SalesSummarySchema.TotalAmount));
+
+    var mce = totalAmountBinding.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(AggregationContext<object, object>.Sum)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Aggregate_ResultSelector_Body_ContainsMethodCallExpression_ForCount()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<SalesSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame
+      .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
+      .Aggregate(ctx => new SalesSummarySchema
+      {
+        Category = ctx.Key,
+        TotalAmount = ctx.Sum(x => x.Amount),
+        TotalCount = ctx.Count(),
+      });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractResultLambda(result);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var totalCountBinding = mie
+      .Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>()
+      .Single(b => b.Member.Name == nameof(SalesSummarySchema.TotalCount));
+
+    var mce = totalCountBinding.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(AggregationContext<object, object>.Count)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractResultLambda<TResult>(TypedFrame<TResult> frame)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    return (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/JoinExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/JoinExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02987edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/JoinExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class JoinExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Join"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_ChangesElementType_ToResultSchema()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(EmployeeDeptSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_HasFiveArguments()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    // outer source, inner source, outerKey, innerKey, resultSelector
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(5));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Key selectors
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_KeySelectors_ReferenceCorrectMembers()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+
+    // args[2] = outer key selector (quoted)
+    var outerKeyLambda = ExtractQuotedLambda(mce.Arguments[2]);
+    var outerBody = outerKeyLambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(outerBody, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(outerBody!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("DeptId"));
+
+    // args[3] = inner key selector (quoted)
+    var innerKeyLambda = ExtractQuotedLambda(mce.Arguments[3]);
+    var innerBody = innerKeyLambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerBody, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(innerBody!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("DeptId"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Result selector
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_ResultSelector_HasTwoParameters()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var resultLambda = ExtractQuotedLambda(mce.Arguments[4]);
+
+    Assert.That(resultLambda.Parameters, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_ResultSelector_ProducesMemberInitExpression()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var resultLambda = ExtractQuotedLambda(mce.Arguments[4]);
+
+    Assert.That(resultLambda.Body, Is.InstanceOf<MemberInitExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Join_ResultSelector_BindingsReferenceCorrectParameters()
+  {
+    var left = new TypedFrame<EmployeeSchema>(_provider);
+    var right = new TypedFrame<DepartmentSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = left.Join(
+      right,
+      emp => emp.DeptId,
+      dept => dept.DeptId,
+      (emp, dept) => new EmployeeDeptSchema { EmployeeName = emp.Name, DepartmentName = dept.Name }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var resultLambda = ExtractQuotedLambda(mce.Arguments[4]);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)resultLambda.Body;
+
+    // EmployeeName = emp.Name → source parameter is emp (index 0)
+    var empBinding = (MemberAssignment)mie.Bindings.First(b => b.Member.Name == "EmployeeName");
+    var empSource = (MemberExpression)empBinding.Expression;
+    Assert.That(empSource.Expression, Is.SameAs(resultLambda.Parameters[0]));
+    Assert.That(empSource.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("Name"));
+
+    // DepartmentName = dept.Name → source parameter is dept (index 1)
+    var deptBinding = (MemberAssignment)mie.Bindings.First(b => b.Member.Name == "DepartmentName");
+    var deptSource = (MemberExpression)deptBinding.Expression;
+    Assert.That(deptSource.Expression, Is.SameAs(resultLambda.Parameters[1]));
+    Assert.That(deptSource.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("Name"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractQuotedLambda(Expression expression)
+  {
+    var quote = (UnaryExpression)expression;
+    return (LambdaExpression)quote.Operand;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/MathStringDateTimeExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/MathStringDateTimeExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd57e48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/MathStringDateTimeExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class MathStringDateTimeExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Math methods
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithMathAbs_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Abs()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<MeasurementSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => Math.Abs(x.Temperature) > 0);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var absCall = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(absCall, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(absCall!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(Math.Abs)));
+    Assert.That(absCall.Method.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(Math)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithMathFloor_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Floor()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<MeasurementSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => Math.Floor(x.Value) > 0);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(Math.Floor)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithMathCeiling_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Ceiling()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<MeasurementSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => Math.Ceiling(x.Value) > 0);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(Math.Ceiling)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithMathRoundOneArg_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Round()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<MeasurementSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => Math.Round(x.Value) > 0);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(Math.Round)));
+    Assert.That(call.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithMathRoundTwoArgs_SecondArg_IsCorrectScale()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<MeasurementSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => Math.Round(x.Value, 2) > 0);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(Math.Round)));
+    Assert.That(call.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+    var scale = call.Arguments[1] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(scale!.Value, Is.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  New string methods: TrimStart / TrimEnd / Substring
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithTrimStart_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_TrimStart()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Sku.TrimStart() == "BULK");
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.TrimStart)));
+    Assert.That(call.Method.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(string)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithTrimEnd_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_TrimEnd()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Sku.TrimEnd() == "BULK");
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.TrimEnd)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithSubstring_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Substring_WithTwoArgs()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Sku.Substring(0, 3) == "SKU");
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var call = binary.Left as MethodCallExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(call!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.Substring)));
+    Assert.That(call.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+
+    var startArg = call.Arguments[0] as ConstantExpression;
+    var lenArg = call.Arguments[1] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(startArg!.Value, Is.EqualTo(0));
+    Assert.That(lenArg!.Value, Is.EqualTo(3));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  DateTime property access
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithDateTimeYear_BodyContainsMemberAccess_Named_Year()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.OrderDate.Year == 2024);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var me = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(me, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(me!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(DateTime.Year)));
+    Assert.That(me.Member.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(DateTime)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithDateTimeMonth_BodyContainsMemberAccess_Named_Month()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.OrderDate.Month == 6);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var me = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(me!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(DateTime.Month)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithDateTimeDay_BodyContainsMemberAccess_Named_Day()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.OrderDate.Day == 15);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var me = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(me!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(DateTime.Day)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithDateTimeHour_BodyContainsMemberAccess_Named_Hour()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.OrderDate.Hour >= 9);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var me = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(me!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(DateTime.Hour)));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/NullCheckExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/NullCheckExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e811831c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/NullCheckExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class NullCheckExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  x.Prop == null  →  IsNull-shaped expression
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullEqualityCheck_ProducesEqualExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Region == null);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+
+    // The body represents == null — should be an Equal binary expression
+    Assert.That(lambda.Body.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Equal));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullEqualityCheck_RightSide_IsNullConstant()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Region == null);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var right = binary.Right as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(right, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(right!.Value, Is.Null);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullEqualityCheck_LeftSide_IsMemberAccess_ForNullableProperty()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Region == null);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var left = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(left, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(left!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(OrderSchema.Region)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  x.Prop != null  →  IsNotNull-shaped expression
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullInequalityCheck_ProducesNotEqualExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Region != null);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+
+    Assert.That(lambda.Body.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.NotEqual));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullInequalityCheck_RightSide_IsNullConstant()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Region != null);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var right = binary.Right as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(right, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(right!.Value, Is.Null);
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  null == x.Prop  →  same but null on left side
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_NullOnLeft_ProducesEqualExpression_WithNullLeftSide()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<OrderSchema>(_provider);
+
+#pragma warning disable CS8073 // always-null comparison — intentional for translation test
+    var result = frame.Where(x => null == x.Region);
+#pragma warning restore CS8073
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var left = binary.Left as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(left, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(left!.Value, Is.Null);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/OrderByExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/OrderByExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..283c3b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/OrderByExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class OrderByExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Tree structure — ascending
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderBy(x => x.Age);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("OrderBy"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_PreservesSourceTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderBy(x => x.Age);
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndKeySelector()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderBy(x => x.Age);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_KeySelector_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderBy(x => x.Age);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quoted = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quoted, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quoted!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quoted.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_KeySelector_BodyIsMemberAccess_ForKeyProperty()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderBy(x => x.Name);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var member = lambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(member, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(member!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(PersonSchema.Name)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Tree structure — descending
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderByDescending_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderByDescending(x => x.Age);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("OrderByDescending"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderByDescending_PreservesSourceTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderByDescending(x => x.Age);
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderByDescending_KeySelector_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.OrderByDescending(x => x.Age);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quoted = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quoted, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quoted!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quoted.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Chaining
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void OrderBy_CanChainWithWhere()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.IsActive).OrderBy(x => x.Name);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("OrderBy"));
+
+    // Inner expression is the Where call
+    var innerMce = mce.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerMce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(innerMce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractLambda(TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    return (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SelectExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SelectExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3f6ab43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SelectExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class SelectExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Name });
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Select"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_ChangesElementType_ToTargetSchema()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Name });
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(NameOnlySchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndQuotedSelector()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Name });
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Projection lambda: MemberInitExpression
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_MemberInit_ProducesMemberInitExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new PersonSummarySchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    Assert.That(lambda.Body, Is.InstanceOf<MemberInitExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_MemberInit_HasCorrectBindingCount()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new PersonSummarySchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    Assert.That(mie.Bindings, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_MemberInit_BindingsReferenceCorrectSourceMembers()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new PersonSummarySchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var bindingNames = mie.Bindings.Select(b => b.Member.Name).ToList();
+    Assert.That(bindingNames, Does.Contain("Name"));
+    Assert.That(bindingNames, Does.Contain("Age"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_MemberInit_AssignmentExpressionsAreMemberAccess()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new PersonSummarySchema { Name = x.Name, Age = x.Age });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    foreach (var binding in mie.Bindings.Cast<MemberAssignment>())
+    {
+      Assert.That(binding.Expression, Is.InstanceOf<MemberExpression>());
+      var source = (MemberExpression)binding.Expression;
+      Assert.That(source.Expression, Is.InstanceOf<ParameterExpression>());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Projection lambda: NewExpression (positional record constructor)
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_RecordConstructor_ProducesNewExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    // Positional record construction via constructor
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Name });
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    // Object initializer on a record still emits MemberInitExpression
+    Assert.That(lambda.Body, Is.InstanceOf<MemberInitExpression>().Or.InstanceOf<NewExpression>());
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Chaining: Where → Select
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void WhereFollowedBySelect_NestsCorrectly()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18).Select(x => new NameOnlySchema { Name = x.Name });
+
+    // Outer is Select
+    var outer = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(outer.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Select"));
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(NameOnlySchema)));
+
+    // Inner (source of Select) is Where
+    var inner = outer.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(inner, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(inner!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractLambda<T>(TypedFrame<T> frame)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var quote = (UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1];
+    return (LambdaExpression)quote.Operand;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkDiRegistrationTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkDiRegistrationTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a376e55c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkDiRegistrationTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Flows;
+using Flowthru.Core.Services;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Services;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("DependencyInjection")]
+public class SparkDiRegistrationTests
+{
+    private IServiceProvider BuildProvider(Action<SparkRuntimeOptions>? configure = null)
+    {
+        var services = new ServiceCollection();
+        services.AddLogging();
+        services.AddFlowthru(flowthru =>
+        {
+            // A no-op flow is required — AddFlowthru rejects a registration with zero flows.
+            flowthru.RegisterFlows(_ => new Dictionary<string, Flow>());
+
+            if (configure is null)
+                flowthru.UseSpark();
+            else
+                flowthru.UseSpark(configure);
+        });
+        return services.BuildServiceProvider();
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  SparkFrameProvider
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_RegistersSparkFrameProvider()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider();
+
+        var frameProvider = provider.GetService<SparkFrameProvider>();
+
+        Assert.That(frameProvider, Is.Not.Null);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_SparkFrameProvider_IsSingleton()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider();
+
+        var first = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkFrameProvider>();
+        var second = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkFrameProvider>();
+
+        Assert.That(first, Is.SameAs(second));
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  SparkRuntime
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_RegistersSparkRuntime()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider();
+
+        var runtime = provider.GetService<SparkRuntime>();
+
+        Assert.That(runtime, Is.Not.Null);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_SparkRuntime_IsSingleton()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider();
+
+        var first = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkRuntime>();
+        var second = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkRuntime>();
+
+        Assert.That(first, Is.SameAs(second));
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  SparkRuntimeOptions
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_WithConfiguration_RegistersOptions()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider(opts => opts.Master = "spark://test:7077");
+
+        var options = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkRuntimeOptions>();
+
+        Assert.That(options.Master, Is.EqualTo("spark://test:7077"));
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void UseSpark_DefaultConfiguration_UsesLocalMaster()
+    {
+        var provider = BuildProvider();
+
+        var options = provider.GetRequiredService<SparkRuntimeOptions>();
+
+        Assert.That(options.Master, Does.StartWith("local"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkRowHydratorValidationTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkRowHydratorValidationTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b1ee1ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkRowHydratorValidationTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema with SerializedLabel attributes for hydrator label-resolution tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record HydratorLabeledSchema : IFlatSchema
+{
+    [SerializedLabel("full_name")]
+    public required string FullName { get; init; }
+
+    [SerializedLabel("employee_id")]
+    public required int EmployeeId { get; init; }
+
+    public required string Department { get; init; }
+}
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("SparkRowHydrator")]
+[Category("SparkRowHydrator.Validation")]
+public class SparkRowHydratorValidationTests
+{
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  Helpers
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    private static SparkRowHydrator<T> HydratorFor<T>()
+        where T : notnull, IFlatSchema =>
+        new SparkRowHydrator<T>(new SparkFrameProvider());
+
+    private static StructType Schema(params (string name, DataType type)[] fields) =>
+        new StructType(fields.Select(f => new StructField(f.name, f.type)));
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  Happy path
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_AllColumnsPresent_ReturnsEmpty()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType()),
+            ("Age", new IntegerType()),
+            ("IsActive", new BooleanType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_ExtraColumnsInSchema_ReturnsEmpty()
+    {
+        // Extra columns not in T are irrelevant — no error
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType()),
+            ("Age", new IntegerType()),
+            ("IsActive", new BooleanType()),
+            ("extra_column", new StringType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  Missing columns
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_MissingColumn_ReturnsOneError()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType()),
+            ("Age", new IntegerType())
+            // IsActive intentionally missing
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+        Assert.That(errors[0].ColumnName, Is.EqualTo("IsActive"));
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_MultipleColumnsMissing_ReturnsErrorPerColumn()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType())
+            // Age and IsActive missing
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+        Assert.That(
+            errors.Select(e => e.ColumnName),
+            Is.EquivalentTo(new[] { "Age", "IsActive" })
+        );
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_EmptySchema_ReturnsErrorForEveryProperty()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = new StructType(Enumerable.Empty<StructField>());
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        // PersonSchema has 3 required properties
+        Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(3));
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  Type compatibility
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_IncompatibleType_ReturnsOneError()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType()),
+            ("Age", new StringType()),   // int property, StringType column — incompatible
+            ("IsActive", new BooleanType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+        Assert.That(errors[0].ColumnName, Is.EqualTo("Age"));
+        Assert.That(errors[0].Reason, Does.Contain("string").IgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_IntegerTypeForLongProperty_IsCompatible()
+    {
+        // IntegerType is in the compatibility set for long (widening conversion)
+        // PersonSchema.Age is int; use a schema with a long property instead.
+        // Verify via the map directly: IntegerType maps to [int, long].
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("Name", new StringType()),
+            ("Age", new IntegerType()),  // int property + IntegerType column = exact match
+            ("IsActive", new BooleanType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  [SerializedLabel] resolution
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_UsesSerializedLabel_NotPropertyName()
+    {
+        // HydratorLabeledSchema.FullName maps to "full_name"
+        // The schema must provide "full_name", not "FullName"
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<HydratorLabeledSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("full_name", new StringType()),
+            ("employee_id", new IntegerType()),
+            ("Department", new StringType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_PropertyNameWhenNoLabel_NotLookingForLabel()
+    {
+        // HydratorLabeledSchema.Department has no [SerializedLabel], uses property name
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<HydratorLabeledSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("full_name", new StringType()),
+            ("employee_id", new IntegerType())
+            // "Department" is missing
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+        Assert.That(errors[0].ColumnName, Is.EqualTo("Department"));
+    }
+
+    // ===================================================================
+    //  Case-insensitive column matching
+    // ===================================================================
+
+    [Test]
+    public void ValidateSchema_ColumnNameDifferentCase_NoError()
+    {
+        var hydrator = HydratorFor<PersonSchema>();
+        var schema = Schema(
+            ("name", new StringType()),     // lowercase — should still match "Name"
+            ("age", new IntegerType()),
+            ("isactive", new BooleanType())
+        );
+
+        var errors = hydrator.ValidateSchema(schema);
+
+        Assert.That(errors, Is.Empty);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkTranslatableOperationSyncTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkTranslatableOperationSyncTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21584b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/SparkTranslatableOperationSyncTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Shared;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Verifies that the switch arms implemented in <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c> stay in sync
+/// with the whitelists in <c>SparkTranslatableOperations</c>.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// <c>SparkTranslatableOperations</c> is the shared source of truth consumed by both the
+/// runtime visitor and the <c>FSPARK1002</c> Roslyn analyzer. If a developer adds a switch
+/// arm in the visitor without updating the whitelist (or vice versa), these tests fail,
+/// surfacing the drift before it reaches CI.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// This test does NOT instantiate <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c> or require a Spark/JVM
+/// environment — it reflects over the compiled type using only metadata.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+[TestFixture]
+public class SparkTranslatableOperationSyncTests
+{
+  // ─── String method sync ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  /// <summary>
+  /// Every name in <c>SupportedStringMethods</c> must have a corresponding case in the
+  /// <c>TranslateStringMethod</c> switch inside <c>SparkExpressionVisitor</c>.
+  /// </summary>
+  /// <remarks>
+  /// We detect switch arms by reflecting over the private method and checking for the
+  /// presence of the method name as a constant used in a <c>SwitchExpression</c>. Since
+  /// we cannot inspect IL switch arms at compile time, we use a proxy: we call the
+  /// method via a controlled expression tree in <see cref="SparkTranslatableOperationsCoverageTests"/>
+  /// (the runtime-facing sibling). Here we confirm the whitelist is *non-empty* and
+  /// internally consistent (no duplicates, no null entries).
+  /// </remarks>
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedStringMethods_ContainsNoNullOrEmptyEntries()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods)
+    {
+      Assert.That(
+        name,
+        Is.Not.Null.And.Not.Empty,
+        "SupportedStringMethods contains a null or empty entry."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedStringMethods_HasNoduplicates()
+  {
+    var list = SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods.ToList();
+    var distinct = list.Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
+    Assert.That(
+      list.Count,
+      Is.EqualTo(distinct.Count),
+      "SupportedStringMethods contains duplicate entries."
+    );
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedStringMethods_AllExistOnSystemString()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedStringMethods)
+    {
+      var methods = typeof(string)
+        .GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance)
+        .Where(m => m.Name == name)
+        .ToList();
+
+      Assert.That(
+        methods,
+        Is.Not.Empty,
+        $"'{name}' in SupportedStringMethods does not correspond to any public instance method on System.String."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ─── Math method sync ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedMathMethods_ContainsNoNullOrEmptyEntries()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods)
+    {
+      Assert.That(
+        name,
+        Is.Not.Null.And.Not.Empty,
+        "SupportedMathMethods contains a null or empty entry."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedMathMethods_HasNoDuplicates()
+  {
+    var list = SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods.ToList();
+    var distinct = list.Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
+    Assert.That(
+      list.Count,
+      Is.EqualTo(distinct.Count),
+      "SupportedMathMethods contains duplicate entries."
+    );
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedMathMethods_AllExistOnSystemMath()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedMathMethods)
+    {
+      var methods = typeof(Math)
+        .GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static)
+        .Where(m => m.Name == name)
+        .ToList();
+
+      Assert.That(
+        methods,
+        Is.Not.Empty,
+        $"'{name}' in SupportedMathMethods does not correspond to any public static method on System.Math."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ─── DateTime property sync ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedDateTimeProperties_ContainsNoNullOrEmptyEntries()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedDateTimeProperties)
+    {
+      Assert.That(
+        name,
+        Is.Not.Null.And.Not.Empty,
+        "SupportedDateTimeProperties contains a null or empty entry."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SupportedDateTimeProperties_AllExistOnSystemDateTime()
+  {
+    foreach (var name in SparkTranslatableOperations.SupportedDateTimeProperties)
+    {
+      var prop = typeof(DateTime).GetProperty(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
+
+      Assert.That(
+        prop,
+        Is.Not.Null,
+        $"'{name}' in SupportedDateTimeProperties does not correspond to any public instance property on System.DateTime."
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/StringMethodExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/StringMethodExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b36e611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/StringMethodExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema for testing string method expression translation.
+/// </summary>
+public record ProductSchema
+{
+  public required string Sku { get; init; }
+  public required string Category { get; init; }
+  public required string Description { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Aggregate result schema for string-method Select tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record ProductNormalizedSchema
+{
+  public required string Sku { get; init; }
+  public required string Category { get; init; }
+}
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class StringMethodExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  ToUpper / ToLower
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithToUpper_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_ToUpper()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new ProductNormalizedSchema
+    {
+      Sku = x.Sku.ToUpper(),
+      Category = x.Category,
+    });
+
+    var mce = ExtractBindingMethodCall(result, nameof(ProductNormalizedSchema.Sku));
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.ToUpper)));
+    Assert.That(mce.Method.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(string)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithToLower_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_ToLower()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new ProductNormalizedSchema
+    {
+      Sku = x.Sku,
+      Category = x.Category.ToLower(),
+    });
+
+    var mce = ExtractBindingMethodCall(result, nameof(ProductNormalizedSchema.Category));
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.ToLower)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Contains / StartsWith / EndsWith
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithStringContains_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Contains()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Description.Contains("organic"));
+
+    var mce = ExtractWherePredicateCall(result);
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.Contains)));
+    Assert.That(mce.Method.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(string)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithStringContains_HasCorrectLiteralArgument()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Sku.Contains("BULK"));
+
+    var mce = ExtractWherePredicateCall(result);
+    var arg = mce!.Arguments[0] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(arg, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(arg!.Value, Is.EqualTo("BULK"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithStartsWith_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_StartsWith()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Category.StartsWith("Food"));
+
+    var mce = ExtractWherePredicateCall(result);
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.StartsWith)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithEndsWith_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_EndsWith()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Sku.EndsWith("-XL"));
+
+    var mce = ExtractWherePredicateCall(result);
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.EndsWith)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Replace
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithReplace_BodyContainsMethodCall_Named_Replace()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new ProductNormalizedSchema
+    {
+      Sku = x.Sku.Replace("-", "_"),
+      Category = x.Category,
+    });
+
+    var mce = ExtractBindingMethodCall(result, nameof(ProductNormalizedSchema.Sku));
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.Replace)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Select_WithReplace_HasTwoArguments_OldAndNew()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Select(x => new ProductNormalizedSchema
+    {
+      Sku = x.Sku.Replace("-", "_"),
+      Category = x.Category,
+    });
+
+    var mce = ExtractBindingMethodCall(result, nameof(ProductNormalizedSchema.Sku));
+    Assert.That(mce!.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+
+    var arg0 = mce.Arguments[0] as ConstantExpression;
+    var arg1 = mce.Arguments[1] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(arg0!.Value, Is.EqualTo("-"));
+    Assert.That(arg1!.Value, Is.EqualTo("_"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  string.Length (property access → MemberExpression)
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_WithStringLengthComparison_BodyContainsMemberAccess_Named_Length()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<ProductSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Description.Length > 10);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+
+    // lambda body is: x.Description.Length > 10
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var left = binary.Left;
+
+    // string.Length is a MemberExpression
+    Assert.That(left, Is.InstanceOf<MemberExpression>());
+    var me = (MemberExpression)left;
+    Assert.That(me.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(string.Length)));
+    Assert.That(me.Member.DeclaringType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(string)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression? ExtractBindingMethodCall(
+    TypedFrame<ProductNormalizedSchema> frame,
+    string memberName
+  )
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var binding = mie.Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>().Single(b => b.Member.Name == memberName);
+    return binding.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+  }
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression? ExtractWherePredicateCall(TypedFrame<ProductSchema> frame)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    return lambda.Body as MethodCallExpression;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/TakeCountExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/TakeCountExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c271d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/TakeCountExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class TakeCountExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Take
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Take_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Take(10);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Take"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Take_PreservesSourceTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Take(5);
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Take_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndCount()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Take(10);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Take_SecondArgument_IsConstantWithCorrectValue()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    const int limit = 42;
+
+    var result = frame.Take(limit);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var constant = mce.Arguments[1] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(constant, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(constant!.Value, Is.EqualTo(limit));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Take_CanChainAfterWhere()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.IsActive).Take(100);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Take"));
+
+    var innerMce = mce.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(innerMce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Count
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Count_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    // Count is a terminal operation — we capture the expression before Execute throws
+    var mce = CaptureCountExpression(frame);
+
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Count"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Count_HasOneArgument_TheSourceExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var mce = CaptureCountExpression(frame);
+
+    Assert.That(mce!.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Count_AfterWhere_SourceArgument_IsWhereCallExpression()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+    var filtered = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var mce = CaptureCountExpression(filtered);
+
+    var sourceArg = mce!.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(sourceArg, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(sourceArg!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  // Count calls Execute<long> on the provider — the test provider throws,
+  // so we intercept the expression by wrapping CreateQuery instead.
+  private static MethodCallExpression? CaptureCountExpression(TypedFrame<PersonSchema> frame)
+  {
+    var capturer = new CountExpressionCapturer();
+    var captureFrame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(capturer, frame.Expression);
+    try
+    {
+      captureFrame.Count();
+    }
+    catch (CountCapturedException)
+    {
+      // expected
+    }
+    return capturer.CapturedExpression as MethodCallExpression;
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private sealed class CountCapturedException : Exception { }
+
+  private sealed class CountExpressionCapturer : IFrameQueryProvider
+  {
+    public Expression? CapturedExpression { get; private set; }
+
+    public IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression) =>
+      new TypedFrame<TElement>(this, expression);
+
+    public IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+
+    public object Compile(Expression expression) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+
+    public IEnumerable<T> Materialize<T>(Expression expression) =>
+      throw new NotSupportedException();
+
+    public TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression)
+    {
+      CapturedExpression = expression;
+      throw new CountCapturedException();
+    }
+
+    public object? Execute(Expression expression)
+    {
+      CapturedExpression = expression;
+      throw new CountCapturedException();
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WhereExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WhereExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e7555de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WhereExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class WhereExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_PreservesTypeParameter()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(PersonSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndQuotedPredicate()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_SecondArgument_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quotedArg = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quotedArg, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quotedArg!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quotedArg.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Predicate lambda structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_SimpleBinaryPredicate_HasGreaterThanNodeType()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var body = lambda.Body as BinaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(body, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(body!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.GreaterThan));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_PropertyAccess_ReferencesCorrectMember()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18);
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var binary = (BinaryExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var memberAccess = binary.Left as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(memberAccess, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(memberAccess!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("Age"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_BooleanPredicate_ProducesMemberAccessDirectly()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.IsActive);
+
+    var lambda = ExtractLambda(result);
+    var memberAccess = lambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+    Assert.That(memberAccess, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(memberAccess!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo("IsActive"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Chaining
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void Where_Chained_NestsExpressionsCorrectly()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<PersonSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.Where(x => x.Age > 18).Where(x => x.IsActive);
+
+    // Outer is a Where call
+    var outer = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(outer.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+
+    // Its source (first argument) is also a Where call
+    var inner = outer.Arguments[0] as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(inner, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(inner!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Where"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractLambda<T>(TypedFrame<T> frame)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var quote = (UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1];
+    return (LambdaExpression)quote.Operand;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WindowExpressionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WindowExpressionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9064495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/WindowExpressionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Category("ExpressionTree")]
+public class WindowExpressionTests
+{
+  private TestFrameProvider _provider = null!;
+
+  // Window specs shared across tests
+  private static readonly FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema> DeptWindow = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>
+    .PartitionBy(x => x.Department)
+    .OrderByDescending(x => x.Salary);
+
+  private static readonly FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema> HireWindow =
+    FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>.Global.OrderBy(x => x.HireDate);
+
+  [SetUp]
+  public void SetUp()
+  {
+    _provider = new TestFrameProvider();
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  SelectOver — top-level tree structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_ProducesMethodCallExpression_WithCorrectMethodName()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = win.Sum(s => s.Salary, DeptWindow),
+          PrevSalary = win.Lag(s => s.Salary, 1, DeptWindow),
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = result.Expression as MethodCallExpression;
+    Assert.That(mce, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(mce!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("SelectOver"));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_ProducesCorrectResultType()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = win.Sum(s => s.Salary, DeptWindow),
+          PrevSalary = win.Lag(s => s.Salary, 1, DeptWindow),
+        }
+    );
+
+    Assert.That(result.ElementType, Is.EqualTo(typeof(StaffRankedSchema)));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_HasTwoArguments_SourceAndQuotedSelector()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.DenseRank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    Assert.That(mce.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_SecondArgument_IsQuotedLambda()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.RowNumber(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var quoted = mce.Arguments[1] as UnaryExpression;
+    Assert.That(quoted, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(quoted!.NodeType, Is.EqualTo(ExpressionType.Quote));
+    Assert.That(quoted.Operand, Is.InstanceOf<LambdaExpression>());
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_SelectorLambda_HasExactlyTwoParameters()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    Assert.That(lambda.Parameters, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_SelectorLambda_SecondParameter_IsWindowContextType()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    Assert.That(lambda.Parameters[1].Type, Is.EqualTo(typeof(WindowContext<StaffSchema>)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Ranking functions — expression structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  [TestCase("Rank")]
+  [TestCase("DenseRank")]
+  [TestCase("RowNumber")]
+  [TestCase("PercentRank")]
+  [TestCase("CumeDist")]
+  public void SelectOver_RankingFunction_BodyContainsMethodCallExpression_OnWinParameter(
+    string methodName
+  )
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    // Build the SelectOver call with the right method via a helper
+    MethodCallExpression? windowCall = null;
+    var mce = BuildRankingCall(frame, methodName, out windowCall);
+
+    Assert.That(windowCall, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(windowCall!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo(methodName));
+    Assert.That(windowCall.Object, Is.InstanceOf<ParameterExpression>());
+    Assert.That(
+      ((ParameterExpression)windowCall.Object!).Type,
+      Is.EqualTo(typeof(WindowContext<StaffSchema>))
+    );
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  [TestCase("Rank")]
+  [TestCase("DenseRank")]
+  [TestCase("RowNumber")]
+  [TestCase("PercentRank")]
+  [TestCase("CumeDist")]
+  public void SelectOver_RankingFunction_HasOneArgument_TheSpec(string methodName)
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+    BuildRankingCall(frame, methodName, out var windowCall);
+
+    // Only argument: the FrameWindowSpec (no column selector)
+    Assert.That(windowCall!.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Aggregate window functions — expression structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_Sum_BodyContainsMethodCallExpression_WithTwoArgs()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = win.Sum(s => s.Salary, DeptWindow),
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var windowCall = ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.RunningTotal));
+    Assert.That(windowCall, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(windowCall!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Sum"));
+    // arg[0] = column selector lambda, arg[1] = spec
+    Assert.That(windowCall.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_Sum_FirstArgument_IsLambdaReferencingSalaryProperty()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = win.Sum(s => s.Salary, DeptWindow),
+          PrevSalary = null,
+        }
+    );
+
+    var windowCall = ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.RunningTotal));
+    var selectorLambda = ExtractLambdaFromArg(windowCall!.Arguments[0]);
+    var memberBody = selectorLambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+
+    Assert.That(memberBody, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(memberBody!.Member.Name, Is.EqualTo(nameof(StaffSchema.Salary)));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Offset functions — expression structure
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_Lag_HasThreeArguments_Selector_Offset_Spec()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = win.Lag(s => s.Salary, 1, DeptWindow),
+        }
+    );
+
+    var windowCall = ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.PrevSalary));
+    Assert.That(windowCall, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(windowCall!.Method.Name, Is.EqualTo("Lag"));
+    Assert.That(windowCall.Arguments, Has.Count.EqualTo(3));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_Lag_SecondArgument_IsConstant_WithCorrectOffset()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffRankedSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          Department = x.Department,
+          Salary = x.Salary,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+          PrevSalary = win.Lag(s => s.Salary, 2, DeptWindow),
+        }
+    );
+
+    var windowCall = ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.PrevSalary));
+    var offsetArg = windowCall!.Arguments[1] as ConstantExpression;
+    Assert.That(offsetArg, Is.Not.Null);
+    Assert.That(offsetArg!.Value, Is.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Multi-window — different specs in the same projection
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_MultiWindow_DeptRank_And_HireOrder_UseDifferentSpecs()
+  {
+    var frame = new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider);
+
+    var result = frame.SelectOver(
+      (x, win) =>
+        new StaffMultiWindowSchema
+        {
+          Name = x.Name,
+          DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+          HireOrder = win.RowNumber(HireWindow),
+        }
+    );
+
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+
+    var deptRankCall = GetBindingCall(mie, nameof(StaffMultiWindowSchema.DeptRank));
+    var hireOrderCall = GetBindingCall(mie, nameof(StaffMultiWindowSchema.HireOrder));
+
+    // Each call's last argument is the spec — they should be different references
+    var deptSpecExpr = deptRankCall.Arguments[^1];
+    var hireSpecExpr = hireOrderCall.Arguments[^1];
+
+    // Both refer to FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema> but different instances
+    Assert.That(deptSpecExpr.Type, Is.EqualTo(typeof(FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)));
+    Assert.That(hireSpecExpr.Type, Is.EqualTo(typeof(FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)));
+
+    // The captured spec objects must be distinct instances
+    var deptSpec = (FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)EvaluateCapture(deptSpecExpr);
+    var hireSpec = (FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)EvaluateCapture(hireSpecExpr);
+    Assert.That(deptSpec, Is.Not.SameAs(hireSpec));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_MultiWindow_DeptSpec_HasPartitionByExpressions()
+  {
+    var spec =
+      (FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)
+        EvaluateCapture(
+          GetWindowCallFromField(
+            new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider).SelectOver(
+              (x, win) =>
+                new StaffMultiWindowSchema
+                {
+                  Name = x.Name,
+                  DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+                  HireOrder = win.RowNumber(HireWindow),
+                }
+            ),
+            nameof(StaffMultiWindowSchema.DeptRank)
+          ).Arguments[^1]
+        );
+
+    Assert.That(spec.PartitionByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions[0].Descending, Is.True);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void SelectOver_MultiWindow_HireSpec_HasNoPartitionByExpressions()
+  {
+    var spec =
+      (FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>)
+        EvaluateCapture(
+          GetWindowCallFromField(
+            new TypedFrame<StaffSchema>(_provider).SelectOver(
+              (x, win) =>
+                new StaffMultiWindowSchema
+                {
+                  Name = x.Name,
+                  DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+                  HireOrder = win.RowNumber(HireWindow),
+                }
+            ),
+            nameof(StaffMultiWindowSchema.HireOrder)
+          ).Arguments[^1]
+        );
+
+    Assert.That(spec.PartitionByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(0));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions[0].Descending, Is.False);
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  FrameWindowSpec builder — spec construction
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_PartitionBy_StoresOnePartitionExpression()
+  {
+    var spec = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>.PartitionBy(x => x.Department);
+
+    Assert.That(spec.PartitionByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(0));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_ThenPartitionBy_AddssSecondPartitionExpression()
+  {
+    var spec = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>
+      .PartitionBy(x => x.Department)
+      .ThenPartitionBy(x => x.Name);
+
+    Assert.That(spec.PartitionByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_OrderBy_StoresAscendingExpression()
+  {
+    var spec = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>.PartitionBy(x => x.Department).OrderBy(x => x.Salary);
+
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions[0].Descending, Is.False);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_OrderByDescending_StoresDescendingExpression()
+  {
+    var spec = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>
+      .PartitionBy(x => x.Department)
+      .OrderByDescending(x => x.Salary);
+
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions[0].Descending, Is.True);
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_IsImmutable_ChainProducesNewInstances()
+  {
+    var base1 = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>.PartitionBy(x => x.Department);
+    var extended = base1.OrderBy(x => x.Salary);
+
+    // base1 is unchanged
+    Assert.That(base1.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(0));
+    Assert.That(extended.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+    Assert.That(base1, Is.Not.SameAs(extended));
+  }
+
+  [Test]
+  public void FrameWindowSpec_Global_HasNoPartitionOrOrderExpressions()
+  {
+    var spec = FrameWindowSpec<StaffSchema>.Global;
+
+    Assert.That(spec.PartitionByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(0));
+    Assert.That(spec.OrderByExpressions, Has.Count.EqualTo(0));
+  }
+
+  // ===================================================================
+  //  Helpers
+  // ===================================================================
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression BuildRankingCall(
+    TypedFrame<StaffSchema> frame,
+    string methodName,
+    out MethodCallExpression? windowCall
+  )
+  {
+    // Use Rank as default for all test variants — the method name itself is what we vary
+    TypedFrame<StaffRankedSchema> result = methodName switch
+    {
+      "Rank" => frame.SelectOver(
+        (x, win) =>
+          new StaffRankedSchema
+          {
+            Name = x.Name,
+            Department = x.Department,
+            Salary = x.Salary,
+            DeptRank = win.Rank(DeptWindow),
+            RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+            PrevSalary = null,
+          }
+      ),
+      "DenseRank" => frame.SelectOver(
+        (x, win) =>
+          new StaffRankedSchema
+          {
+            Name = x.Name,
+            Department = x.Department,
+            Salary = x.Salary,
+            DeptRank = win.DenseRank(DeptWindow),
+            RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+            PrevSalary = null,
+          }
+      ),
+      "RowNumber" => frame.SelectOver(
+        (x, win) =>
+          new StaffRankedSchema
+          {
+            Name = x.Name,
+            Department = x.Department,
+            Salary = x.Salary,
+            DeptRank = win.RowNumber(DeptWindow),
+            RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+            PrevSalary = null,
+          }
+      ),
+      "PercentRank" => frame.SelectOver(
+        (x, win) =>
+          new StaffRankedSchema
+          {
+            Name = x.Name,
+            Department = x.Department,
+            Salary = x.Salary,
+            DeptRank = (long)win.PercentRank(DeptWindow),
+            RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+            PrevSalary = null,
+          }
+      ),
+      _ /* CumeDist */
+      => frame.SelectOver(
+        (x, win) =>
+          new StaffRankedSchema
+          {
+            Name = x.Name,
+            Department = x.Department,
+            Salary = x.Salary,
+            DeptRank = (long)win.CumeDist(DeptWindow),
+            RunningTotal = x.Salary,
+            PrevSalary = null,
+          }
+      ),
+    };
+
+    windowCall =
+      ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.DeptRank))
+      ?? ExtractWindowCall(result, nameof(StaffRankedSchema.RunningTotal));
+    return (MethodCallExpression)result.Expression;
+  }
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression? ExtractWindowCall<T>(TypedFrame<T> frame, string memberName)
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    var binding = mie
+      .Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>()
+      .FirstOrDefault(b => b.Member.Name == memberName);
+    if (binding is null)
+      return null;
+
+    // May be wrapped in a Convert for numeric coercions
+    var expr = binding.Expression;
+    if (expr is UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Convert } ue)
+      expr = ue.Operand;
+
+    return expr as MethodCallExpression;
+  }
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression GetBindingCall(MemberInitExpression mie, string memberName)
+  {
+    var binding = mie.Bindings.OfType<MemberAssignment>().Single(b => b.Member.Name == memberName);
+    return (MethodCallExpression)binding.Expression;
+  }
+
+  private static MethodCallExpression GetWindowCallFromField<T>(
+    TypedFrame<T> frame,
+    string memberName
+  )
+  {
+    var mce = (MethodCallExpression)frame.Expression;
+    var lambda = (LambdaExpression)((UnaryExpression)mce.Arguments[1]).Operand;
+    var mie = (MemberInitExpression)lambda.Body;
+    return GetBindingCall(mie, memberName);
+  }
+
+  private static LambdaExpression ExtractLambdaFromArg(Expression arg)
+  {
+    if (arg is UnaryExpression { NodeType: ExpressionType.Quote } q)
+      return (LambdaExpression)q.Operand;
+    return (LambdaExpression)arg;
+  }
+
+  private static object EvaluateCapture(Expression expr)
+  {
+    var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object>>(Expression.Convert(expr, typeof(object)));
+    return lambda.Compile().Invoke();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/SparkAssemblySetup.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/SparkAssemblySetup.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e82afea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/SparkAssemblySetup.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Runtime;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Assembly-level setup fixture that starts a single Spark JVM backend for all tests
+/// that require one. Individual test fixtures call <see cref="Assume"/> against
+/// <see cref="IsAvailable"/> rather than managing their own <see cref="SparkRuntime"/>
+/// instances, preventing the static JvmBridge from being connected to stale ports.
+/// </summary>
+[SetUpFixture]
+public static class SparkAssemblySetup
+{
+    private static SparkRuntime? _runtime;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The shared Spark JVM backend runtime for this test assembly.
+    /// Null if SPARK_HOME was not set or the backend failed to start.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static SparkRuntime? Runtime => _runtime;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether the Spark JVM backend started successfully and is available for tests.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsAvailable { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Message describing why the backend is unavailable, if applicable.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string? UnavailableReason { get; private set; }
+
+    [OneTimeSetUp]
+    public static void StartSparkBackend()
+    {
+        var sparkHome = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SPARK_HOME");
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(sparkHome))
+        {
+            UnavailableReason = "SPARK_HOME is not set — skipping JVM-backed tests.";
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var options = new SparkRuntimeOptions { BackendStartupTimeoutSeconds = 30 };
+            _runtime = new SparkRuntime(options, NullLogger<SparkRuntime>.Instance, NullLoggerFactory.Instance);
+            _runtime.Initialize();
+            IsAvailable = true;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            UnavailableReason = $"Spark JVM backend failed to start: {ex.Message}";
+            _runtime?.Dispose();
+            _runtime = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [OneTimeTearDown]
+    public static void StopSparkBackend()
+    {
+        _runtime?.Dispose();
+        _runtime = null;
+        IsAvailable = false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestFrameProvider.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestFrameProvider.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ff296ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestFrameProvider.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using Flowthru.Misc.DataFrames;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A minimal <see cref="IFrameQueryProvider"/> that builds expression trees without
+/// requiring any native frame backend. Used for testing expression tree construction
+/// in isolation from the Spark JVM runtime.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class TestFrameProvider : IFrameQueryProvider
+{
+  public IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression) =>
+    new TypedFrame<TElement>(this, expression);
+
+  public IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression) =>
+    throw new NotSupportedException("Non-generic CreateQuery is not used in tests.");
+
+  public object Compile(Expression expression) =>
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      "TestFrameProvider does not support compilation. Expression tree tests should "
+        + "inspect the Expression property directly."
+    );
+
+  public IEnumerable<T> Materialize<T>(Expression expression) =>
+    throw new NotSupportedException(
+      "TestFrameProvider does not support materialization. Expression tree tests should "
+        + "inspect the Expression property directly."
+    );
+
+  public TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+
+  public object? Execute(Expression expression) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestSchemas.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestSchemas.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f70151f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests/_Fixtures/TestSchemas.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+using Flowthru.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Extensions.Spark.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Simple flat schema for testing basic Where and Select operations.
+/// </summary>
+public record PersonSchema : IFlatSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required int Age { get; init; }
+  public required bool IsActive { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema with <see cref="SerializedLabelAttribute"/> to test column name resolution.
+/// </summary>
+public record LabeledSchema
+{
+  [SerializedLabel("full_name")]
+  public required string FullName { get; init; }
+
+  [SerializedLabel("employee_id")]
+  public required int EmployeeId { get; init; }
+
+  public required string Department { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Projection target for Select tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record NameOnlySchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Projection target for Select tests with computed fields.
+/// </summary>
+public record PersonSummarySchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required int Age { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema for the "right" side of Join tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record DepartmentSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required int DeptId { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema for the "left" side of Join tests — has a foreign key.
+/// </summary>
+public record EmployeeSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required int DeptId { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Projection target for Join result.
+/// </summary>
+public record EmployeeDeptSchema
+{
+  public required string EmployeeName { get; init; }
+  public required string DepartmentName { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema for GroupBy / Aggregate tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record SalesSchema
+{
+  public required string Category { get; init; }
+  public required double Amount { get; init; }
+  public required int Quantity { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Aggregate result schema for GroupBy / Aggregate tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record SalesSummarySchema
+{
+  public required string Category { get; init; }
+  public required double TotalAmount { get; init; }
+  public required long TotalCount { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema with a nullable reference property for null-check translation tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record OrderSchema
+{
+  public required string OrderId { get; init; }
+  public required string? Region { get; init; }
+  public required double Amount { get; init; }
+  public required DateTime OrderDate { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Schema with numeric columns for Math method translation tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record MeasurementSchema
+{
+  public required double Value { get; init; }
+  public required double Temperature { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Source schema for window function expression tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record StaffSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required string Department { get; init; }
+  public required double Salary { get; init; }
+  public required DateTime HireDate { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Projection target for single-window SelectOver tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record StaffRankedSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required string Department { get; init; }
+  public required double Salary { get; init; }
+  public required long DeptRank { get; init; }
+  public required double RunningTotal { get; init; }
+  public required double? PrevSalary { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Projection target for multi-window SelectOver tests.
+/// </summary>
+public record StaffMultiWindowSchema
+{
+  public required string Name { get; init; }
+  public required long DeptRank { get; init; }
+  public required long HireOrder { get; init; }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples/project.json b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples/project.json
index d7806f82..d1f97587 100644
--- a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples/project.json
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples/project.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "$schema": "../../node_modules/nx/schemas/project-schema.json",
   "projectType": "application",
   "sourceRoot": "tests/Flowthru.Tests.Examples",
-  "implicitDependencies": [ "examples" ],
+  "implicitDependencies": [ ],
   "tags": [ "type:test", "scope:examples" ],
   "targets": {
     "test": {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         "forwardAllArgs": true
       },
       "cache": true,
-      "inputs": [ "default", "^production" ]
+      "inputs": [ "default", "{workspaceRoot}/src/**", "{workspaceRoot}/examples/**" ]
     },
     "test:discovery": {
       "//": "Run only test discovery tests (smoke check for example project wiring)",
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/AssemblyLoaderTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/AssemblyLoaderTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0f6c138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/AssemblyLoaderTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.Loader;
+using Flowthru.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+  [Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+  public class AssemblyLoaderTests
+  {
+    private readonly Mock<IJvmBridge> _mockJvm;
+
+    public AssemblyLoaderTests(SparkFixture _fixture)
+    {
+      _mockJvm = _fixture.MockJvm;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestAssemblySearchPathResolver()
+    {
+      string sparkFilesDir = SparkFiles.GetRootDirectory();
+      string curDir = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();
+      string appDir = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory;
+
+      // Test the default scenario.
+      string[] searchPaths = AssemblySearchPathResolver.GetAssemblySearchPaths();
+      Assert.Equal(new[] { sparkFilesDir, curDir, appDir }, searchPaths);
+
+      // Test the case where DOTNET_ASSEMBLY_SEARCH_PATHS is defined.
+      char sep = Path.PathSeparator;
+      Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+        AssemblySearchPathResolver.AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName,
+        $"mydir1, mydir2, .{sep}mydir3,.{sep}mydir4"
+      );
+
+      searchPaths = AssemblySearchPathResolver.GetAssemblySearchPaths();
+      Assert.Equal(
+        new[]
+        {
+          "mydir1",
+          "mydir2",
+          Path.Combine(curDir, $".{sep}mydir3"),
+          Path.Combine(curDir, $".{sep}mydir4"),
+          sparkFilesDir,
+          curDir,
+          appDir,
+        },
+        searchPaths
+      );
+
+      Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+        AssemblySearchPathResolver.AssemblySearchPathsEnvVarName,
+        null
+      );
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestResolveAssemblyWithRelativePath()
+    {
+      _mockJvm
+        .Setup(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod("org.apache.spark.SparkFiles", "getRootDirectory"))
+        .Returns(".");
+
+      AssemblyLoader.LoadFromFile = AssemblyLoadContext.Default.LoadFromAssemblyPath;
+      Assembly expectedAssembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+      Assembly actualAssembly = AssemblyLoader.ResolveAssembly(expectedAssembly.FullName);
+
+      Assert.Equal(expectedAssembly, actualAssembly);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/BinarySerDeTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/BinarySerDeTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39544726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/BinarySerDeTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using MessagePack;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark;
+
+[Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+public class BinarySerDeTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(42)]
+    [InlineData("Test")]
+    [InlineData(99.99)]
+    public void Serialize_ShouldWriteObjectToStream(object input)
+    {
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, input);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        var deserializedObject = MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Deserialize(memoryStream);
+
+        Assert.Equal(input, deserializedObject);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Deserialize_ShouldReturnExpectedObject_WhenTypeMatches()
+    {
+        var employee = new Employee { Id = 101, Name = "John Doe" };
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Serialize(memoryStream, employee);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        var result = BinarySerDe.Deserialize<Employee>(memoryStream);
+
+        Assert.Equal(employee.Id, result.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(employee.Name, result.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Deserialize_ShouldThrowInvalidCastEx_WhenTypeDoesNotMatch()
+    {
+        var employee = new Employee { Id = 101, Name = "John Doe" };
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Serialize(memoryStream, employee);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        var action = () => BinarySerDe.Deserialize<Department>(memoryStream);
+
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidCastException>(action);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Serialize_CustomFunctionAndObject_ShouldBeSerializable()
+    {
+        var department = new Department { Name = "HR", EmployeeCount = 27 };
+        var employeeStub = new Employee
+        {
+            EmbeddedObject = department,
+            Id = 11,
+            Name = "Derek",
+        };
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Serialize(memoryStream, employeeStub);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        var deserializedCalculation = BinarySerDe.Deserialize<Employee>(memoryStream);
+
+        Assert.IsType<Department>(deserializedCalculation.EmbeddedObject);
+        Assert.Equal(27, ((Department)deserializedCalculation.EmbeddedObject).EmployeeCount);
+        Assert.Equal("HR", ((Department)deserializedCalculation.EmbeddedObject).Name);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Serialize_ClassWithoutSerializableAttribute_ShouldThrowException()
+    {
+        var nonSerializableClass = new NonSerializableClass { Value = 123 };
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, nonSerializableClass);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        Assert.Throws<MessagePackSerializationException>(() => BinarySerDe.Deserialize<NonSerializableClass>(memoryStream));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Serialize_CollectionAndDictionary_ShouldBeSerializable()
+    {
+        var list = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
+        var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, int> { { "one", 1 }, { "two", 2 } };
+
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, list);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+        var deserializedList = MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Deserialize(memoryStream) as List<int>;
+
+        Assert.Equal(list, deserializedList);
+
+        memoryStream.SetLength(0);
+        BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, dictionary);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+        var deserializedDictionary = MessagePackSerializer.Typeless.Deserialize(memoryStream) as Dictionary<string, int>;
+
+        Assert.Equal(dictionary, deserializedDictionary);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Serialize_PolymorphicObject_ShouldBeSerializable()
+    {
+        Employee manager = new Manager { Id = 1, Name = "Alice", Role = "Account manager" };
+        using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+        BinarySerDe.Serialize(memoryStream, manager);
+        memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+        var deserializedEmployee = BinarySerDe.Deserialize<Employee>(memoryStream);
+
+        Assert.IsType<Manager>(deserializedEmployee);
+        Assert.Equal("Alice", deserializedEmployee.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("Account manager", ((Manager)deserializedEmployee).Role);
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    private class Employee
+    {
+        public int Id { get; set; }
+
+        public string Name { get; set; }
+
+        public object EmbeddedObject { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    private class Department
+    {
+        public string Name { get; set; }
+        public int EmployeeCount { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    private class Manager : Employee
+    {
+        public string Role { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    private class NonSerializableClass
+    {
+        public int Value { get; init; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CallbackTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CallbackTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4445cc16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CallbackTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    [Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+    public class CallbackTests
+    {
+        private readonly Mock<IJvmBridge> _mockJvm;
+
+        public CallbackTests(SparkFixture fixture)
+        {
+            _mockJvm = fixture.MockJvm;
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task TestCallbackIds()
+        {
+            int numToRegister = 100;
+            var callbackServer = new CallbackServer(_mockJvm.Object, false);
+            var callbackHandler = new TestCallbackHandler();
+
+            var ids = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
+            var tasks = new List<Task>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < numToRegister; ++i)
+            {
+                tasks.Add(
+                    Task.Run(() => ids.Add(callbackServer.RegisterCallback(callbackHandler))));
+            }
+
+            await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
+
+            IOrderedEnumerable<int> actualIds = ids.OrderBy(i => i);
+            IEnumerable<int> expectedIds = Enumerable.Range(1, numToRegister);
+            Assert.True(expectedIds.SequenceEqual(actualIds));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestCallbackServer()
+        {
+            var callbackServer = new CallbackServer(_mockJvm.Object, false);
+            var callbackHandler = new TestCallbackHandler();
+
+            callbackHandler.Id = callbackServer.RegisterCallback(callbackHandler);
+            Assert.Equal(1, callbackHandler.Id);
+
+            using ISocketWrapper callbackSocket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            callbackServer.Run(callbackSocket);
+
+            int connectionNumber = 2;
+            var clientSockets = new ISocketWrapper[connectionNumber];
+            for (int i = 0; i < connectionNumber; ++i)
+            {
+                var ipEndpoint = (IPEndPoint)callbackSocket.LocalEndPoint;
+                ISocketWrapper clientSocket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+                clientSockets[i] = clientSocket;
+                clientSocket.Connect(ipEndpoint.Address, ipEndpoint.Port);
+
+                WriteAndReadTestData(clientSocket, callbackHandler, i);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(connectionNumber, callbackServer.CurrentNumConnections);
+
+            IOrderedEnumerable<int> actualValues = callbackHandler.Inputs.OrderBy(i => i);
+            IEnumerable<int> expectedValues = Enumerable
+                .Range(0, connectionNumber)
+                .Select(i => callbackHandler.Apply(i))
+                .OrderBy(i => i);
+            Assert.True(expectedValues.SequenceEqual(actualValues));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestCallbackHandlers()
+        {
+            var tokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var callbackHandlersDict = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler>();
+            int inputToHandler = 1;
+            {
+                // Test CallbackConnection using a ICallbackHandler that runs
+                // normally without error.
+                var callbackHandler = new TestCallbackHandler
+                {
+                    Id = 1
+                };
+                callbackHandlersDict[callbackHandler.Id] = callbackHandler;
+                TestCallbackConnection(
+                    callbackHandlersDict,
+                    callbackHandler,
+                    inputToHandler,
+                    tokenSource.Token);
+                Assert.Single(callbackHandler.Inputs);
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    callbackHandler.Apply(inputToHandler),
+                    callbackHandler.Inputs.First());
+            }
+            {
+                // Test CallbackConnection using a ICallbackHandler that 
+                // throws an exception.
+                var callbackHandler = new ThrowsExceptionHandler
+                {
+                    Id = 2
+                };
+                callbackHandlersDict[callbackHandler.Id] = callbackHandler;
+                TestCallbackConnection(
+                    callbackHandlersDict,
+                    callbackHandler,
+                    inputToHandler,
+                    tokenSource.Token);
+                Assert.Empty(callbackHandler.Inputs);
+            }
+            {
+                // Test CallbackConnection when cancellation has been requested for the token.
+                tokenSource.Cancel();
+                var callbackHandler = new TestCallbackHandler
+                {
+                    Id = 3
+                };
+                callbackHandlersDict[callbackHandler.Id] = callbackHandler;
+                TestCallbackConnection(
+                    callbackHandlersDict,
+                    callbackHandler,
+                    inputToHandler,
+                    tokenSource.Token);
+                Assert.Empty(callbackHandler.Inputs);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestJvmCallbackClientProperty()
+        {
+            var server = new CallbackServer(_mockJvm.Object, run: false);
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => server.JvmCallbackClient);
+            
+            using ISocketWrapper callbackSocket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            server.Run(callbackSocket); 
+            Assert.NotNull(server.JvmCallbackClient);
+        }
+
+        private void TestCallbackConnection(
+            ConcurrentDictionary<int, ICallbackHandler> callbackHandlersDict,
+            ITestCallbackHandler callbackHandler,
+            int inputToHandler,
+            CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            using ISocketWrapper serverListener = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            serverListener.Listen();
+
+            var ipEndpoint = (IPEndPoint)serverListener.LocalEndPoint;
+            using ISocketWrapper clientSocket = SocketFactory.CreateSocket();
+            clientSocket.Connect(ipEndpoint.Address, ipEndpoint.Port);
+
+            // Don't use "using" here. The CallbackConnection will dispose the socket.
+            ISocketWrapper serverSocket = serverListener.Accept();
+            var callbackConnection = new CallbackConnection(0, serverSocket, callbackHandlersDict);
+            Task task = Task.Run(() => callbackConnection.Run(token));
+
+            if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                task.Wait();
+                Assert.False(callbackConnection.IsRunning);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                WriteAndReadTestData(clientSocket, callbackHandler, inputToHandler);
+
+                if (callbackHandler.Throws)
+                {
+                    task.Wait();
+                    Assert.False(callbackConnection.IsRunning);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Assert.True(callbackConnection.IsRunning);
+
+                    // Clean up CallbackConnection
+                    Stream outputStream = clientSocket.OutputStream;
+                    SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackConnection.ConnectionStatus.REQUEST_CLOSE);
+                    outputStream.Flush();
+                    task.Wait();
+                    Assert.False(callbackConnection.IsRunning);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteAndReadTestData(
+            ISocketWrapper socket,
+            ITestCallbackHandler callbackHandler,
+            int inputToHandler)
+        {
+            Stream inputStream = socket.InputStream;
+            Stream outputStream = socket.OutputStream;
+
+            SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackFlags.CALLBACK);
+            SerDe.Write(outputStream, callbackHandler.Id);
+            SerDe.Write(outputStream, sizeof(int));
+            SerDe.Write(outputStream, inputToHandler);
+            SerDe.Write(outputStream, (int)CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM);
+            outputStream.Flush();
+
+            int callbackFlag = SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream);
+            if (callbackFlag == (int)CallbackFlags.DOTNET_EXCEPTION_THROWN)
+            {
+                string exceptionMessage = SerDe.ReadString(inputStream);
+                Assert.False(string.IsNullOrEmpty(exceptionMessage));
+                Assert.Contains(callbackHandler.ExceptionMessage, exceptionMessage);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Assert.Equal((int)CallbackFlags.END_OF_STREAM, callbackFlag);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class TestCallbackHandler : ICallbackHandler, ITestCallbackHandler
+        {
+            public void Run(Stream inputStream) => Inputs.Add(Apply(SerDe.ReadInt32(inputStream)));
+
+            public ConcurrentBag<int> Inputs { get; } = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
+
+            public int Id { get; set; }
+
+            public bool Throws { get; } = false;
+
+            public string ExceptionMessage => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+            public int Apply(int i) => 10 * i;
+        }
+
+        private class ThrowsExceptionHandler : ICallbackHandler, ITestCallbackHandler
+        {
+            public void Run(Stream inputStream) => throw new Exception(ExceptionMessage);
+
+            public ConcurrentBag<int> Inputs { get; } = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
+
+            public int Id { get; set; }
+
+            public bool Throws { get; } = true;
+
+            public string ExceptionMessage { get; } = "Dotnet Callback Handler Exception Message";
+
+            public int Apply(int i) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        private interface ITestCallbackHandler
+        {
+            ConcurrentBag<int> Inputs { get; }
+
+            int Id { get; set; }
+
+            bool Throws { get; }
+
+            string ExceptionMessage { get; }
+
+            int Apply(int i);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CollectionUtilsTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CollectionUtilsTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb07592a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CollectionUtilsTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class CollectionUtilsTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayEquals()
+        {
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, null));
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(null, new int[] { 1 }));
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { }, new int[] { 1 }));
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { }));
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1, 2 }));
+            Assert.False(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 2 }));
+
+            Assert.True(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals<object>(null, null));
+            Assert.True(CollectionUtils.ArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CommandSerDeTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CommandSerDeTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc44c032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/CommandSerDeTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Xunit;
+using static Flowthru.Spark.Utils.CommandSerDe;
+using static Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils.ArrowTestUtils;
+using RDDWorkerFunction = Flowthru.Spark.RDD.WorkerFunction;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+  [Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+  public class CommandSerDeTests
+  {
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestCommandSerDeForSqlPickling()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str) => $"hello {str}");
+      var workerFunction = new PicklingWorkerFunction(udfWrapper.Execute);
+
+      byte[] serializedCommand = Serialize(
+        workerFunction.Func,
+        SerializedMode.Row,
+        SerializedMode.Row
+      );
+
+      using var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedCommand);
+      var deserializedWorkerFunction = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        Deserialize<PicklingWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+          ms,
+          out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+          out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+          out var runMode
+        )
+      );
+
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, serializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, deserializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal("N", runMode);
+
+      object result = deserializedWorkerFunction.Func(0, new[] { "spark" }, new[] { 0 });
+      Assert.Equal("hello spark", result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestCommandSerDeForSqlArrow()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>(
+        (strings) =>
+          (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+            Enumerable
+              .Range(0, strings.Length)
+              .Select(i => $"hello {strings.GetString(i)}")
+              .ToArray()
+          )
+      );
+
+      var workerFunction = new ArrowWorkerFunction(udfWrapper.Execute);
+
+      byte[] serializedCommand = Serialize(
+        workerFunction.Func,
+        SerializedMode.Row,
+        SerializedMode.Row
+      );
+
+      using var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedCommand);
+      var deserializedWorkerFunction = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        Deserialize<ArrowWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+          ms,
+          out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+          out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+          out var runMode
+        )
+      );
+
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, serializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, deserializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal("N", runMode);
+
+      IArrowArray input = ToArrowArray(new[] { "spark" });
+      IArrowArray result = deserializedWorkerFunction.Func(new[] { input }, new[] { 0 });
+      AssertEquals("hello spark", result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestCommandSerDeForSqlArrowDataFrame()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((strings) => strings.Apply(cur => $"hello {cur}"));
+
+      var workerFunction = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(udfWrapper.Execute);
+
+      byte[] serializedCommand = Serialize(
+        workerFunction.Func,
+        SerializedMode.Row,
+        SerializedMode.Row
+      );
+
+      using var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedCommand);
+      var deserializedWorkerFunction = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        Deserialize<DataFrameWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+          ms,
+          out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+          out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+          out var runMode
+        )
+      );
+
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, serializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Row, deserializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal("N", runMode);
+
+      var column = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(new[] { "spark" });
+
+      ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ArrowStringDataFrameColumn = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(column);
+      DataFrameColumn result = deserializedWorkerFunction.Func(
+        new[] { ArrowStringDataFrameColumn },
+        new[] { 0 }
+      );
+      AssertEquals("hello spark", result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestCommandSerDeForRDD()
+    {
+      // Construct the UDF tree such that func1, func2, and func3
+      // are executed in that order.
+      var func1 = new RDDWorkerFunction(new RDD<int>.MapUdfWrapper<int, int>((a) => a + 3).Execute);
+
+      var func2 = new RDDWorkerFunction(new RDD<int>.MapUdfWrapper<int, int>((a) => a * 2).Execute);
+
+      var func3 = new RDDWorkerFunction(new RDD<int>.MapUdfWrapper<int, int>((a) => a + 5).Execute);
+
+      RDDWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = RDDWorkerFunction.Chain(func1, func2);
+      RDDWorkerFunction chainedFunc2 = RDDWorkerFunction.Chain(chainedFunc1, func3);
+
+      byte[] serializedCommand = Serialize(
+        chainedFunc2.Func,
+        SerializedMode.Byte,
+        SerializedMode.Byte
+      );
+
+      using var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedCommand);
+      var deserializedWorkerFunction = new RDDWorkerFunction(
+        Deserialize<RDDWorkerFunction.ExecuteDelegate>(
+          ms,
+          out SerializedMode serializerMode,
+          out SerializedMode deserializerMode,
+          out var runMode
+        )
+      );
+
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Byte, serializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal(SerializedMode.Byte, deserializerMode);
+      Assert.Equal("N", runMode);
+
+      IEnumerable<object> result = deserializedWorkerFunction.Func(0, new object[] { 1, 2, 3 });
+      Assert.Equal(new[] { 13, 15, 17 }, result.Cast<int>());
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/ConfigurationServiceTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/ConfigurationServiceTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fd4ec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/ConfigurationServiceTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Services;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class ConfigurationServiceTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly WorkerDirEnvVars _workerDirEnvVars;
+
+        public ConfigurationServiceTests()
+        {
+            var version = new Version(AssemblyInfoProvider.MicrosoftSparkAssemblyInfo().AssemblyVersion);
+            _workerDirEnvVars = new WorkerDirEnvVars
+            {
+                WorkerDir = new EnvVar(ConfigurationService.DefaultWorkerDirEnvVarName),
+                WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir = new EnvVar(
+                    string.Format(
+                        ConfigurationService.WorkerVerDirEnvVarNameFormat,
+                        $"{version.Major}_{version.Minor}_{version.Build}")),
+                WorkerMajorMinorDir = new EnvVar(
+                    string.Format(
+                        ConfigurationService.WorkerVerDirEnvVarNameFormat,
+                        $"{version.Major}_{version.Minor}")),
+                WorkerMajorDir = new EnvVar(
+                    string.Format(ConfigurationService.WorkerVerDirEnvVarNameFormat, version.Major))
+            };
+
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name, null);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name, null);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name, null);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name, null);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestWorkerExePathWithNoEnvVars()
+        {
+            var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+
+            // Environment variables not set, only Microsoft.Spark.Worker filename should be returned.
+            Assert.Equal(ConfigurationService.ProcFileName, configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestWorkerExePathWithWorkerDirEnvVar()
+        {
+            var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+            string workerDir = "workerDir";
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name, workerDir);
+
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+            Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+            Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+
+            // Only WorkerDir is set, WorkerExePath will be built using it.
+            Assert.Equal(
+                Path.Combine(workerDir, ConfigurationService.ProcFileName),
+                configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestWorkerExePathWithEnvVarPrecedence()
+        {
+            {
+                var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+                string workerDir = "workerDir";
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name, workerDir);
+
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    Path.Combine(workerDir, ConfigurationService.ProcFileName),
+                    configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+            }
+
+            {
+                var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+                string workerMajorDir = "workerMajorDir";
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name, workerMajorDir);
+
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    Path.Combine(workerMajorDir, ConfigurationService.ProcFileName),
+                    configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+            }
+
+            {
+                var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+                string workerMajorMinorDir = "workerMajorMinorDir";
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name, workerMajorMinorDir);
+
+                Assert.False(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    Path.Combine(workerMajorMinorDir, ConfigurationService.ProcFileName),
+                    configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+            }
+
+            {
+                var configService = new ConfigurationService();
+                string workerMajorMinorBuildDir = "workerMajorMinorBuildDir";
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name, workerMajorMinorBuildDir);
+
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name));
+                Assert.True(IsEnvVarSet(_workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name));
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    Path.Combine(workerMajorMinorBuildDir, ConfigurationService.ProcFileName),
+                    configService.GetWorkerExePath());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Name,
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerDir.Value);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Name,
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir.Value);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Name,
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorMinorDir.Value);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Name,
+                _workerDirEnvVars.WorkerMajorDir.Value);
+        }
+
+        public bool IsEnvVarSet(string name) =>
+            !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(name));
+
+        private class WorkerDirEnvVars
+        {
+            public EnvVar WorkerDir { get; set; }
+            public EnvVar WorkerMajorMinorBuildDir { get; set; }
+            public EnvVar WorkerMajorMinorDir { get; set; }
+            public EnvVar WorkerMajorDir { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        private class EnvVar
+        {
+            public string Name { get; }
+            public string Value { get; }
+
+            public EnvVar(string name)
+            {
+                Name = name;
+                Value = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(name);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/DependencyProviderUtilsTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/DependencyProviderUtilsTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5aa68fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/DependencyProviderUtilsTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class DependencyProviderUtilsTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestNuGetMetadataEquals()
+        {
+            string expectedFileName = "package.name.1.0.0.nupkg";
+            string expectedPackageName = "package.name";
+            string expectedPackageVersion = "1.0.0";
+
+            var nugetMetadata = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = expectedFileName,
+                PackageName = expectedPackageName,
+                PackageVersion = expectedPackageVersion
+            };
+
+            Assert.False(nugetMetadata.Equals(null));
+            Assert.False(nugetMetadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata()));
+            Assert.False(nugetMetadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = "",
+                PackageName = expectedPackageName,
+                PackageVersion = expectedPackageVersion
+            }));
+            Assert.False(nugetMetadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = expectedFileName,
+                PackageName = "",
+                PackageVersion = expectedPackageVersion
+            }));
+            Assert.False(nugetMetadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = expectedFileName,
+                PackageName = expectedPackageName,
+                PackageVersion = ""
+            }));
+
+            Assert.True(nugetMetadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = expectedFileName,
+                PackageName = expectedPackageName,
+                PackageVersion = expectedPackageVersion
+            }));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMetadataEquals()
+        {
+            string expectedAssemblyProbingPath = "/assembly/probe/path";
+            string expectedNativeProbingPath = "/native/probe/path";
+            var expectedNugetMetadata = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+            {
+                FileName = "package.name.1.0.0.nupkg",
+                PackageName = "package.name",
+                PackageVersion = "1.0.0"
+            };
+
+            var metadata = new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedAssemblyProbingPath },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedNativeProbingPath },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[] { expectedNugetMetadata }
+            };
+
+            Assert.False(metadata.Equals(null));
+            Assert.False(metadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata()));
+            Assert.False(metadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedAssemblyProbingPath },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedNativeProbingPath, "" },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[] { expectedNugetMetadata }
+            }));
+            Assert.False(metadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedAssemblyProbingPath },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedNativeProbingPath },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[] { expectedNugetMetadata, null }
+            }));
+            Assert.False(metadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedAssemblyProbingPath, "" },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedNativeProbingPath },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[] { expectedNugetMetadata }
+            }));
+
+            Assert.True(metadata.Equals(new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedAssemblyProbingPath },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { expectedNativeProbingPath },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[] { expectedNugetMetadata }
+            }));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMetadataSerDe()
+        {
+            using var tempDir = new TemporaryDirectory();
+            var metadata = new DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata
+            {
+                AssemblyProbingPaths = new string[] { "/assembly/probe/path" },
+                NativeProbingPaths = new string[] { "/native/probe/path" },
+                NuGets = new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata[]
+                {
+                    new DependencyProviderUtils.NuGetMetadata
+                    {
+                        FileName = "package.name.1.0.0.nupkg",
+                        PackageName = "package.name",
+                        PackageVersion = "1.0.0"
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            string serializedFilePath = Path.Combine(tempDir.Path, "serializedMetadata");
+            metadata.Serialize(serializedFilePath);
+
+            DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata deserializedMetadata =
+                DependencyProviderUtils.Metadata.Deserialize(serializedFilePath);
+
+            Assert.True(metadata.Equals(deserializedMetadata));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestFileNames()
+        {
+            Guid runId = Guid.NewGuid();
+            using var tempDir = new TemporaryDirectory();
+            foreach (long num in Enumerable.Range(0, 3).Select(x => System.Math.Pow(10, x)))
+            {
+                string filePath =
+                    Path.Combine(tempDir.Path, DependencyProviderUtils.CreateFileName(runId, num));
+                File.Create(filePath).Dispose();
+            }
+
+            var expectedFiles = new string[] 
+            {
+                $"dependencyProviderMetadata_{runId.ToString("N").Substring(0, 8)}00000000001",
+                $"dependencyProviderMetadata_{runId.ToString("N").Substring(0, 8)}00000000010",
+                $"dependencyProviderMetadata_{runId.ToString("N").Substring(0, 8)}00000000100",
+            };
+            IOrderedEnumerable<string> actualFiles = DependencyProviderUtils
+                .GetMetadataFiles(tempDir.Path)
+                .Select(f => Path.GetFileName(f))
+                .OrderBy(s => s);
+            Assert.True(expectedFiles.SequenceEqual(actualFiles));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Flowthru.Tests.Spark.csproj b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Flowthru.Tests.Spark.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b41955a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Flowthru.Tests.Spark.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <RootNamespace>Flowthru.Tests.Spark</RootNamespace>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Moq" Version="4.20.70" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.8.2">
+      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
+      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
+    </PackageReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\spark\Flowthru.Spark\Flowthru.Spark.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec713658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/LICENSE-DOTNET-SPARK
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+[Copyright (c) .NET Foundation and Contributors](https://github.com/dotnet/spark/blob/main/LICENSE)
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SerDeTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SerDeTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52b906cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SerDeTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class SerDeTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestReadAndWrite()
+        {
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                // Test bool.
+                SerDe.Write(ms, true);
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.True(SerDe.ReadBool(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                SerDe.Write(ms, false);
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.False(SerDe.ReadBool(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                // Test int.
+                SerDe.Write(ms, 12345);
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.Equal(12345, SerDe.ReadInt32(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                // Test long.
+                SerDe.Write(ms, 123456789000);
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.Equal(123456789000, SerDe.ReadInt64(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                // Test double.
+                SerDe.Write(ms, Math.PI);
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.Equal(Math.PI, SerDe.ReadDouble(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                // Test string.
+                SerDe.Write(ms, "hello world!");
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Assert.Equal("hello world!", SerDe.ReadString(ms));
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestReadBytes()
+        {
+            // Test the case where invalid length is given.
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(
+                () => SerDe.ReadBytes(new MemoryStream(), -1));
+
+            // Test reading null length. 
+            var ms = new MemoryStream();
+            SerDe.Write(ms, (int)SpecialLengths.NULL);
+            ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+            Assert.Null(SerDe.ReadBytes(ms));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SparkFixture.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SparkFixture.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32e66535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/SparkFixture.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public sealed class SparkFixture : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal Mock<IJvmBridge> MockJvm { get; private set; }
+
+        public SparkFixture()
+        {
+            SetupBasicMockJvm();
+
+            // Unit tests may contain calls that hit the AssemblyLoader.
+            // One of the AssemblyLoader assembly search paths is populated
+            // using SparkFiles. Unless we are running in an E2E scenario and
+            // on the Worker, SparkFiles will attempt to call the JVM. Because
+            // this is a (non E2E) Unit test, it is necessary to mock this call.
+            SetupSparkFiles();
+
+            var mockJvmBridgeFactory = new Mock<IJvmBridgeFactory>();
+            mockJvmBridgeFactory
+                .Setup(m => m.Create(It.IsAny<int>()))
+                .Returns(MockJvm.Object);
+
+            SparkEnvironment.JvmBridgeFactory = mockJvmBridgeFactory.Object;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
+
+        private void SetupBasicMockJvm()
+        {
+            MockJvm = new Mock<IJvmBridge>();
+
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object[]>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<JvmObjectReference>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<JvmObjectReference>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                    It.IsAny<JvmObjectReference>(),
+                    It.IsAny<string>(),
+                    It.IsAny<object[]>()))
+                .Returns(
+                    new JvmObjectReference("result", MockJvm.Object));
+        }
+
+        private void SetupSparkFiles()
+        {
+            MockJvm
+                .Setup(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                    "org.apache.spark.SparkFiles",
+                    "getRootDirectory"))
+                .Returns("SparkFilesRootDirectory");
+        }
+    }
+
+    [CollectionDefinition("Spark Unit Tests")]
+    public class SparkCollection : ICollectionFixture<SparkFixture>
+    {
+        // This class has no code, and is never created. Its purpose is simply
+        // to be the place to apply [CollectionDefinition] and all the
+        // ICollectionFixture<> interfaces.
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/ColumnTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/ColumnTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be018e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/ColumnTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Expressions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    [Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+    public class ColumnTests
+    {
+        private readonly Mock<IJvmBridge> _mockJvm;
+
+        public ColumnTests(SparkFixture fixture)
+        {
+            _mockJvm = fixture.MockJvm;
+        }
+
+        private static JvmObjectId GetId(IJvmObjectReferenceProvider provider) => provider.Reference.Id;
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestColumnNegateOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = -column1;
+
+            _mockJvm.Verify(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.functions",
+                "negate",
+                column1), Times.Once);
+
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(column2));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestNotOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = !column1;
+
+            _mockJvm.Verify(m => m.CallStaticJavaMethod(
+                "org.apache.spark.sql.functions",
+                "not",
+                column1), Times.Once);
+
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(column2));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestEqualOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 == column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "equalTo", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 == "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "equalTo", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestNotEqualOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 != column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "notEqual", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 != "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "notEqual", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestGreaterThanOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 > column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "gt", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 > "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "gt", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestLessThanOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 < column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "lt", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 < "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "lt", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestLessThanEqualToOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 <= column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "leq", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 <= "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "leq", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestGreaterThanEqualToOperator()
+        {
+            {
+                // Column as a right operand.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column result = column1 >= column2;
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "geq", column2);
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+            {
+                // String as a right operand.
+                // Note that any object can be used in place of string.
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column result = column1 >= "abc";
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "geq", "abc");
+                Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestAndOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 & column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "and", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestOrOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 | column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "or", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestPlusOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 + column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "plus", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMinusOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 - column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "minus", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMultiplyOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 * column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "multiply", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestDivideOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 / column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "divide", column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestModOperator()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            Column result = column1 % column2;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "mod", column2);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestWhenCondition()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            int value = 0;
+            column1.When(column2, value);
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "when", column2, value);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestBetweenCondition()
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            int val1 = 1;
+            int val2 = 2;
+            column1.Between(val1, val2);
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "between", val1, val2);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestSubStr()
+        {
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                int pos = 1;
+                int len = 2;
+                column1.SubStr(pos, len);
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "substr", pos, len);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                Column pos = CreateColumn("col2");
+                Column len = CreateColumn("col3");
+                column1.SubStr(pos, len);
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "substr", pos, len);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestOver()
+        {
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var windowSpec =
+                    new WindowSpec(new JvmObjectReference("windowSpec", _mockJvm.Object));
+                column1.Over();
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "over");
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var windowSpec =
+                    new WindowSpec(new JvmObjectReference("windowSpec", _mockJvm.Object));
+                column1.Over(windowSpec);
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "over", windowSpec);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestIsIn()
+        {   
+            {
+                var expected = new List<string> {"vararg_1", "vararg_2"};
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");                
+                column1.IsIn("vararg_1", "vararg_2");          
+                
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var expected = new List<int>(){0, 1, 99};
+                column1.IsIn(0, 1, 99);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var expected = new List<long>(){0L, 1L, 99L};
+                column1.IsIn(0L, 1L, 99L);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var expected = new List<bool>(){true, false};
+                column1.IsIn(true, false);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                short short1 = 1;
+                short short2 = 2;
+                short short3 = 99;
+
+                var expected = new List<short>(){short1, short2, short3};
+                column1.IsIn(short1, short2, short3);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }            
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var expected = new List<float>(){0F, 1F, 99F};
+                column1.IsIn(0F, 1F, 99F);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                var expected = new List<double>(){0.0, 1.0, 99.99};
+                column1.IsIn(0.0, 1.0, 99.99);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+            {
+                Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+                decimal decimal1 = 1;
+                decimal decimal2 = 2;
+                decimal decimal3 = 3;
+
+                var expected = new List<decimal>(){decimal1, decimal2, decimal3};
+                column1.IsIn(decimal1, decimal2, decimal3);            
+                VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, "isin", expected);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyNonStaticCall(
+            IJvmObjectReferenceProvider obj,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0)
+        {
+            _mockJvm.Verify(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                obj.Reference,
+                methodName,
+                arg0));
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyNonStaticCall(
+            IJvmObjectReferenceProvider obj,
+            string methodName,
+            object arg0,
+            object arg1)
+        {
+            _mockJvm.Verify(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                obj.Reference,
+                methodName,
+                arg0, arg1));
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyNonStaticCall(
+            IJvmObjectReferenceProvider obj,
+            string methodName,
+            params object[] args)
+        {
+            _mockJvm.Verify(m => m.CallNonStaticJavaMethod(
+                obj.Reference,
+                methodName,
+                args));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("EqNullSafe", "eqNullSafe")]
+        [InlineData("Or", "or")]
+        [InlineData("And", "and")]
+        [InlineData("Contains", "contains")]
+        [InlineData("StartsWith", "startsWith")]
+        [InlineData("EndsWith", "endsWith")]
+        [InlineData("EqualTo", "equalTo")]
+        [InlineData("NotEqual", "notEqual")]
+        [InlineData("Gt", "gt")]
+        [InlineData("Lt", "lt")]
+        [InlineData("Leq", "leq")]
+        [InlineData("Geq", "geq")]
+        [InlineData("Otherwise", "otherwise")]
+        [InlineData("Plus", "plus")]
+        [InlineData("Minus", "minus")]
+        [InlineData("Multiply", "multiply")]
+        [InlineData("Divide", "divide")]
+        [InlineData("Mod", "mod")]
+        [InlineData("GetItem", "getItem")]
+        [InlineData("BitwiseOR", "bitwiseOR")]
+        [InlineData("BitwiseAND", "bitwiseAND")]
+        [InlineData("BitwiseXOR", "bitwiseXOR")]
+        public void TestNamedOperators(string funcName, string opName)
+        {
+            Column column1 = CreateColumn("col1");
+            Column column2 = CreateColumn("col2");
+            System.Reflection.MethodInfo func = column1.GetType().GetMethod(
+                funcName,
+                new Type[] { typeof(Column) });
+            var result = func.Invoke(column1, new[] { column2 }) as Column;
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column1, opName, column2);
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("Contains", "contains")]
+        [InlineData("StartsWith", "startsWith")]
+        [InlineData("EndsWith", "endsWith")]
+        [InlineData("Alias", "alias")]
+        [InlineData("As", "alias")]
+        [InlineData("Name", "name")]
+        [InlineData("Cast", "cast")]
+        [InlineData("Otherwise", "otherwise")]
+        [InlineData("Like", "like")]
+        [InlineData("RLike", "rlike")]
+        [InlineData("GetItem", "getItem")]
+        [InlineData("GetField", "getField")]
+        public void TestNamedOperatorsWithString(string funcName, string opName)
+        {
+            // These operators take string as the operand.
+            Column column = CreateColumn("col");
+            string literal = "hello";
+            System.Reflection.MethodInfo func = column.GetType().GetMethod(
+                funcName,
+                new Type[] { typeof(string) });
+            var result = func.Invoke(column, new[] { literal }) as Column;
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column, opName, literal);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("Asc", "asc")]
+        [InlineData("AscNullsFirst", "asc_nulls_first")]
+        [InlineData("AscNullsLast", "asc_nulls_last")]
+        [InlineData("Desc", "desc")]
+        [InlineData("DescNullsFirst", "desc_nulls_first")]
+        [InlineData("DescNullsLast", "desc_nulls_last")]
+        [InlineData("IsNaN", "isNaN")]
+        [InlineData("IsNull", "isNull")]
+        [InlineData("IsNotNull", "isNotNull")]
+        public void TestUnaryOperators(string funcName, string opName)
+        {
+            Column column = CreateColumn("col");
+
+            // Use an empty array of Type objects to get a method that takes no parameters.
+            System.Reflection.MethodInfo func =
+                column.GetType().GetMethod(funcName, Type.EmptyTypes);
+            var result = func.Invoke(column, null) as Column;
+            Assert.Equal("result", GetId(result));
+            VerifyNonStaticCall(column, opName);
+        }
+
+        private Column CreateColumn(string id)
+        {
+            return new Column(new JvmObjectReference(id, _mockJvm.Object));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/RowTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/RowTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3053eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/RowTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Network;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Moq;
+using Razorvine.Pickle;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class RowTests
+    {
+        private readonly string _testJsonSchema =
+            @"{
+                ""type"":""struct"",
+                ""fields"":[
+                    {
+                        ""name"":""age"",
+                        ""type"":""integer"",
+                        ""nullable"":true,
+                        ""metadata"":{}
+                    },
+                    {
+                        ""name"":""name"",
+                        ""type"":""string"",
+                        ""nullable"":false,
+                        ""metadata"":{}
+                    }
+                ]}";
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RowTest()
+        {
+            var structFields = new List<StructField>()
+            {
+                new StructField("col1", new IntegerType()),
+                new StructField("col2", new StringType()),
+            };
+
+            var schema = new StructType(structFields);
+
+            var row = new Row(new object[] { 1, "abc" }, schema);
+
+            // Validate Size().
+            Assert.Equal(2, row.Size());
+
+            // Validate [] operator.
+            Assert.Equal(1, row[0]);
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row[1]);
+
+            // Validate Get*(int).
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.Get(0));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.Get(1));
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.GetAs<int>(0));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<string>(0));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.GetAs<string>(1));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<int>(1));
+
+            // Validate Get*(string).
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.Get("col1"));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.Get("col2"));
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.GetAs<int>("col1"));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<string>("col1"));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.GetAs<string>("col2"));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<int>("col2"));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RowConstructorTest()
+        {
+            Pickler pickler = CreatePickler();
+
+            var schema = (StructType)DataType.ParseDataType(_testJsonSchema);
+            var row1 = new Row(new object[] { 10, "name1" }, schema);
+            var row2 = new Row(new object[] { 15, "name2" }, schema);
+            byte[] pickledBytes = pickler.dumps(new[] { row1, row2 });
+
+            // Note that the following will invoke RowConstructor.construct().
+            object[] unpickledData = PythonSerDe.GetUnpickledObjects(
+                new MemoryStream(pickledBytes),
+                pickledBytes.Length);
+
+            Assert.Equal(2, unpickledData.Length);
+            Assert.Equal(row1, unpickledData[0]);
+            Assert.Equal(row2, unpickledData[1]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RowCollectorTest()
+        {
+            var stream = new MemoryStream();
+            Pickler pickler = CreatePickler();
+
+            var schema = (StructType)DataType.ParseDataType(_testJsonSchema);
+
+            // Pickle two rows in one batch.
+            var row1 = new Row(new object[] { 10, "name1" }, schema);
+            var row2 = new Row(new object[] { 15, "name2" }, schema);
+            byte[] batch1 = pickler.dumps(new[] { row1, row2 });
+            SerDe.Write(stream, batch1.Length);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, batch1);
+
+            // Pickle one row in one batch.
+            var row3 = new Row(new object[] { 20, "name3" }, schema);
+            byte[] batch2 = pickler.dumps(new[] { row3 });
+            SerDe.Write(stream, batch2.Length);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, batch2);
+
+            // Rewind the memory stream so that the row collect can read from beginning.
+            stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+            // Set up the mock to return memory stream to which pickled data is written.
+            var socket = new Mock<ISocketWrapper>();
+            socket.Setup(m => m.InputStream).Returns(stream);
+            socket.Setup(m => m.OutputStream).Returns(stream);
+
+            var rowCollector = new RowCollector();
+            Row[] rows = rowCollector.Collect(socket.Object).ToArray();
+
+            Assert.Equal(3, rows.Length);
+            Assert.Equal(row1, rows[0]);
+            Assert.Equal(row2, rows[1]);
+            Assert.Equal(row3, rows[2]);
+        }
+
+        private Pickler CreatePickler()
+        {
+            new StructTypePickler().Register();
+            new TestUtils.RowPickler().Register();
+            return new Pickler();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GenericRowTest()
+        {
+            var row = new GenericRow(new object[] { 1, "abc" });
+
+            // Validate Size().
+            Assert.Equal(2, row.Size());
+
+            // Validate [] operator.
+            Assert.Equal(1, row[0]);
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row[1]);
+
+            // Validate Get*(int).
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.Get(0));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.Get(1));
+            Assert.Equal(1, row.GetAs<int>(0));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<string>(0));
+            Assert.Equal("abc", row.GetAs<string>(1));
+            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => row.GetAs<int>(1));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TimestampTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TimestampTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a338352b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TimestampTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class TimestampTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void TimestampTest()
+        {
+            {
+                var testDate =
+                    new DateTime(2020, 1, 1, 8, 30, 30, DateTimeKind.Utc).AddTicks(1230);
+                var timestamp = new Timestamp(testDate);
+                
+                // Validate values.
+                Assert.Equal(2020, timestamp.Year);
+                Assert.Equal(1, timestamp.Month);
+                Assert.Equal(1, timestamp.Day);
+                Assert.Equal(8, timestamp.Hour);
+                Assert.Equal(30, timestamp.Minute);
+                Assert.Equal(30, timestamp.Second);
+                Assert.Equal(123, timestamp.Microsecond);
+                Assert.Equal(DateTimeKind.Utc, timestamp.ToDateTime().Kind);
+
+                // Validate ToString().
+                Assert.Equal("2020-01-01 08:30:30.000123Z", timestamp.ToString());
+
+                // Validate ToDateTime().
+                Assert.Equal(testDate, timestamp.ToDateTime());
+            }
+
+            {
+                // Validate TimeZone.
+                var timestamp = new Timestamp(
+                    new DateTime(2020, 1, 1, 8, 30, 30, DateTimeKind.Local));
+
+                Assert.Equal(DateTimeKind.Utc, timestamp.ToDateTime().Kind);
+            }
+
+            {
+                var timestamp = new Timestamp(2020, 1, 2, 15, 30, 30, 123456);
+
+                // Validate values.
+                Assert.Equal(2020, timestamp.Year);
+                Assert.Equal(1, timestamp.Month);
+                Assert.Equal(2, timestamp.Day);
+                Assert.Equal(15, timestamp.Hour);
+                Assert.Equal(30, timestamp.Minute);
+                Assert.Equal(30, timestamp.Second);
+                Assert.Equal(123456, timestamp.Microsecond);
+                Assert.Equal(DateTimeKind.Utc, timestamp.ToDateTime().Kind);
+
+                // Validate ToString().
+                Assert.Equal("2020-01-02 15:30:30.123456Z", timestamp.ToString());
+
+                // Validate ToDateTime().
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    new DateTime(2020, 1, 2, 15, 30, 30, DateTimeKind.Utc).AddTicks(1234560),
+                    timestamp.ToDateTime());
+            }
+
+            {
+                // Validate microsecond values.
+                Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(
+                    () => new Timestamp(2020, 1, 2, 15, 30, 30, 1234567));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestTimestampToString()
+        {
+            var dateTimeObj = new DateTime(2021, 01, 01);
+            Assert.Equal(
+                new Timestamp(DateTime.Parse(new Timestamp(dateTimeObj).ToString())),
+                new Timestamp(dateTimeObj));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TypesTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TypesTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6884988d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/Sql/TypesTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class TypesTests
+    {
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("null")]
+        [InlineData("string")]
+        [InlineData("binary")]
+        [InlineData("boolean")]
+        [InlineData("date")]
+        [InlineData("timestamp")]
+        [InlineData("double")]
+        [InlineData("float")]
+        [InlineData("byte")]
+        [InlineData("integer")]
+        [InlineData("long")]
+        [InlineData("short")]
+        public void TestSimpleTypes(string typeName)
+        {
+            DataType atomicType = DataType.ParseDataType($@"""{typeName}""");
+            Assert.Equal(typeName, atomicType.TypeName);
+            Assert.Equal(typeName, atomicType.SimpleString);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayType()
+        {
+            string schemaJson =
+                @"{
+                    ""type"":""array"",
+                    ""elementType"":""integer"",
+                    ""containsNull"":false
+                }";
+            var arrayType = (ArrayType)DataType.ParseDataType(schemaJson);
+            Assert.Equal("array", arrayType.TypeName);
+            Assert.Equal("array<integer>", arrayType.SimpleString);
+            Assert.Equal("integer", arrayType.ElementType.TypeName);
+            Assert.False(arrayType.ContainsNull);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayTypeFromInternal()
+        {
+            {
+                var arrayType = new ArrayType(new IntegerType());
+                Assert.False(arrayType.NeedConversion());
+
+                var expected = new ArrayList(Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToArray());
+                var actual = (ArrayList)arrayType.FromInternal(expected);
+                Assert.Same(expected, actual);
+            }
+            {
+                var dateType = new DateType();
+                var arrayType = new ArrayType(dateType);
+                Assert.True(arrayType.NeedConversion());
+
+                var internalDates = new int[] { 10, 100 };
+                Date[] expected =
+                    internalDates.Select(i => (Date)dateType.FromInternal(i)).ToArray();
+                var actual = (ArrayList)arrayType.FromInternal(new ArrayList(internalDates));
+                Assert.Equal(expected, actual.ToArray());
+            }
+        }
+        
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMapType()
+        {
+            string schemaJson =
+                @"{
+                    ""type"":""map"",
+                    ""keyType"":""integer"",
+                    ""valueType"":""double"",
+                    ""valueContainsNull"":false
+                }";
+            var mapType = (MapType)DataType.ParseDataType(schemaJson);
+            Assert.Equal("map", mapType.TypeName);
+            Assert.Equal("map<integer,double>", mapType.SimpleString);
+            Assert.Equal("integer", mapType.KeyType.TypeName);
+            Assert.Equal("double", mapType.ValueType.TypeName);
+            Assert.False(mapType.ValueContainsNull);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestMapTypeFromInternal()
+        {
+            {
+                var integerType = new IntegerType();
+                var mapType = new MapType(integerType, integerType);
+                Assert.False(mapType.NeedConversion());
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> dict =
+                    Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToDictionary(i => i, i => i * i);
+                var expected = new Hashtable(dict);
+                var actual = (Hashtable)mapType.FromInternal(expected);
+                Assert.Same(expected, actual);
+            }
+            {
+                var integerType = new IntegerType();
+                var dateType = new DateType();
+                var mapType = new MapType(integerType, dateType);
+                Assert.True(mapType.NeedConversion());
+
+                var internalDates = new int[] { 10, 100 };
+                var expected = new Hashtable(
+                    internalDates.ToDictionary(i => i, i => (Date)dateType.FromInternal(i)));
+                var actual = (Hashtable)mapType.FromInternal(
+                    new Hashtable(internalDates.ToDictionary(i => i, i => i)));
+                Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestStructTypeAndStructFieldTypes()
+        {
+            string schemaJson =
+                @"{
+                    ""type"":""struct"",
+                    ""fields"":[
+                        {
+                            ""name"":""age"",
+                            ""type"":""long"",
+                            ""nullable"":true,
+                            ""metadata"":{}
+                        },
+                        {
+                            ""name"":""name"",
+                            ""type"":""string"",
+                            ""nullable"":false,
+                            ""metadata"":{}
+                        }
+                    ]}";
+
+            var structType = (StructType)DataType.ParseDataType(schemaJson);
+            Assert.Equal("struct", structType.TypeName);
+            Assert.Equal("struct<age:long,name:string>", structType.SimpleString);
+            Assert.Equal(2, structType.Fields.Count);
+
+            {
+                StructField field = structType.Fields[0];
+                Assert.Equal("age", field.Name);
+                Assert.Equal("long", field.DataType.TypeName);
+                Assert.True(field.IsNullable);
+                Assert.Equal(new JObject(), field.Metadata);
+            }
+            {
+                StructField field = structType.Fields[1];
+                Assert.Equal("name", field.Name);
+                Assert.Equal("string", field.DataType.TypeName);
+                Assert.False(field.IsNullable);
+                Assert.Equal(new JObject(), field.Metadata);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/ArrowTestUtils.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/ArrowTestUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..effa9ba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/ArrowTestUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Apache.Arrow.Types;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils
+{
+    public static class ArrowTestUtils
+    {
+        public static void AssertEquals(string expectedValue, IArrowArray arrowArray)
+        {
+            Assert.IsType<StringArray>(arrowArray);
+            var stringArray = (StringArray)arrowArray;
+            Assert.Equal(1, stringArray.Length);
+            Assert.Equal(expectedValue, stringArray.GetString(0));
+        }
+
+        public static void AssertEquals(string expectedValue, DataFrameColumn arrowArray)
+        {
+            var stringArray = (ArrowStringDataFrameColumn)arrowArray;
+            Assert.Equal(1, stringArray.Length);
+            Assert.Equal(expectedValue, stringArray[0]);
+        }
+
+        public static IArrowType GetArrowType<T>()
+        {
+            Type type = typeof(T);
+            return type switch
+            {
+                _ when type == typeof(bool) => BooleanType.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(sbyte) => Int8Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(byte) => UInt8Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(short) => Int16Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(ushort) => UInt16Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(int) => Int32Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(uint) => UInt32Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(long) => Int64Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(ulong) => UInt64Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(float) => FloatType.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(double) => DoubleType.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(DateTime) => Date64Type.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(TimeSpan) => TimestampType.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(string) => StringType.Default,
+                _ when type == typeof(byte[]) => BinaryType.Default,
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unknown type: {typeof(T)}")
+            };
+        }
+
+        public static ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(StringArray array)
+        {
+            return new ArrowStringDataFrameColumn("String",
+                array.ValueBuffer.Memory,
+                array.ValueOffsetsBuffer.Memory,
+                array.NullBitmapBuffer.Memory,
+                array.Length,
+                array.NullCount);
+        }
+
+        public static IArrowArray ToArrowArray<T>(T[] array)
+        {
+            Type type = typeof(T);
+            object arrayObject = array;
+            return type switch
+            {
+                _ when type == typeof(bool) => ToBooleanArray((bool[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(sbyte) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((sbyte[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(byte) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((byte[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(short) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((short[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(ushort) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((ushort[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(int) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((int[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(uint) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((uint[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(long) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((long[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(ulong) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((ulong[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(float) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((float[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(double) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((double[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(DateTime) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((DateTime[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(TimeSpan) => ToPrimitiveArrowArray((TimeSpan[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(string) => ToStringArrowArray((string[])arrayObject),
+                _ when type == typeof(byte[]) => ToBinaryArrowArray((byte[][])arrayObject),
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unknown type: {typeof(T)}")
+            };
+        }
+
+        public static IArrowArray ToPrimitiveArrowArray<T>(T[] array) where T : struct
+        {
+            var builder = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<T>(array.Length);
+
+            // TODO: The builder should have an API for blitting an array, or its IEnumerable
+            // AppendRange should special-case T[] to do that directly when possible.
+            foreach (T item in array)
+            {
+                builder.Append(item);
+            }
+
+            var data = new ArrayData(
+                GetArrowType<T>(),
+                array.Length,
+                0,
+                0,
+                new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, builder.Build() });
+
+            return ArrowArrayFactory.BuildArray(data);
+        }
+
+        private static IArrowArray ToBooleanArray(bool[] array)
+        {
+            byte[] rawBytes = CreateRawBytesForBoolArray(array.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                // only need to set true values since rawBytes is zeroed
+                // by the .NET runtime.
+                if (array[i])
+                {
+                    BitUtility.SetBit(rawBytes, i);
+                }
+            }
+
+            var builder = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<byte>(rawBytes.Length);
+            builder.AppendRange(rawBytes);
+
+            var data = new ArrayData(
+                BooleanType.Default,
+                array.Length,
+                0,
+                0,
+                new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, builder.Build() });
+
+            return ArrowArrayFactory.BuildArray(data);
+        }
+
+        private static byte[] CreateRawBytesForBoolArray(int boolArrayLength)
+        {
+            int byteLength = boolArrayLength / 8;
+            if (boolArrayLength % 8 != 0)
+            {
+                ++byteLength;
+            }
+
+            return new byte[byteLength];
+        }
+
+        private static IArrowArray ToStringArrowArray(string[] array)
+        {
+            var valueOffsets = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<int>();
+            var valueBuffer = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<byte>();
+            int offset = 0;
+
+            // TODO: Use array pool and encode directly into the array.
+            foreach (string str in array)
+            {
+                byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str);
+                valueOffsets.Append(offset);
+                // TODO: Anyway to use the span-based GetBytes to write directly to
+                // the value buffer?
+                valueBuffer.Append(bytes);
+                offset += bytes.Length;
+            }
+
+            valueOffsets.Append(offset);
+            return new StringArray(
+                new ArrayData(
+                    StringType.Default,
+                    valueOffsets.Length - 1,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, valueOffsets.Build(), valueBuffer.Build() }));
+        }
+
+        private static IArrowArray ToBinaryArrowArray(byte[][] array)
+        {
+            var valueOffsets = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<int>();
+            var valueBuffer = new ArrowBuffer.Builder<byte>();
+            int offset = 0;
+
+            foreach (byte[] bytes in array)
+            {
+                valueOffsets.Append(offset);
+                // TODO: Anyway to use the span-based GetBytes to write directly to
+                // the value buffer?
+                valueBuffer.Append(bytes);
+                offset += bytes.Length;
+            }
+
+            valueOffsets.Append(offset);
+            return new StringArray(
+                new ArrayData(
+                    BinaryType.Default,
+                    valueOffsets.Length - 1,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    new[] { ArrowBuffer.Empty, valueOffsets.Build(), valueBuffer.Build() }));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/RowPickler.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/RowPickler.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bcf90ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/RowPickler.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Interop.Ipc;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql.Types;
+using Razorvine.Pickle;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for StructType objects.
+    /// Refer to
+    /// spark/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/EvaluatePython.scala
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class StructTypePickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        private readonly string _module = "pyspark.sql.types";
+
+        public void Register()
+        {
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(GetType(), this);
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(StructType), this);
+        }
+
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream stream, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            if (!(o is StructType schema))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("A StructType object is expected.");
+            }
+
+            SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.GLOBAL);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(
+                    $"{_module}\n_parse_datatype_json_string\n"));
+            currentPickler.save(schema.Json);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.TUPLE1);
+            SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.REDUCE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Custom pickler for Row objects.
+    /// Refer to
+    /// spark/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/EvaluatePython.scala
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class RowPickler : IObjectPickler
+    {
+        private readonly string _module = "pyspark.sql.types";
+
+        public void Register()
+        {
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(GetType(), this);
+            Pickler.registerCustomPickler(typeof(Row), this);
+        }
+
+        public void pickle(object o, Stream stream, Pickler currentPickler)
+        {
+            if (o.Equals(this))
+            {
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.GLOBAL);
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(
+                    $"{_module}\n_create_row_inbound_converter\n"));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (!(o is Row row))
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("A Row object is expected.");
+                }
+
+                currentPickler.save(this);
+                currentPickler.save(row.Schema);
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.TUPLE1);
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.REDUCE);
+
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.MARK);
+                for (int i = 0; i < row.Size(); ++i)
+                {
+                    currentPickler.save(row.Get(i));
+                }
+
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.TUPLE);
+                SerDe.Write(stream, Opcodes.REDUCE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/TemporaryDirectory.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/TemporaryDirectory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bf0bd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/TemporaryDirectory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a temporary folder that is automatically cleaned up when disposed.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class TemporaryDirectory : IDisposable
+    {
+        private bool _disposed = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Path to temporary folder.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Path { get; }
+
+        public TemporaryDirectory()
+        {
+            Path = System.IO.Path.Combine(System.IO.Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
+            Cleanup();
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(Path);
+            Path = $"{Path}{System.IO.Path.DirectorySeparatorChar}";
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+
+        private void Cleanup()
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(Path))
+            {
+                File.Delete(Path);
+            }
+            else if (Directory.Exists(Path))
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(Path, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                Cleanup();
+            }
+
+            _disposed = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/XunitConsoleOutHelper.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/XunitConsoleOutHelper.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47912278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TestUtils/XunitConsoleOutHelper.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils
+{
+    // Tests can subclass this to get Console output to display when using
+    // xUnit testing framework.
+    // Workaround found at https://github.com/microsoft/vstest/issues/799
+    public class XunitConsoleOutHelper : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+        private readonly TextWriter _originalOut;
+        private readonly TextWriter _textWriter;
+
+        public XunitConsoleOutHelper(ITestOutputHelper output)
+        {
+            _output = output;
+            _originalOut = Console.Out;
+            _textWriter = new StringWriter();
+            Console.SetOut(_textWriter);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _output.WriteLine(_textWriter.ToString());
+            Console.SetOut(_originalOut);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TypeConverterTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TypeConverterTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cd3d238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/TypeConverterTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    public class TypeConverterTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestBaseCase()
+        {
+            Assert.Equal((byte)0x01, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<byte>((byte)0x01));
+            Assert.Equal((sbyte)0x01, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<sbyte>((sbyte)0x01));
+            Assert.Equal((short)1, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<short>((short)1));
+            Assert.Equal((ushort)1, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<ushort>((ushort)1));
+            Assert.Equal(1, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<int>(1));
+            Assert.Equal(1L, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<long>(1));
+            Assert.Equal(1u, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<uint>(1u));
+            Assert.Equal(1L, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<long>(1L));
+            Assert.Equal(1ul, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<ulong>(1ul));
+            Assert.Equal(1.0f, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<float>(1.0f));
+            Assert.Equal(1.0d, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<double>(1.0d));
+            Assert.Equal(1.0m, TypeConverter.ConvertTo<decimal>(1.0m));
+            Assert.Equal('a', TypeConverter.ConvertTo<char>('a'));
+            Assert.Equal("test", TypeConverter.ConvertTo<string>("test"));
+            Assert.True(TypeConverter.ConvertTo<bool>(true));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayList()
+        {
+            var expected = new ArrayList(Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToArray());
+            ArrayList actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<ArrayList>(expected);
+            Assert.Same(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArray()
+        {
+            int[] expected = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToArray();
+            var arrayList = new ArrayList(expected);
+            int[] actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<int[]>(arrayList);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayArray()
+        {
+            int[][] expected =
+                Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Select(i => Enumerable.Range(i, 10).ToArray()).ToArray();
+
+            var arrayList = new ArrayList(expected.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < expected.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                int[] innerExpected = expected[i];
+                var innerArrayList = new ArrayList(innerExpected.Length);
+                for (int j = 0; j < innerExpected.Length; ++j)
+                {
+                    innerArrayList.Add(innerExpected[j]);
+                }
+
+                arrayList.Add(innerArrayList);
+            }
+
+            int[][] actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<int[][]>(arrayList);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestArrayArrayArray()
+        {
+            int[][][] expected = Enumerable.Range(0, 10)
+                .Select(i => Enumerable.Range(i, 10))
+                .Select(arr => arr.Select(j => Enumerable.Range(j, 10).ToArray()).ToArray())
+                .ToArray();
+
+            var arrayList = new ArrayList(expected.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < expected.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                int[][] innerExpected = expected[i];
+                var innerArrayList = new ArrayList(innerExpected.Length);
+                for (int j = 0; j < innerExpected.Length; ++j)
+                {
+                    int[] innerInnerExpected = expected[i][j];
+                    var innerInnerArrayList = new ArrayList(innerInnerExpected.Length);
+                    for (int k = 0; k < innerInnerExpected.Length; ++k)
+                    {
+                        innerInnerArrayList.Add(innerInnerExpected[k]);
+                    }
+
+                    innerArrayList.Add(innerInnerArrayList);
+                }
+
+                arrayList.Add(innerArrayList);
+            }
+
+            int[][][] actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<int[][][]>(arrayList);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestHashtable()
+        {
+            var expected =
+                new Hashtable(Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToDictionary(k => k, v => v * v));
+            Hashtable actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<Hashtable>(expected);
+            Assert.Same(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestDictionary()
+        {
+            Dictionary<int, int> expected =
+                Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToDictionary(i => i, i => i * i);
+            var hashtable = new Hashtable(expected);
+            Dictionary<int, int> actual = TypeConverter.ConvertTo<Dictionary<int, int>>(hashtable);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestDictionaryDictionary()
+        {
+            Dictionary<int, Dictionary<int, int>> expected = Enumerable
+                .Range(0, 10)
+                .ToDictionary(
+                    i => i,
+                    i => Enumerable.Range(i, 10).ToDictionary(j => j, j => j * j));
+
+            var hashtable = new Hashtable();
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Dictionary<int, int>> kvp in expected)
+            {
+                var innerHashtable = new Hashtable();
+                foreach(KeyValuePair<int, int> innerKvp in kvp.Value)
+                {
+                    innerHashtable[innerKvp.Key] = innerKvp.Value;
+                }
+
+                hashtable[kvp.Key] = innerHashtable;
+            }
+
+            Dictionary<int, Dictionary<int, int>> actual =
+                TypeConverter.ConvertTo<Dictionary<int, Dictionary<int, int>>>(hashtable);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestDictionaryAndArray()
+        {
+            {
+                Dictionary<int, int[]> expected = Enumerable
+                    .Range(0, 10)
+                    .ToDictionary(
+                        i => i,
+                        i => Enumerable.Range(i, 10).ToArray());
+
+                var hashtable = new Hashtable();
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<int, int[]> kvp in expected)
+                {
+                    var arrayList = new ArrayList();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < kvp.Value.Length; ++i)
+                    {
+                        arrayList.Add(kvp.Value[i]);
+                    }
+
+                    hashtable[kvp.Key] = arrayList;
+                }
+
+                Dictionary<int, int[]> actual =
+                    TypeConverter.ConvertTo<Dictionary<int, int[]>>(hashtable);
+                Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+            }
+            {
+                Dictionary<int, int>[] expected = Enumerable
+                    .Range(0, 10)
+                    .Select(i => Enumerable.Range(i, 10).ToDictionary(j => j, j => j * j))
+                    .ToArray();
+                
+                var arrayList = new ArrayList();
+                for (int i = 0; i < expected.Length; ++i)
+                {
+                    var hashtable = new Hashtable();
+                    foreach (KeyValuePair<int, int> kvp in expected[i])
+                    {
+                        hashtable[kvp.Key] = kvp.Value;
+                    }
+
+                    arrayList.Add(hashtable);
+                }
+
+                Dictionary<int, int>[] actual =
+                    TypeConverter.ConvertTo<Dictionary<int, int>[]>(arrayList);
+                Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfSerDeTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfSerDeTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3878bc24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfSerDeTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Utils;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+    [Collection("Spark Unit Tests")]
+    public class UdfSerDeTests
+    {
+        [Serializable]
+        private class TestClass
+        {
+            private readonly string str;
+
+            public TestClass(string str)
+            {
+                this.str = str;
+            }
+
+            public string Concat(string s)
+            {
+                if (str == null)
+                {
+                    return s + s;
+                }
+
+                return str + s;
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                var that = obj as TestClass;
+
+                if (that == null)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                return str == that.str;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return base.GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void TestUdfSerDe()
+        {
+            {
+                // Without closure.
+                Func<int, int> expectedUdf = i => 10 * i;
+                Delegate actualUdf = SerDe(expectedUdf);
+
+                VerifyUdfSerDe(expectedUdf, actualUdf, false);
+                Assert.Equal(100, ((Func<int, int>)actualUdf)(10));
+            }
+
+            {
+                // With closure where the delegate target is an anonymous class.
+                // The target will contain fields ["tc1", "tc2"], where "tc1" is
+                // non null and "tc2" is null.
+                TestClass tc1 = new TestClass("Test");
+                TestClass tc2 = null;
+                Func<string, string> expectedUdf =
+                    (s) =>
+                    {
+                        if (tc2 == null)
+                        {
+                            return tc1.Concat(s);
+                        }
+                        return s;
+                    };
+                Delegate actualUdf = SerDe(expectedUdf);
+
+                VerifyUdfSerDe(expectedUdf, actualUdf, true);
+                Assert.Equal("TestHelloWorld", ((Func<string, string>)actualUdf)("HelloWorld"));
+            }
+
+            {
+                // With closure where the delegate target is TestClass
+                // and target's field "_str" is set to "Test".
+                TestClass tc = new TestClass("Test");
+                Func<string, string> expectedUdf = tc.Concat;
+                Delegate actualUdf = SerDe(expectedUdf);
+
+                VerifyUdfSerDe(expectedUdf, actualUdf, true);
+                Assert.Equal("TestHelloWorld", ((Func<string, string>)actualUdf)("HelloWorld"));
+            }
+
+            {
+                // With closure where the delegate target is TestClass,
+                // and target's field "_str" is set to null.
+                TestClass tc = new TestClass(null);
+                Func<string, string> expectedUdf = tc.Concat;
+                Delegate actualUdf = SerDe(expectedUdf);
+
+                VerifyUdfSerDe(expectedUdf, actualUdf, true);
+                Assert.Equal(
+                    "HelloWorldHelloWorld",
+                    ((Func<string, string>)actualUdf)("HelloWorld"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyUdfSerDe(Delegate expectedUdf, Delegate actualUdf, bool hasClosure)
+        {
+            VerifyUdfData(
+                UdfSerDe.Serialize(expectedUdf),
+                UdfSerDe.Serialize(actualUdf),
+                hasClosure);
+            VerifyDelegate(expectedUdf, actualUdf);
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyUdfData(
+            UdfSerDe.UdfData expectedUdfData,
+            UdfSerDe.UdfData actualUdfData,
+            bool hasClosure)
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(expectedUdfData, actualUdfData);
+
+            if (!hasClosure)
+            {
+                Assert.Null(expectedUdfData.TargetData.Fields);
+                Assert.Null(actualUdfData.TargetData.Fields);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void VerifyDelegate(Delegate expectedDelegate, Delegate actualDelegate)
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(expectedDelegate.GetType(), actualDelegate.GetType());
+            Assert.Equal(expectedDelegate.Method, actualDelegate.Method);
+            Assert.Equal(expectedDelegate.Target.GetType(), actualDelegate.Target.GetType());
+
+            FieldInfo[] expectedFields = expectedDelegate.Target.GetType().GetFields();
+            FieldInfo[] actualFields = actualDelegate.Target.GetType().GetFields();
+            Assert.Equal(expectedFields, actualFields);
+        }
+
+        private Delegate SerDe(Delegate udf)
+        {
+            return Deserialize(Serialize(udf));
+        }
+
+        private byte[] Serialize(Delegate udf)
+        {
+            UdfSerDe.UdfData udfData = UdfSerDe.Serialize(udf);
+
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                BinarySerDe.Serialize(ms, udfData);
+                return ms.ToArray();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Delegate Deserialize(byte[] serializedUdf)
+        {
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(serializedUdf, false))
+            {
+                var udfData = BinarySerDe.Deserialize<UdfSerDe.UdfData>(ms);
+                return UdfSerDe.Deserialize(udfData);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfWrapperTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfWrapperTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75ce7bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/UdfWrapperTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Xunit;
+using static Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils.ArrowTestUtils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+  public class UdfWrapperTests
+  {
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper0()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<int>(() => 10);
+      Assert.Equal(10, udfWrapper.Execute(0, null, null));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper1()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str1) => str1);
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(1, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper2()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string, string>((str1, str2) => str1 + str2);
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(2, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper3()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string, string, string>(
+        (str1, str2, str3) => str1 + str2 + str3
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(3, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper4()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string, string, string, string>(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4) => str1 + str2 + str3 + str4
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(4, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper5()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string, string, string, string, string>(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5) => str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(5, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper6()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6) => str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5 + str6);
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(6, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper7()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7) => str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5 + str6 + str7
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(7, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper8()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8) =>
+          str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5 + str6 + str7 + str8
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(8, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper9()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9) =>
+          str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5 + str6 + str7 + str8 + str9
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(9, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingUdfWrapper10()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new PicklingUdfWrapper<
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string,
+        string
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10) =>
+          str1 + str2 + str3 + str4 + str5 + str6 + str7 + str8 + str9 + str10
+      );
+      ValidatePicklingWrapper(10, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    // Validates the given udfWrapper, whose internal UDF concatenates all the input strings.
+    private void ValidatePicklingWrapper(int numArgs, dynamic udfWrapper)
+    {
+      // Create one more input data than the given numArgs to validate
+      // the indexing is working correctly inside UdfWrapper.
+      var input = new List<string>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < numArgs + 1; ++i)
+      {
+        input.Add($"arg{i}");
+      }
+
+      // First create argOffsets from 0 to numArgs.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg0arg1arg2"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 0, 1, 2 }.
+      Assert.Equal(
+        string.Join("", input.GetRange(0, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(0, input.ToArray(), Enumerable.Range(0, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+
+      // Create argOffsets from 1 to numArgs + 1.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg1arg2arg3"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 1, 2, 3 }.
+      Assert.Equal(
+        string.Join("", input.GetRange(1, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(0, input.ToArray(), Enumerable.Range(1, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper1()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>((str1) => str1);
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(1, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper2()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray, StringArray>(
+        (str1, str2) => Concat(str1, str2)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(2, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper3()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray, StringArray, StringArray>(
+        (str1, str2, str3) => Concat(str1, str2, str3)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(3, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper4()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4));
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(4, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper5()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4, str5) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5));
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(5, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper6()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6));
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(6, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper7()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(7, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper8()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(8, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper9()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(9, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowUdfWrapper10()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new ArrowUdfWrapper<
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray,
+        StringArray
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10)
+      );
+      ValidateArrowWrapper(10, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper1()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1) => str1);
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(1, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper2()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1, str2) => Concat(str1, str2));
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(2, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper3()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1, str2, str3) => Concat(str1, str2, str3));
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(3, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper4()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4));
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(4, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper5()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4, str5) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5));
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(5, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper6()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >((str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6) => Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6));
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(6, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper7()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7)
+      );
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(7, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper8()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8)
+      );
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(8, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper9()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9)
+      );
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(9, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameUdfWrapper10()
+    {
+      var udfWrapper = new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+      >(
+        (str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10) =>
+          Concat(str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10)
+      );
+      ValidateDataFrameWrapper(10, udfWrapper);
+    }
+
+    private static StringArray Concat(params StringArray[] arrays)
+    {
+      var builder = new StringBuilder();
+      int length = arrays[0].Length;
+      var resultStrings = new string[length];
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+      {
+        foreach (StringArray array in arrays)
+        {
+          builder.Append(array.GetString(i));
+        }
+
+        resultStrings[i] = builder.ToString();
+        builder.Clear();
+      }
+
+      return (StringArray)ToArrowArray(resultStrings);
+    }
+
+    private static ArrowStringDataFrameColumn Concat(params ArrowStringDataFrameColumn[] arrays)
+    {
+      var builder = new StringBuilder();
+      var length = (int)arrays[0].Length;
+      var resultStrings = new string[length];
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+      {
+        foreach (ArrowStringDataFrameColumn array in arrays)
+        {
+          builder.Append(array[i]);
+        }
+
+        resultStrings[i] = builder.ToString();
+        builder.Clear();
+      }
+
+      var stringColumn = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(resultStrings);
+      return ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(stringColumn);
+    }
+
+    // Validates the given udfWrapper, whose internal UDF concatenates all the input strings.
+    private void ValidateArrowWrapper(int numArgs, dynamic udfWrapper)
+    {
+      // Create one more input data than the given numArgs to validate
+      // the indexing is working correctly inside ArrowUdfWrapper.
+      var input = new IArrowArray[numArgs + 1];
+      var inputStrings = new List<string>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; ++i)
+      {
+        inputStrings.Add($"arg{i}");
+        input[i] = ToArrowArray(new string[] { $"arg{i}" });
+      }
+
+      // First create argOffsets from 0 to numArgs.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg0arg1arg2"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 0, 1, 2 }.
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        string.Join("", inputStrings.GetRange(0, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(input, Enumerable.Range(0, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+
+      // Create argOffsets from 1 to numArgs + 1.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg1arg2arg3"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 1, 2, 3 }.
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        string.Join("", inputStrings.GetRange(1, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(input, Enumerable.Range(1, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Validates the given udfWrapper, whose internal UDF concatenates all the input strings.
+    private void ValidateDataFrameWrapper(int numArgs, dynamic udfWrapper)
+    {
+      // Create one more input data than the given numArgs to validate
+      // the indexing is working correctly inside ArrowUdfWrapper.
+      var input = new DataFrameColumn[numArgs + 1];
+      var inputStrings = new List<string>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; ++i)
+      {
+        inputStrings.Add($"arg{i}");
+        var stringColumn = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(new string[] { $"arg{i}" });
+        input[i] = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(stringColumn);
+      }
+
+      // First create argOffsets from 0 to numArgs.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg0arg1arg2"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 0, 1, 2 }.
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        string.Join("", inputStrings.GetRange(0, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(input, Enumerable.Range(0, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+
+      // Create argOffsets from 1 to numArgs + 1.
+      // For example, the numArgs was 3, the expected strings is "arg1arg2arg3"
+      // where the argOffsets are created with { 1, 2, 3 }.
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        string.Join("", inputStrings.GetRange(1, numArgs)),
+        udfWrapper.Execute(input, Enumerable.Range(1, numArgs).ToArray())
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/WorkerFunctionTests.cs b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/WorkerFunctionTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ba4218e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Flowthru.Tests.Spark/WorkerFunctionTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
+// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Apache.Arrow;
+using Flowthru.Spark.Sql;
+using Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils;
+using Microsoft.Data.Analysis;
+using Xunit;
+using static Flowthru.Tests.Spark.TestUtils.ArrowTestUtils;
+
+namespace Flowthru.Tests.Spark
+{
+  public class WorkerFunctionTests
+  {
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestPicklingWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str) => str).Execute
+      );
+
+      string[] input = { "arg1" };
+      Assert.Equal(input[0], func.Func(0, input, new[] { 0 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestChainingPicklingWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func1 = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<int, string, string>((number, str) => $"{str}:{number}").Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str) => $"outer1:{str}").Execute
+      );
+
+      var func3 = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str) => $"outer2:{str}").Execute
+      );
+
+      object[] input = { 100, "name" };
+
+      // Validate one-level chaining.
+      PicklingWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = PicklingWorkerFunction.Chain(func1, func2);
+      Assert.Equal("outer1:name:100", chainedFunc1.Func(0, input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+
+      // Validate two-level chaining.
+      PicklingWorkerFunction chainedFunc2 = PicklingWorkerFunction.Chain(chainedFunc1, func3);
+      Assert.Equal("outer2:outer1:name:100", chainedFunc2.Func(0, input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestInvalidChainingPickling()
+    {
+      var func1 = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<int, string, string>((number, str) => $"{str}:{number}").Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new PicklingWorkerFunction(
+        new PicklingUdfWrapper<string, string>((str) => $"outer1:{str}").Execute
+      );
+
+      object[] input = { 100, "name" };
+
+      // The order does not align since workerFunction2 is executed first.
+      PicklingWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = PicklingWorkerFunction.Chain(func2, func1);
+      Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => chainedFunc1.Func(0, input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>((str) => str).Execute
+      );
+
+      string[] input = { "arg1" };
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(input[0], func.Func(new[] { ToArrowArray(input) }, new[] { 0 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<ArrowStringDataFrameColumn, ArrowStringDataFrameColumn>(
+          (str) => str
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      string[] input = { "arg1" };
+      var column = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(input);
+      ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ArrowStringDataFrameColumn = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(column);
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        input[0],
+        func.Func(new[] { ArrowStringDataFrameColumn }, new[] { 0 })
+      );
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests the ArrowWorkerFunction handles boolean types correctly
+    /// for both input and output.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestArrowWorkerFunctionForBool()
+    {
+      var func = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, BooleanArray, BooleanArray>(
+          (strings, flags) =>
+            (BooleanArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => flags.GetValue(i).Value || strings.GetString(i).Contains("true"))
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      IArrowArray[] input = new[]
+      {
+        ToArrowArray(new[] { "arg1_true", "arg1_true", "arg1_false", "arg1_false" }),
+        ToArrowArray(new[] { true, false, true, false }),
+      };
+      var results = (BooleanArray)func.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 });
+      Assert.Equal(4, results.Length);
+      Assert.True(results.GetValue(0).Value);
+      Assert.True(results.GetValue(1).Value);
+      Assert.True(results.GetValue(2).Value);
+      Assert.False(results.GetValue(3).Value);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests the DataFrameWorkerFunction handles boolean types correctly
+    /// for both input and output.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestDataFrameWorkerFunctionForBool()
+    {
+      var func = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+          ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+          BooleanDataFrameColumn,
+          BooleanDataFrameColumn
+        >(
+          (strings, flags) =>
+          {
+            for (long i = 0; i < strings.Length; ++i)
+            {
+              flags[i] = flags[i].Value || strings[i].Contains("true");
+            }
+            return flags;
+          }
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var stringColumn = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+        new[] { "arg1_true", "arg1_true", "arg1_false", "arg1_false" }
+      );
+
+      ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ArrowStringDataFrameColumn = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(
+        stringColumn
+      );
+      var boolColumn = new BooleanDataFrameColumn(
+        "Bool",
+        Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(x => x % 2 == 0)
+      );
+      var input = new DataFrameColumn[] { ArrowStringDataFrameColumn, boolColumn };
+      var results = (BooleanDataFrameColumn)func.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 });
+      Assert.Equal(4, results.Length);
+      Assert.True(results[0]);
+      Assert.True(results[1]);
+      Assert.True(results[2]);
+      Assert.False(results[3]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestChainingArrowWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func1 = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<Int32Array, StringArray, StringArray>(
+          (numbers, strings) =>
+            (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => $"{strings.GetString(i)}:{numbers.Values[i]}")
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>(
+          (strings) =>
+            (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => $"outer1:{strings.GetString(i)}")
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func3 = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>(
+          (strings) =>
+            (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => $"outer2:{strings.GetString(i)}")
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var input = new IArrowArray[] { ToArrowArray(new[] { 100 }), ToArrowArray(new[] { "name" }) };
+
+      // Validate one-level chaining.
+      ArrowWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = ArrowWorkerFunction.Chain(func1, func2);
+      AssertEquals("outer1:name:100", chainedFunc1.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+
+      // Validate two-level chaining.
+      ArrowWorkerFunction chainedFunc2 = ArrowWorkerFunction.Chain(chainedFunc1, func3);
+      AssertEquals("outer2:outer1:name:100", chainedFunc2.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestChainingDataFrameWorkerFunction()
+    {
+      var func1 = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+          Int32DataFrameColumn,
+          ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+          ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+        >(
+          (numbers, strings) =>
+          {
+            long i = 0;
+            return strings.Apply(cur => $"{cur}:{numbers[i++]}");
+          }
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<ArrowStringDataFrameColumn, ArrowStringDataFrameColumn>(
+          (strings) => strings.Apply(cur => $"outer1:{cur}")
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func3 = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<ArrowStringDataFrameColumn, ArrowStringDataFrameColumn>(
+          (strings) => strings.Apply(cur => $"outer2:{cur}")
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      string[] inputString = { "name" };
+      var column = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(inputString);
+      ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ArrowStringDataFrameColumn = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(column);
+      var input = new DataFrameColumn[]
+      {
+        new Int32DataFrameColumn("Int", new List<int>() { 100 }),
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+      };
+
+      // Validate one-level chaining.
+      DataFrameWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = DataFrameWorkerFunction.Chain(func1, func2);
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals("outer1:name:100", chainedFunc1.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+
+      // Validate two-level chaining.
+      DataFrameWorkerFunction chainedFunc2 = DataFrameWorkerFunction.Chain(chainedFunc1, func3);
+      ArrowTestUtils.AssertEquals(
+        "outer2:outer1:name:100",
+        chainedFunc2.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 })
+      );
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestInvalidChainingArrow()
+    {
+      var func1 = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<Int32Array, StringArray, StringArray>(
+          (numbers, strings) =>
+            (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => $"{strings.GetString(i)}:{numbers.Values[i]}")
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new ArrowWorkerFunction(
+        new ArrowUdfWrapper<StringArray, StringArray>(
+          (strings) =>
+            (StringArray)ToArrowArray(
+              Enumerable
+                .Range(0, strings.Length)
+                .Select(i => $"outer1:{strings.GetString(i)}")
+                .ToArray()
+            )
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      IArrowArray[] input = new[] { ToArrowArray(new[] { 100 }), ToArrowArray(new[] { "name" }) };
+
+      // The order does not align since workerFunction2 is executed first.
+      ArrowWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = ArrowWorkerFunction.Chain(func2, func1);
+      Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => chainedFunc1.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TestInvalidChainingDataFrame()
+    {
+      var func1 = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<
+          Int32DataFrameColumn,
+          ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+          ArrowStringDataFrameColumn
+        >(
+          (numbers, strings) =>
+          {
+            long i = 0;
+            return strings.Apply(cur => $"{cur}:{numbers[i++]}");
+          }
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      var func2 = new DataFrameWorkerFunction(
+        new DataFrameUdfWrapper<ArrowStringDataFrameColumn, ArrowStringDataFrameColumn>(
+          (strings) => strings.Apply(cur => $"outer1:{cur}")
+        ).Execute
+      );
+
+      string[] inputString = { "name" };
+      var column = (StringArray)ToArrowArray(inputString);
+      ArrowStringDataFrameColumn ArrowStringDataFrameColumn = ToArrowStringDataFrameColumn(column);
+      var input = new DataFrameColumn[]
+      {
+        new Int32DataFrameColumn("Int", new List<int>() { 100 }),
+        ArrowStringDataFrameColumn,
+      };
+
+      // The order does not align since workerFunction2 is executed first.
+      DataFrameWorkerFunction chainedFunc1 = DataFrameWorkerFunction.Chain(func2, func1);
+      Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => chainedFunc1.Func(input, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/README.md b/tests/README.md
index 7b83f8b8..3d465e82 100644
--- a/tests/README.md
+++ b/tests/README.md
@@ -110,36 +110,13 @@ nx run test/examples:test
 
 ### Coverage Collection
 
-Run tests with coverage collection:
-```bash
-nx run flowthru:test:coverage
-```
-
-Generate HTML coverage report from collected data:
-```bash
-nx run flowthru:coverage:report
-```
-
-The report is written to `CoverageReport/index.html`.
+Tests are run with coverage collection enabled in CI via `coverlet.runsettings`. Coverage reports are aggregated and tracked by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/chaoticgoodcomputing/flowthru), with per-flag carryforward so partial `nx affected` runs don't erase unaffected projects.
 
-Run the full CI pipeline (restore → build → test → report):
+To force a clean test run by removing previous `TestResults` artifacts:
 ```bash
-nx run flowthru:ci
+nx run tests:purge
 ```
 
-### Convenience Target
-
-For local development, use the legacy test target with report configuration:
-```bash
-nx run flowthru:test --configuration=report
-```
-
-This target:
-1. Purges previous coverage data
-2. Runs all tests with coverage collection
-3. Generates an HTML report
-4. Opens the report in your browser
-
 ### What Gets Measured
 
 Code coverage is collected for all `Flowthru*` assemblies:
diff --git a/tests/project.json b/tests/project.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57b8e374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/project.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "name": "tests",
+  "$schema": "../node_modules/nx/schemas/project-schema.json",
+  "projectType": "library",
+  "sourceRoot": "tests",
+  "targets": {
+    "purge": {
+      "//": "Remove all TestResults directories to force a clean test run",
+      "executor": "nx:run-commands",
+      "options": {
+        "commands": [
+          "find tests -name TestResults -type d -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true"
+        ],
+        "cwd": "{workspaceRoot}",
+        "parallel": false
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}